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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2011 with funding from 
The Library of Congress 



http://www.archive.org/details/putnamshandbooko01putn 



PUTNAM'S HANDBOOK 

OF 

UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



A SERIES OF CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES PRESENTING, IN PARALLEL 

COLUMNS, A RECORD OF THE MORE NOTEWORTHY EVENTS 

IN THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD FROM THE EARLIEST 

TIMES DOWN TO THE PRESENT DAY, TOGETHER 

WITH AN ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SUBJECTS 



COMPILED BY 

GEORGE PALMER PUTNAM, A.M. 

AND CONTINUED TO DATE UNDER THE EDITORIAL SUPERVISION OF 

GEORGE HAVEN PUTNAM 

Reissue, Continued to January, 1916 
With Historical Chart, Maps, and Genealogical Tables 



G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 

NEW YORK AND LONDON 

Gbe iknicfterbocfter fl>ress 



• 



\°U(e 



COPYRIGHT. 1890, 1907. BY 
■ C. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 

Under the title Tabular Hews 0/ Universal History 

Copyright, 1914. by 
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 

Copyright (for additional material), 1016, by 
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 



Ube fmlcfcerboclter press, Hew SJorfc 



PUBLISHERS' NOTE 

In 1832, the late George P. Putnam published, under the 
title of The World's Progress, a cyclopaedia of facts and events 
that had been compiled by himself, and that had originated in 
notes taken as a guide for his own historical reading. The 
work was reprinted in successive editions during the ensuing 
forty years (that is to say up to the year of the author's death) 
and the entries were added to and expanded until the 300 
pages of the original issue had developed into a portly volume 
of 1200 pages. A demand continuing through more than a 
third of a century may be accepted as evidence that the plan 
of The World's Progress and the material presented in it had 
been found of service by students of history and by readers 
generally. The cyclopaedia portion of the compilation came, 
necessarily, to be superseded by works of reference of later 
origin, and The World's Progress was, therefore, allowed to go 
out of print. There continued, however, to be demand for 
the historical tables, the plan of which was original with Mr. 
Putnam, and since 1870 this division of the work has been 
issued with material corrections and additions in successive 
editions compiled under the editorial supervision of the son of 
the original editor. 

In the edition now presented, while the scheme and arrange- 
ment of the original editor has been left unchanged, the entries 
have been carefully revised and in part rewritten, and the 
record has been brought down to date. The editors of this 
new edition have found it desirable to include a comprehensive 
alphabetical index of subjects, by means of which can be 
located promptly any event referred to in the body of the book. 



IV PUBLISHERS NOTE 

The edition also includes a number of tables presenting the 
genealogies of the more important of the historic families of 
Europe, genealogies which make clear their family and dynas- 
tic relations to each other. 

Under the scheme devised by Mr. Putnam (a scheme which 
made his volume practically unique), the events occurring 
throughout the world at the same period of time are recorded 
in parallel columns. This arrangement calls in the powerful 
assistance of visual association by showing at a glance simul- 
taneous occurrences in different countries, which enables the 
memory to grasp and to retain a hold of the dates and the 
relations with each other of important events. It also helps 
to emphasize the lesson that the history of any one nation is 
only a part of the history of the world, and that the proper way 
to study history is to trace the relations with each other of the 
peoples scattered over the face of the globe. 

As the wiser historians and instructors do not fail to empha- 
size, the precise date of an event is in itself a detail of minor 
importance, which has value chiefly in serving to trace its 
relations to other events and in undertaking the influence of 
one upon the other. The reader, for instance, who learns 
that in 1492, under the patronage of Queen Isabella of Spain, 
Columbus accomplished his historic voyage to the Western 
Hemisphere, may properly be interested in noting, by carrying 
his eye across the columns of two pages, what rulers were at 
that time in control of other European States, some one of 
whom might possibly have secured for his own realm the 
prestige of the great discovery. In like manner, it is essential 
for a right understanding of the Protestant Reformation of 
the sixteenth century, for the thoughtful reader to keep before 
him the personalities of the monarchs and of other leaders of 
men who were contemporary with Luther, with Leo X, and 
with the Emperor Charles V. 

These Tabular Views, while invaluable in the practical work 
of historical instruction, will be found extremely useful by the 
general reader. The writer of these lines has for many years 



PUBLISHERS NOTE V 

kept the volume at his elbow as an indispensable reference 
in connection either with reading or with writing. The work 
was designed particularly for the many who appreciate the 
importance of having trustworthy historical information 
conveniently at hand but who have not within reach compre- 
hensive histories or the time to go through these for the facts 
desired. 

It has been the intention of the editor in the several instances 
in which events and dates have become a matter of con- 
troversy, to follow the authorities most generally accepted. 
It may easily, however, be the case that an occasional date or 
statement has been retained which some scholarly reader may 
find ground to question ; such a critic can only be referred back 
to the latest investigators for the authoritative decision that 
seems to him to be important and that it is not practicable to 
attempt in a condensed summary of the world's history such 
as is presented in the present volume. The study of history 
and the intelligent reading of history should be, as stated, a 
study of the relations of events to each other made with the 
view of securing as far as practicable an understanding of the 
causation of these events and of the influence exercised upon 
them by historic characters, by the leaders of men. This 
is the information which the publishers are undertaking to 
present to the public, on both sides of the Atlantic, in The 
Handbook of Universal History. 

G. H. P. 



MAPS 



Sketch Map of the Roman Empire in the Time of 
Hadrian, A.D. 98-117 



Sketch Map of Europe, 476 A.D. 
Sketch Map of Europe, 800 A.D. 
Sketch Map of Europe, 1200 A.D. 
Sketch Map of Europe, 1429 A.D. 
Sketch Map of Europe, 1648 A.D. 
Sketch Map of Europe, 181 5 A.D. 
Sketch Map of Europe, 1876 A.D. 
Sketch Map of Europe, 1914 A.D. 
Historical Chart .... 



52 
64 
76 
100 
120 
150 
184 
240 

364 

At End 



CONTENTS 



Ancient History . 
Medleval History 
Modern History . 
Genealogical Tables 
Historical Index . 



2 

64 
I20 

369 
391 



TABULAR VIEWS 



5000 B.C.- 



b.c. Progress of Society.etc, 




Africa. 



5000 



{about). At this date 

flourishing city states 
appear in the Mesopo- 
tamian region, indicat- 
ing an _ antiquity for 
Babylonian civilization 
that may be carried 
back approximately to 
the eighth or ninth 
millennium B. c. — In 
Egypt the latest re- 
search has brought the 
sixth millennium B. c. 
within the scope of his- 
tory. 



3700 



The Great Pyramid at Gi- 
zeh, erected by Khufu 
(Cheops). 



2300 



The Code of Khammurabi 
in Babylon, one of the 
most important bodies 
of ancient legislation, 



4500 {about). Struggle 
among the kings of 
Kengi, Kish, Shirpurla. 
and Gishban, in Baby- 
lonia. 



3800 (about). Sargon I. of 
Akkad extends his power 
over the Mediterranean 
coast and Elam. 



5000 (about). The rule of 
pre-dynastic kingswhose 
tombs at Abydos reveal 
an advanced state of 
civilization (De Morgan, 
Amelineau, Flinders- Pe- 
trie). 



3000 (about). The kings of 
Ur extend their sway 
over Akkad and Shu 



2450 (about) . Beginning 
of Arabian and Elam- 
itic irruptions into Baby- 
lonia. 

2400 (about). Babylon first 
appears as a city of 
prominence. 

2300-2250 (about). Kham- 
murabi, ruler of Baby- 
lon, unites Babylonia 
under his sway and en^ 
acts a code of laws. 



4400 (about). Menes, the 
first king of united 
Egypt (Brugsch; Budge, 
1902). 



3733. Reign of Khufu 
(Cheops), pyramid 
builder. 



3666. Reign of Khafra 

(Chephren) pyramid 

builder. 
3633. Reign of Menkaura 

(Mycerinus), pyramid 

builder. 



2500 Reign of Seankh- 
kara, who despatches an 
expedition to the land 
of Punt for spices. 



2300. Amenemhat III. re- 
claims the province of 
Fayyum by diking off 
Lake Mceris, and builds 
the celebrated Laby- 
rinth. 



1 100 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



Africa. 



4000 



-2000. Babylonian lan- 
guage, commerce, and in- 
stitutions predominant 
in the Mediterranean re- 
gions of Asia. 

Industry _ nourishes in 
Babylonia under the 
Kassite kings; manu- 
factures largely in the 
hands of Phoenicians. 



2000-1700 (about). Baby 
Ionia conquered by the 
Kassites; Assyria _ ap 
pears under its priest- 
kings. 



1400 



1330 



2200-1700. Egypt ruled 
by the Hyksos, or 
" shepherd " kings. 



The Tell-el-Amarna Let- 
ters reveal the close con 
nection between Egyp- 
tian _ and Babylonian 
civilization, and show 
the latter language to 
have been the common 
medium of commerce 
and diplomacy in the 
lands of the Mediter- 
ranean. 



The epic poem of Pentaur 
celebrates the exploits 
of Rameses II. in Asia. 
— Erection of the Ra- 
messeum and the temple 
at Luxor (in part). 



1450-1300. Height of the 
Hittite power in Asia 
Minor and Syria. 



1300 (about). Shalmaneser 
I. reigns in Assvria,with 
Calah as the capital. 

1250. The Phoenicians ap- 
pear as a race of colo- 
nizers 

1140 (about). The Kass- 
ites expelled from Baby- 
lonia. 

1100 (about). Tiglathpil- 
eser I. of Assyria wages 
war successfully against 
Babylonia, Elam, and in 
Syria._ 

Tyre rises to primacy 
among the Phoenician 
cities. 



1700. Aahmes I. expels 
the Hyksos and begins 
series of conquests in 
Asia. 

1600. Queen Hatshepset 
(Hatasu) despatches an 
expedition to Punt. — 
Thothmes III. conquers 
Palestine, Phoenicia, and 
part of Asia Minor. 

1466. Amenhotep IV. 
(Amenophis) attempts 
to substitute the worship 
of the sun for the old re- 
ligion of the country; 
he fails. 



1333. Rameses II. carries 
on war against the Hit- 
tites; greatest of royal 
monument builders. 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1582 B.C.- 



B.C. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


The Jews. 


Western Asia. 






1270 (about). The Exodus 








(Budge). 




1100 


{about). The Mycenean 
art flourishes in Greece 
and the ^Egean. 


1055 1 (1080 a ). Saul be- 
comes king. 

1033 1 (1047 2 ). Accession 
of David. 

993 x (1017 2 ). Accession of 
Solomon. 




993 


(about) The temple of 
Solomon built with the 
aid of Phoenician work- 
men. 


953 x (978 s , 930 3 ). Sepa- 
ration of Judah and 
Israel. 

949 l (973 2 ). Shashank I. 
of Egypt plunders Je- 
rusalem. 


950 (about). Tiglathpileser 
II., beginning of Assyr- 
ian greatness. 


930 


(about) . The beginning of 
the Homeric poems. 


929 ' (958 2 ), Asa be- 
comes king in Judah. 

899 1 (931 2 ). Omri be- 
comes king in Israel. 


385. Accession of Asshur- 
nasirpal, who wages suc- 
cessful campaigns in the 
north and the east and 
advances to the Medi- 
terranean. 


880 


(about). The Lycurgan 
legislation in Sparta. 







1 Duncker, History of Antiquity. - J. Oppert, " Chronology " in the Jewish Encyclo- 
paedia. 3 Karl Marti, " Chronology " in Chevne's Encyclopedia Biblica. 



88o B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



Africa. 



Greece and Rome. 



The World Elsewhere. 



1582. The earliest date in 
the Parian chronicle 
preserved in the Arun- 
delian marbles. 



1250 



Egypt: reign of Meneph- 
thah the supposed Pha- 
raoh of the Exodus. — 
The country is invaded 
by pirates from the 
north _ whose names 
would indicate a possible 
Grecian origin. 



1100. Age of the Dorian 
migration into the Pelo- 
ponnesus, and the plant- 
ing of Dorian and y9£olian 
colonies in Asia Minor. 



1123. The beginning of the 
Chow dynasty in China, 
which retained the 
throne for nearly nine 
hundred years. 

1100. Cadiz (Gadir) found- 
ed by the Phoenicians. 



966 



Accession of Shashank I. 
(Sheshonk, Shishak), 
who invades Palestine 
in the time of Reho- 
boam. 



The age of Lycurgus. 



TABULAR VIEWS 



873 B.C.- 



Progress of Society.etc, 



The Jews. 



Western Asia. 



873 l (917 2 ). Jehoshaphat 
becomes king in Judah. 



853 l (900 2 ). Death of 
Ahab of Israel. 



843 ) (887, 2 841 3 ). Jehu 
seizes power in Israel. 

792 * (81 1, 2 789 3 ). Uzziah 
begins rule in Judah. 

790 1 (825, 2 782 3 ). Jero- 
boam II. succeeds in 
Israel. 



860. Accession of Shal- 
maneser II., who con- 
tinues the process of 
conquest. 



747 



Beginning of the Babylon- 
ian Chronicle and the 
Canon of Ptolemy. 



700 



(about). In Greece lyric 
poetry flourishes: Kal- 
linus, Archilochus, Si- 
monides of Samos. — 
Nineveh beautified and 
strengthened by Sen- 
nacherib; it becomes the 
most celebrated capital 
of Assyria. 



728 1 (727, 2 720 3 ). Heze- 
kiah succeeds in Judah. 



722 1 (721 "- 3 ). Samaria 
taken by Sargon II. of 
Assyria; end of king- 
dom of Israel. 



701 1 - 3 (700 2 ). Sennach- 
erib's failure in Pales- 
tine. 



747. Nabonassar ruler in 
Babylon. 

745. Accession of Tiglath- 
pileser III. of Assyria, 
who wages war against 
Chaldsea, Syria, and the 
kingdom of Israel. 



727. Accession of Shal- 
maneser IV., who be- 
sieges Samaria (722). 

722. Assyria attains its 
highest development 
under Sargon II. 

705. Accession of Sen- 
nacherib, who _ makes 
his capital at Nineveh. 



1 Duncker, History of Antiquity. 2 J. Oppert, "Chronology" in the Jewish Encyclo- 
3 Karl Marti, "Chronology" in Cheyne's Encyclopedia Biblica. 



700 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



Africa. 



Greece and Rome. The World Elsewhere. 



850 



(about). Foundation of 
Carthage by the Phoeni 



776. The First Olympiad 
accepted starting point 
for the period of au- 
thentic history. 

770. Sinope on the Black- 
Sea founded. 

753 (754). Foundation of 
Rome (legendary). 



743-724. First Messenian 
War ; Sparta triumph- 
ant. 

734. Foundation of Syra- 
cuse. 



TABULAR VIEWS 



693 B.C. 



b.c. Progress of Society, etc. The Jews. 



Western Asia. 



622. ' Reformation of Jo- 
siah in Judah. 



610 



Alcaeus, Sappho, Stesicho- 
rus, Greek poets. — Necho 
II. of Egypt attempts to 
connect the Nile and the 
Red Sea by a canal; his 
sailors circumnavigate 
Africa. 



600 



Thales, first of 
philosophers. 



Ionian 



681. Accession of Essar- 
haddon; who conquers 
Egypt in 670. 



668. Assyrian Empire di- 
vided between sons of 
Essarhaddon ; Asshur-- 
banipal rules in Assyria; 
Shamashshumukin, in 
Babylonia. 



648. Assyrian Empire re- 
united. 

645. Elam conquered by 
Assyria. 

626. Babylon independ- 
ent under Nabopolassar. 
founder of the Chaldaean 
dynasty. 



606 (607). Nineveh de- 
stroyed by Nabopol- 
assar and Cyaxares, king 
of the Medes. 

605. Nebuchadrezzar II., 
king of Babylonia; he 
overthrows the _ Egyp- 
tians at Carchemish. 



1 Duncker, History of Antiquity. 



6oo B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



Africa. 



Greece and Rome. The World Elsewhere. 



693 



670 



663 



650 



610 



Taharka # (Tirhaka) en- 
gages in conflict with 
Assyria. 



Essarhaddon of Assyria 
conquers Egypt. 



(666). Psammetichus I. 
liberates _ Egypt from 
the Assyrians and unites 
the country under his 
sway. 



Naucratis founded. 



685. Outbreak of Second 
Messenian War. 



(612). Necho II. ; invades 
Syria and defeats Josiah, 
king of Judah, at Me- 
giddo (609). 



660. Foundation of By- 
zantium. 

655. Cypselus, tyrant of 
Corinth. 



625. Periander, tyrant of 
Corinth. 



620. {about). Traditional 
legislation of Draco in 
Athens. 



600. _ Foundation of Mas 
salia (Marseilles) by the 
Phocaeans. 



660. Jimmu Tenno, first 
Mikado of Japan, leader 
of the invading forces 
that conquered the isl- 
ands. 



IO 



TABULAR VIEWS 



597 B.C.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



Western Asia. 



594 



Solon noted as a writer of 
political elegies and gno 
mic poetry. 



597 1 (598 "). First taking 
of Jerusalem by Nebu- 
chadrezzar II. 



586. Nebuchadrezzar sup- 
presses the Palestinian 
uprising and destroys 
Jerusalem. 



580 



The philosophers Anaxi- 
mander, Anaximenes, 
and the sage Cleobulus 



570 



560 



(about). First comedy 
acted at Athens on a 
cart, by Susarion and 
Dolon (traditional). 



586 »• 3 (587 2 ). Final de- 
struction of Jerusalem 
by Nebuchadrezzar II. 
and end of kingdom of 
Judah. 



(about). Birth of Gau 
tama (Buddha), founder 
of Buddhism. 



573. Tyre taken by Nebu- 
chadrezzar after a siege 
that is said to have 
lasted thirteen years. 



561. Evil-Merodach, king 
of Babylon. 

560. Crcesus, king of Ly- 
dia. Solon at his court. 



556. Neriglissar succeeded 
by Labashi Marduk at 
Babylon. 

Asia Minor subjected to 
Crcesus. 

555. Nabonidus overthrows 
Chaldsan dynasty in 
Babylon. 



1 Duncker, History of Antiquity. 2 J. Oppert, "Chronology" in the Jewish Encyclo- 
pedia. 3 Karl Marti, " Chronology " in Cheyne's Encyclopedia Biblica. 



555 b.c. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



II 



Africa. 



Greece. 



Rome, etc. 



589 



570 



570 



568 



(591). Apries (Hophra) 
joins with the king of 
Judah against Nebuch- 
adrezzar, but he does 
not succeed in prevent 
ing the . destruction of 
Je -usalem. 



594. Legislation of Solon 
in Athens. 



585. Death of Periander, 
tyrant of Corinth. 

584. Corinth overthrows 
tyranny of the Cypsel- 
idas. 



(572). Amasis II. over- 
throws Apries. 

-530 (about). Amasis es- 
tablishes close connec 
tion between Greece and 
Egypt, and grants the 
Greeks living in Egypt 
extensive privileges. 

Egypt invaded by Nebu- 
chadrezzar. 



560. Pisistratus, tyrant of 
Athens. 



578. Servius Tullius, king 
of Rome (legendary). 
To him is ascribed the 
introduction of the cen- 
sus and the division of 
the citizens into cen- 
turies. 



12 



TABULAR VIEWS 



550 B.C.- 



b.c. Progress of Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



Western Asia. 



550 



530 



520 



515 



510 



505 



500 



{about). Thespis performs 
the first tragedy at 
Athens, (traditional) 
Pythagoras, his travels 
and emigration to Mag- 
na Graecia. 

Learning encouraged at 
Athens by Pisistratus, 
who makes a large col- 
lection of Greek authors, 



Simonides, 
poets. 



Anacreon, 



Confucius, the 
philosopher. 



Chinese 



(509). Abolition of the 
Regal Government, and 
establishment of Repub- 
lic at Rome. 



Heraclitus of Ephesus and 
Parmenides of Elea, phi- 
losophers. 

{about). The Carthagin- 
ians make voyages of 
exploration and coloni- 
zation down the western 
coast of Africa. 



538. Edict of Cyrus for 
the Return of the 
Jews. 

Joshua, Zerubbabel 



520 (519). Rebuilding of 
the temple begins. 
Zechariah, Haggai. 

516 (515). Dedication of 
the second temple. 



546. Sardis taken by Cy- 
rus. — Croesus made pris- 
oner. — The Lydian 
Kingdom ended. 



538. BABYLON TAKEN 
by Cyrus. PERSIAN 
EMPIRE founded. 



529. Cambyses, king of 
Persia. 

525 (527). Cambyses in- 
vades Egypt. 



521. Darius Hystaspes, 
king of Persia. 



508. {about). Danus leads a 
vast expedition into 
Scythia and accom- 
plishes the subjection of 
Thrace in the following 
years. 



500. The Ionians revolt 
from Persia and burn 
Sardis (499). 



500 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



13 



Africa. 



Greece. 



Rome and Italy. 



525 



Psammetichus III., last 
king of Egypt. — Inva- 
sion of Cambyses, who 
defeats the Egyptians at 
Pelusium, and takes 
Memphis. 

Egypt becomes aPersian 
Province. 



500 



(about). Voyage of Hanno 
the Carthaginian down 
the western coast of 
Africa, related in the 
" Periplus." 



548. Temple of Apollo at 
Delphi burnt. 

546. The Spartans over- 
throw the Argives. — 
The Greeks in Asia Mi- 
nor are subjected by the 
Persians. 



534 (about). Polycrates, 
tyrant of Samos. 



527. Pisistratus dies. 



514. _ Hipparchus, son of 
Pisistratus, killed by 
Harmodius and Aris- 
togiton. 

510. The Pisistratidas ex- 
pelled. — Democracy es- 
tablished at Athens. 



500. The Athenians and 
Eretrians give aid to the 
Greeks of Asia Minor 
against Persia, and 
thereby arouse the hos- 
tility of that power. 



534. Tarquinius Superbus, 
king of Rome (legend- 
ary). 



510 (509). The Tarquins 

expelled from Rome. 
Brutus and Collatinus, 
first Consuls of Rome. 

508. War against the Tar- 
quins and their ally Por- 
senna (legendary). 



H 



TABULAR VIEWS 



500 B.C.- 



b.c. Progress op Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



500 



480 



478 



Beginning of historical 
writing in Greece in the 
persons of Hecataeus and 
Dionysius of Miletus. 



Phrynichus, ^Eschylus. 
Pindar, and Bacchylides. 
dramatic and lyric poets 



History of Herodotus ends. 



468 Sophocles defeats ^Eschy- 
lus for the tragic prize. 



492. Persian army de- 
spatched against Greece ; 
its failure. 



490. Darius sends a second 
army against Greece. 



486_. Xerxes, king of Per- 
sia. 



481. The expedition of 
Xerxes into Greece. 



478. Death of Confucius. 
— China distracted by 
internal wars. 



466. Persians defeated by 
sea and land at the 
Eurymedon. 

465. Xerxes assassinated; 
Artaxerxes I. (Longima- 
nus) king of Persia. 



460 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



15 



B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece. 


Rome and Italy. 








496. Victory of Lake Re- 








gillus gained over the 








Latins with the aid of 








Castor and Pollux. 






494. Miletus reduced by 


494 (493). The secession of 






the Persians. 


the Plebs and the crea- 
tion of the tribunate. 

491. Coriolanus banished 
(legendary). 






490. Invasion of the Per- 








sians under Datis and 








Artaphernes. 








Battle of MARA- 








THON. 








489. Miltiades disgraced. 


486. Spurius Cassius 
arouses the hostility of 
the Patricians by his 
agrarian agitation, and 
on the expiration of his 
consulate is put to death. 

485. Gelo becomes tyrant 
of Syracuse. 






483. Aristides banished. 




480 


Hamilcar Barca invades 


480. Battle of Thermopy- 


480. The Carthaginians de- 




Sicily at the head of a 


lse. 


feated by Gelo at Hi- 




Carthaginian army; de- 


Athens burnt by 


mera in Sicily. 




feated by Gelo in battle 


Xerxes. 






of Himera, and slain. 


Battle of Salamis. 
479. Mardonius a second 
time takes Athens. 

Defeat of the Persians 
at Platea and Mycale on 
the same day. 








478-477. Athens rebuilt. 


478. Hiero becomes ty- 






— The Piraeus fortified. 


rant of Syracuse. 






477-449. The campaigns 


477 {about). The legendary 






of Cimon, son of Milti- 


war against Veii and the 






ades. 


fall of the Fabii. 






471. Themistocles ban- 


471. The Publilian Laws 






ished. 


vest the election of the 
tribunes in the comitia 
of the tribes. 






466. The Persians twice 








defeated at the Eury- 








medon by Cimon. 


465. Democracy in Syra- 
cuse. 






464. 3d Messenian War. 








461. Ostracism of Cimon. 








— Pericles rises to 




460 


Egypt, under Inarus, re- 
volts from Persia. 


power. 





i6 



TABULAR VIEWS 



458 B.C.- 



Progress op Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



458 



Callimachus, traditional 
inventor of Corinthian 
order of architecture. 



445 



432 



400 



Zeno, Anaxagoras Prota- 
goras, and Empedocles, 
philosophers: Phidias, 
the finest sculptor of an- 
tiquity; Euripides, tra- 
gic poet; Crates and 
Cratinus, comic poets; 
Herodotus, father of 
Greek history; Polygno- 
tus, painter. 



(433). Meton begins his 

lunar cycle. _ 
Thucydides, historian. 



Death of Socrates, the 
greatest of ancient mor- 
alists. 



4581 (398 2 ). Ezra goes to 
Jerusalem. 



445. Walls of Jerusalem 
built by Nehemiah. 
Sect of Samaritans. 



449. Persians defeated at 
Salamis in Cyprus, and 
in the peace of Callias 
recognize the indepen- 
dence of the Asiatic 
Greeks. 

447. Revolt of Megabyzus, 
satrap in Syria, forces 
Artaxerxes to conces- 



425. Xerxes II., king of 

Persia. 
424. Darius II., king of 

Persia. 



1 Graetz. 



2 Oppert. 



421 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



17 



454 



Greeks in Egypt defeated 
by Megabyzus. 



458. War between Athens 

and Corinth. 
456. Cimon recalled. 

Completion of the 

Long Walls of Athens. 
454. Achaia joins the 

Athenian alliance. 



449. _ Renewal of war 
against Persians, who are 
defeated at Salamis in 
Cyprus. 



447. Athenians defeated 
at Coroneia by the 
Boeotians. 



440. Pericles takes Samos. 



437. Amphipolis in the 
Thracian Chersonesus 
founded by Athenians. 

435. Corinth at war with 
Corcyra. 

432. Revolt of Potidaaa 
from the Athenian con 
federacy. 



431. The Peloponnesian 

War. 

Invasion of Attica. 
430. The Plague at Athens 
429. Pericles dies, after 

enjoying power for more 

than 30 years. 



424. Exile of Thucydides. 
Brasidas invades 

Thrace with a Spartan 

force. 
421. Peace of Nicias be 

tween Athens and 

Sparta. 



458. Cincinnatus, Dictator. 



451. The Decemvirs and 
the laws of the 1 2 tables. 
The legend of Vir- 
ginia. 



449. Quaestorship estab- 
lished. 



445. Lex Canuleia permits 
intermarriage between 
Patricians and Ple- 
beians. 



444. Military Tribunes and 
office of Censor insti- 
tuted. 

439. Spurius Maelius killed 
because suspected of 
royal ambitions. 



431. The jEquians and 
Volscians defeated at 
Mount jEgidus. 



426. Fidenae revolts, 
taken and destroyed. 



18 



TABULAR VIEWS 



420 B.C.- 



b.c. Progress of Society.etc. 



Asia. 



420 Hippocrates, of Cos, the 
father of medicine. 
Democritus, the laughing 
philosopher. 



415 Aristophanes, prince 
Ancient Comedy. 



411 



405 



399 



of 



Thucydides' history ends 
and Xenophon's begins. 



Plato, comic poet. 



390 



From Socrates proceed the 
great schools of Greek 
philosophy, the Megaric 
school founded by Eu- 
clid, the Cynic by Antis- 
thenes, the Cyrenaic 
(Hedonistic or Epicu- 
rean) by Aristippus, 
and the Academic by 
Plato. 



The influence of Plato, the 
great philosopher, at its 
height. 

The historians Xenophon 
Ktesias of Knidus, and 
Philistus of Syracuse. 



408. Medes make an un- 
successful attempt to 
throw off Persian yoke. 



405. Persians driven out 
of Africa for a time. 



404. Artaxerxes II. (Mne- 
mon), king of Persia. 



401. Cyrus the younger 
defeated at Cunaxa; re- 
treat of the 10,000 under 
Xenophon. 

399. Outbreak of war 
between Persia and 
Sparta. 



396. _ Agesilaus invades 
Asia Minor and repeat- 
edly defeats the Persians. 



39Q B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



19 



B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece. 


Rome, etc. 






420. Alcibiades effects a 


420. The Campanians 






treaty between the 


make themselves _ mas- 






Athenians and Argives. 


ters of the Greek city of 
Cumae. 






415. _ Athenians invade 








Sicily and besiege Syra- 








cuse. 




414 


Amyrtseus, king of Egypt, 
snakes off the yoke of 
Persia. 


413. The army in Sicily 
destroyed. 

Archelaus, king of 
Macedon. 
411. Athens governed by 
the 400. 

Alcibiades at the 
court of Tissaphernes. 




410 


The Carthaginians invade 


410. Alcibiades defeats 






Sicily. 


the Spartans at Cyzicus. 

408. Capture of_ Byzan- 
tium by Athenians. 

405. Lysander defeats the 
Athenians at .Sgospota- 
mi; 404, takes Athens, 
and establishes the 30 
tyrants. 

End of the Pelopon- 
nesian War. 

403. Thrasybulus expels 
the 30 tyrants. 

399. Death of Socrates. 


409. Plebeians first hold 
the quffistorship. 

406. Beginning of a ten 
years' war against Veii; 
pay for the first time 
given to soldiers. 






396. Agesilaus invades 


396. Camillus takes Veii, 






Asia. 


after a siege of ten years. 






395. War between Sparta 








and Thebes. 








394. Battle of Coronea. 




393 


Accession of Akhoris, who 
engages in war against 
Persia as an ally of 
Agesilaus of Sparta; he 








also aids Evagoras of 




390. The Roman army 
overwhelmed on the Al- 




Cyprus. 










lia and Rome taken and 








burnt by the Gauls, 








under Brennus. 



20 



TABULAR VIEWS 



387 B.C.- 



370 



Diogenes, the cynic; Iso- 
crates and IsEeus.orators; 
Antiphanes and Alexis, 
representatives of the 
Middle Comedy; Scopas 
and Praxiteles, sculp- 
tors. 



387. The Greek cities of 
Asia tributary to Persia 
by the peace of Antal- 
cidas. 



383. BITHYNIA becomes 
a kingdom. 

Mithridates I., king 
of PONTUS. 



379. Evagoras of Cyprus 
recognized by Persia as 
sovereign in return for 
the payment of tribute. 



376. Persia makes an un- 
successful attempt to 
reconquer Egypt. 



362. Ariobarzanes, king of 
Pontus. — Revolt of the 
Persian governor in Asia 
Minor. 



360. CAPPADOCIA be- 
comes a kingdom under 
Ariarathes I. 

359. Accession of Arta- 
xerxes III. in Persia. 

356. Artabazus, satrap in 
Asia Minor, rises in re- 
bellion, and being de- 
feated seeks refuge with 
Philip of Macedon. 



356 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



21 



B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece. 


Rome and Italy. 








384. M. Manlius Capito- 








linus accused of royal 








ambitions and thrown 








from the Tarpeian rock. 






382. Thebes taken by the 








Spartans under Phcebi- 








das. 








379. Thebes delivered by 








Pelopidas and Epami- 








nondas. 




378 


Nectanebus I. repels a 
Persian army command- 
ed by Pharnabazus 
which invaded Egypt 








and took Pelusium. 


376. Spartan fleet de- 


376. Beginning of the ten 






feated at Naxos by the 


years' struggle over the 






Athenians. 


Li c i n i a n Rogations; 
Plebs prevent election of 
curule magistrates. 






371. Battle of Leuctra; 


371. Curule magistrates 






Spartans defeated by 


appointed. 






Thebans under Epami- 








nondas. 








Predominance of 








Thebes. 


367. The Licinian Roga- 
tions passed, providing 
for_ agrarian relief and 
assigning one consul to 
the Plebeians. 






364. Pelopidas killed in 








battle. 








362. Battle of Mantinea, 








death of Epaminondas. 




361 


Tachos, king of Egypt. 




361. Renewed invasion of 




A.gesilaus, the Spartan, 




the Gauls. 




aids the Egyptians in 








their revolt against Per- 








sia. 


357. Philip II. of Mace- 
don takes Amphipolis. 








356. Philip conquers 


356. Dionysius the young- 






Thrace and Illyria. 


er expelled from Syra- 






The Temple of Diana 


cuse. _ 






at Ephesus burnt. 


First Plebeian dic- 






ALEXANDER "the 


tator at Rome. 






Great" born. 





22 



TABULAR VIEWS 



355 B.C. 



b.c. Progress of Society, etc. j The Jews. 



352 



Philippics of Demosthenes. 
Mencius, Chinese sage. 



343 



340 



Aristotle appointed tutor 
of Alexander the Great 



^schines, Demosthenes, 
orators; Theopompus 
and Ephorus, historians; 
Speusippus, academic 
philosopher. 



335 



330 



Pyrgoteles practises the 
art of stone-engraving 
and die-sinking. 



Apelles, the painter; Cal- 
listhenes, philosopher. 

Alexander attempts the 
fusion of Asia and 
Europe through inter- 
marriage, perfected com- 
munications, etc. 



340 (346). Artaxerxes in 
person achieves the re- 
conquest of Egypt. 



338. Assassination of Ar- 
taxerxes and accession 
of Arses. 

336. Assassination of Arses 
and accession of Darius 
Codomannus. 



334. Battle of the Gran- 
icus. 



333. Battle of Issus. — 
Alexander the Great 
overthrows the Persian 
army. 

332. Jerusalem submits to 1 332. Tyre subdued after 
Alexander the Great. seven months' siege. 

331. Battle of Arbela. — 
The Persian army to- 
tally defeated. 

330-328. CONQUEST of 
the PERSIAN EM- 
PIRE. 



327. Alexander invades 
India. 



327 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



23 



Africa. 



Greece — Macedon. 



Rome, etc. 



340 



332 



The Carthaginians de- 
feated by Timoleon on 
the Crimesus in Sicily. 

Artaxerxes III. invades 
Egypt with an immense 
army, overruns the 
country and plunders 
the temples; Egypt is 
once more a province of 
Persia. 



Egypt conquered by Alex- 
ander. 



355. The 2d Sacred War. 



352. Philip II. takes the 
Athenian port of Me 
thone in Macedonia. 

The Phocians defeated by 
Philip at Pagasae in 
Thessaly. 

348. Philip takes Olyn 

thus. 
346. Philip admitted to 

the Amphictyonic Coun 

oil. 



341. Philip makes war 

upon Athens. 
340. — lays siege to Byzan 

tium. 



338. Philip defeats the 
Greeks at Chasronea. 



336. Philip is murdered by 
Pausanias. 

ALEXANDER III., 
surnamed the Great. — 
He pacifies Greece, de- 
stroys Thebes, sparing 
the house of Pindar. 

335. — is chosen generalis- 
simo of Greece against 
Persia. 

334. — invades Persia, and 
after several great bat- 
tles (see "Asia") sub- 
dues the Persian empire 
and Egypt, and marches 
into India. 



330. Spartans under Agis 
defeated by Antipater 
of Macedon. 



353. Dion put to death, 
and Syracuse ruled by 
tyrants. 



351. First Plebeian censor. 



343-341. The 
nite War. 



first Sam- 



340. The Latins defeated 
at Mount Vesuvius and 
reduced to virtual sub- 
jection by Rome. 



337. First Plebeian prastor. 



332. Treaty between Rome 
and Alexander of Epirus. 



2 4 



TABULAR VIEWS 



326 B.C. 



325 



315 



312 



307 



The voyage of Nearchus 
from the Indus to the 
Euphrates. 



Menander, founder of New 
Comedy. 



Appius Claudius Cascus, 
Censor, completes con- 
struction of the Appian 
aqueduct and begins 
Appian Way. 



Museum and Library at 
Alexandria begun under 
Ptolemy Soter. 



320. Ptolemy carries away 
a large number of pris- 
oners into Egypt. 
Onias I. 



311. Judea subject to An- 
tigonus. 



323. Alexander dies at 
Babylon; his empire 
partitioned among his 
generals. 



321. War among the suc- 
cessors of Alexander. 



320. Eumenes defeated by 
Antigonus. 



317 (abotit). The empire of 

Magadha in northern 

India founded by Chan- 

dragupta(Sandrocottus) . 

316. Eumenes put to death 

by Antigonus. 
315. Formation of a league 
against Antigonus by 
Ptolemy, Cassander, Se- 
leucus, and Lysimachus. 



312. SYRIA ruled by Se- 
leucus Nicator; he takes 
Babylon. 
Era of the Seleucidae. 



305. Seleuc'us Nicator in- 
vades India and wages 
war against Chandra- 
gupta. 



304 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



25 



Africa. 



Greece. 



Rome, etc. 



323 



320 



308 
307 

306 



Ptolemy I. (Soter, son of 
Lagus) ; becomes ruler of 
Egypt after the death 
of Alexander the Great 
and the partition of his 
empire ; assumes regal 
title in 305. 



Ptolemy makes himself 
master of Cyprus and 
Syria. 



324. Demosthenes ban- 
ished. 

323. Death of Alexander. — 
The Grecian cities revolt 
from Macedon. — Demos- 
thenes recalled. 

322. The. Greeks defeated 
by Antipater at Crannon 
in Thessaly. 
Death of Demosthenes. 

321. Antipater, regent of 
the empire. 



319. Polysperchon sue 
ceeds Antipater, and 
proclaims liberty to the 
Grecian cities. 

317. Phocion put to death 
by the Athenians. 

Demetrius Phalereus 
governs Athens. 



315. Cassander rebuilds 
Thebes. 



326. Outbreak of second 
Samnite War. 



Ptolemy _ establishes his 

power in Cyrene. 
Agathocles is defeated by 

the Carthaginians at 

Tunes in Africa. 
-305. Antigonus invades 

Egypt, but meets with 

no success. 



307. Demetrius Phalereus 
expelled from Athens by 
Demetrius Poliorcetes. 



305-304. Demetrius Poli- 
orcetes besieges Rhodes 
in vain. 

303. Demetrius Poliorcetes, 
general of the Grecian 
states. 



321. The Samnites defeat 
the Romans at the Cau- 
dine Forks and send 
them under the yoke. 

320. The Samnites de- 
feated at Luceria. 



317. Syracuse seized by 
Agathocles. 



314. Insurrection of the 
Campanians suppressed. 



309. Fabius Maximus de- 
feats the Etrurians at 
the Vadimonian lake. 



307. The Carthaginians 
defeat Agathocles, and 
besiege Syracuse. 



304. End of the 
Samnite War. 



second 



26 



TABULAR VIEWS 



301 B.C.- 



b.c. Progress op Society.etc. 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



300 



293 



2S6 



285 



284 



283 



280 



Euclid, of Alexandria, the 
celebrated mathemati- 
cian. — Zeno, founder of 
the Stoics; Pyrrho, of 
the Skeptics - Epicurus 
of the Epicureans. 



The first sun-dial erected 
at Rome by Papirius 
Cursor, and the time 
first divided into hours. 



At Rome full equality 
between the Plebeians 
and Patricians finally 
established 

Theocritus, the father of 
pastoral poetry; Bion, 
bucolic poet. 

The Septuagint translation 
of the Old Testament, 
begun at Alexandria, by 
order of Ptolemy Phila 
delphus. 

The Pharos built at Alex- 
andria, the most famous 
of lighthouses. 



(.about). Philetaerus, of 

Pergamus, patron of the 

arts. 
Alexandria, the resort of 

the learned, and centre 

of trade. 
The Colossus of Rhodes, 

the work of Chares of 

Lindus, erected. 

Manetho, Egyptian priest 
and chronologist. 



301. Judea again under 
the dominion of the 
Ptolemies. 



301 Battleoflpsus. — An- 
tigonus killed. 

ALEXANDER'S 
EMPIRE DIVIDED in 
four parts.- — -Ptolemy, 
Seleucus, Cassander, Ly- 
simachus. 



299. Seleucus begins the 
building of Antioch. 



287. Seleucus defeats De- 
metrius Poliorcetes and 
keeps him prisoner. 



281. Lysimachus defeated 
and killed by Seleucus in 
the battle of Korupedion . 
—The kingdom of PER- 
GAMUS founded by 
Philetaerus. 

280. Antiochus I. succeeds 
Seleucus. 



279 B - c - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



27 



B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece. 


Rome, etc. 








300. Plebeians admitted 








to the priestly colleges. 








298. Outbreak of third 








Samnite War; Samnites 








defeated at Bovianum. 






297. Death of Cassander. 








295. Siege of Athens, by 


295. Samnites and Etrus- 






Demetrius. 


cans defeated at Sen- 
tinum. 






294. Demetrius seizes the 








throne of Macedon. 


290. End of third Samnite 
War. 






287. Athens revolts from 








Demetrius. 


286. Law of Hortensius, 
by which the decrees of 
the Plebs are made abso- 
lute in the state. The 


285 


Ptolemy Soter practically 




end of the long struggle 




abdicates, and is suc- 




between Patricians and 




ceeded by his son, 




Plebeians. 




Ptolemy II. Philadel- 








phia. 






283 


Death of Ptolemy Soter. 




282. Outbreak of hostili- 
ties between Rome and 
Tarentum ; the latter 
seeks the aid of Pyrrhus, 
king of Epirus. 






281. The Achaean League 


281. Pyrrhus lands in It- 






created. 


aly. 






Lysimachus defeated and 








slain by Seleucus in the 








battle of Korupedion. 








280. Irruption of the Gauls 


280. Pyrrhus defeats the 






into Macedonia; Ptol- 


Romans at Pandosia 






emy Ceraunus slain. 


(Heraclea) and at 
279 — Asculum. 



28 



TABULAR VIEWS 



279 B.C.- 



b.c. Progress of Society. etc 



Asia. 



269 



264 



Silver money first coined 
at Rome. 



The Parian Chronicle com- 
posed. 

Gladiators first exhibited 
at Rome. 



260 (.about). Berosus, the his- 
torian of Babylon. 



275. Antiochus I. defeats 
the Gauls, gaining the 
surname of Soter (Sa- 
vior). 



270 (about). Asoka, de- 
scendant of Chandra- 
gupta, reigns in Magad- 
ha; he is a friend of 
Buddhism. 



266. AriobarzanesIL.king 
of Pontus. 



262. Antiochus Soter de- 
feated at Sardis by Eu- 
menes. 

261. Antiochus defeated 
and slain by the Gauls 
in a battle near Ephesus; 
he is succeeded by An- 
tiochus II. Theos. 



255. Kingdom of PAR- 
THIA founded by Arsa- 
ces. The Tsin dynasty in 
China commences, under 
whom the construction 
of the Chinese Wall is 
begun. 



255 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



2 9 



B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece. Rome, etc. 






279. Irruption of the Gauls 








under Brennus into 








Greece. 








278. — they are defeated 


278. Pyrrhus invades Sic- 






near Delphi. 


ily. 






277. Antigonus Gonatus, 








king of Mace don. 


275. Pyrrhus defeated at 
Beneventum, and leaves 
Italy. 






274. Pyrrhus invades Ma- 








cedon, defeats Antigo- 








nus, and is proclaimed 
king. 




273 


Ptolemy sends an embassy 






to Rome and enters into 








friendly relations with 








the Senate ; grain trade 








between Egypt and 








Rome developed; re- 








fuses the Carthaginians 








aid against the Romans. 










272. Pyrrhus besieges 


272. Fall of Tarentum. 






Sparta and Argos — is 








slain, and Antigonus is 








restored. 


271. Fall of Rhegium. 






268. Athens taken by An- 








tigonus Gonatus. 








Second incursion of 








the Gauls into Macedon. 


266. With the conquest 
of the Sallentines the 
Roman subjugation of 
Italy is completed. 


264 


Outbreak of the first war 




264. The first PUNIC 




between Carthage and 




WAR.— Appius Claud- 




Rome. 




ius defeats Hiero of 
Syracuse at Messana. 

260. Duilius gains a vic- 
tory over the Carthagin- 
ian fleet at Mylae. 


256 


Regulus invades Africa, 




256. Regulus gains a vic- 




and is defeated by 




tory over the Carthagin- 




Xanthippus, a Spartan 




ian fleet at Ecnomus. 




general. 


255. Antigonus liberates 


255. The Lacedemonians 






Athens. 


assist Carthage. — Xan- 






Athens joins the 


thippus defeats Regulus, 






Achaean League. 


and takes -him prisoner. 



30 



TABULAR VIEWS 



254 B.C.- 



b-c. 



Progress of Society.etc. 



Asia. 



253 



The Alexandrian schol- 
ars and poets, Aratus, 
Kallimachus, Lyco- 

phron, and Apollonius. 



245 



(about) . Eratosthene s, 

celebrated geometer and 
geographer, head of the 
Alexandrian Library, 
makes first measurement 
of circumference of the 
earth. Chrysippus, 

Stoic philosopher. 



240 



Comedies of Livius An- 
dronicus, first acted at 
Rome. — Archimedes, 
the mathematician. 



235 Nagvius, Roman 
flourishes. 



225 



poet, 



Fabius Pictor, _ the 
Roman historian. 



first 



253. Arsaces II. (Tiridates 
I.) succeeds to the 
throne in Parthia. 



246. Antiochus II. Theos 
killed by his wife; suc- 
ceeded by his son Seleu- 
cus II. Callinicus. 

245. War breaks out be- 
tween Seleucus II. and 
Ptolemy Euergetes, in 
which the latter for a 
time is master of almost 
the entire Seleucian 
kingdom. 



241. Attalus I., king of 
Pergamus. 



237. Seleucus defeated by 
the Parthians. 



226. Seleucus II. (Cerau- 
nus), king of Syria. 



223. Antiochus III. the 
Great, king of Syria. 



222 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



31 



Greece. 



Rome, etc. 



251 



247 



245 



241 



238 



228 



222 



Metellus defeats Hasdru- 
bal at Panormus ir 
Sicily. 



Hamilcar Barca takes 
command of Carthagin 
ian forces in Sicily.— 
Accession of Ptolemy 
III. Euergetes in Egypt 

PtolemyEuergetes subdues 
Syria. 



-238. War with the Mer- 
cenaries in Carthage. 



Hamilcar begins establish- 
ment of Carthaginian 
power in Spain. 



Carthagena in Spain, 
founded by Hasdrubal. 



Ptolemy IV. Philopater, 
king of Egypt. 



251. Prosperity of Achaean 
League under Aratus, 
who liberates Sicyon 
and joins it to the 
League. 



243. Corinth taken by 
Aratus and united to 
Achaean League. 

241. Agis IV., king of 
Sparta, put to death for 
attempting to establish 
agrarian reform and re- 
introduce^ the Lycurgan 
constitution. 



228. Roman ambassadors 
first appear at Athens 
and Corinth. 

226. Cleomenes, king of 
Sparta, defeats the 
Achaeans. 

225. Cleomenes re-estab- 
lishes the constitution 
of Lycurgus at Sparta. 

224. Cleomenes conquers 
Argos and is joined by 
Corinth. 



254. Panormus (Palermo) 
taken by the Romans. 



249. Romans defeated in 
naval battle of Drepana. 

247. Hamilcar holds Herc- 
te against the Romans. 



241. The Roman fleet 
under Catulus defeats 
the Carthaginians off 
the ^Egatian Islands. — 
End of the first Punic 
War; resulting in the 
acquisition of Sicily, the 
first Roman province. 



238. Sardinia seized by 
Rome. 



225. The Gauls defeated 
near Telamon in Etru- 
ria. 

224. The Romans first 
cross the Po. 

223. The Insubres de- 
feated. 



32 



TABULAR VIEWS 



221 B.C. 



B.C. Progress of Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



220 



210 



204 



200 



Plautus, Roman comic 
poet. 

The Alexandrian gram- 
marians and editors. 
Zenodotus and Aristo- 
phanes. 



(about). The Great Chinese 
Wall begun. 



Ennius, Roman 
comes to Rome. 



poet 



Moschus, bucolic poet. 



203. Judea submits to 
Antiochus the Great. 



198. The Jews assist Anti 
ochus in expelling Sco- 
pas and the Egyptian 
troops from Jerusalem; 
final establishment of 
the Syrian power 
Palestine. 



217. Antiochus III. de- 
feated by Ptolemy Phil- 
opater in the battle of 
Raphia. 

216. Arsaces III., king of 
Parthia. 



213. Antiochus defeats the 
Parthians and takes 
their capita], Hecatom- 
pylos. 



206. The dynasty of Han 
in China founded; it 
lasts until 221 a.d., and 
forms one of the most 
brilliant periods in the 
history of China. 



198 Antiochus defeats the 
Egyptians under Scopas 
in a great battle in Pal- 
estine, which now defi- 
nitely comes under the 
Syrian rule. 

197 Eumenes II., king of 
Pergamus. 



196. Arsaces IV., king of 

Parthia. 
195. Hannibal flees to 

Antiochus IIL 



195 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



33 



Africa. 



Greece. 



Rome, etc. 



221 



213? 



209 



205 



203 



202 



198 



Beginning of conquests of 
Hannibal in Spain. 



War between Egypt and 
Syria resulting in the 
loss of Palestine by the 
Ptolemies. 



Rebellion of the Egyptian 
peasantry against the 
Macedonian oppression. 



Ptolemy V. associated in 
the crown. 



Ptolemy V. Epiphanes, 
king of Egypt. 



Scipio Africanus besieges 
Utica and burns the 
camps of Hasdrubal and 
Syphax. 

Hannibal recalled from 
Italy. 

Hannibal defeated at Za- 
ma. — End of the 2d 
Punic War. 



Egypt loses her Syrian pos- 
sessions. 



221. Cleomenes of Sparta 
defeated by Antigonus 
Doson at Sellasia. 

220. The Social War be- 
tween Aehaeans and 
^Etolians. — Philip V. of 
Macedonia assists the 
Acheeans. 



U5. Alliance of Philip V 
with Hannibal. 



211. The ^Jtolians secure 
the alliance of Rome 
against the Aehaeans and 
the Macedonians. 

207. Battle of Mantinea: 
Philopcemen, the gen- 
eral of the Achaean 
League, defeats the 
Spartans. 



200. Siege of Abydos by 
Philip V. of Macedonia; 
outbreak of war between 
Macedonia and Rome. 

198. The Aehaeans and 
Spartans join the Ro- 
mans against Macedonia. 



197. Philip V. defeated at 
Cynoscephalae by the 
Romans under Flamin 
inus. 

196 Macedonian Greece 
declared free by the 
Romans. 



219. Hannibal takes Sa- 
guntum and crosses the 
Alps 

218. The 2 d Punic War — 
The Romans defeated by 
Hannibal at the Ticino 
and the Trebbia. 

217. Flaminius over- 
whelmed at Trasi- 
mene. 

216. Romans at Cannae 
totally defeated bv Han- 
nibal. 

Fabius Maxim us, Dic- 
tator. 

212. Syracuse taken by 
Marcellus. Archimedes 
killed. 

211. Capua taken by the 
Romans. 

209. Publius Scipio takes 
New Carthage. 

207. Nero and Livy defeat 
Hasdrubal at the Met- 
aurus. — Hasdrubal killed. 

206. The Carthaginians de- 
feated in the battle of 
Ilipa and driven out of 
Spain. 

204. Scipio carries the war 
into Africa. 



202. Final victory over 
Carthage at Zama. 

200. Outbreak of war with 
Macedonia. 



197. Flamininus victorious 
in Macedonia. 



195. Cato in Spain 



34 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I94 B.C.- 



b.c. Progress of Society, etc 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



194 



180 

2d 
cen- 
tury 



170 



167 



166 



161 



Apollonius of Rhodes head 
of the Alexandrian li- 
brary. 



Statius Caecilius, comic 
poet. 

>- Paper made in China. 



Polybius, historian 
Greece and Rome. 



of 



192. Syria at war with 
Rome. 

190. Scipio Asiaticus de- 
feats Antiochus III, at 
Magnesia and compels 
him to cede all of Asia 
Minor excepting Cilicia; 
the conquered territory 
is allotted by Rome to 
Pergamus. 

189. Armenia revolts from 
the Seleucid rule and 
establishes its indepen- 
dence. 

187. Antiochus III. killed; 
succeeded by Seleucus 
IV. Philopator. 



183. Pharnaces I., king of 
Pontus, conquers Sin- 
ope. 

181. Phraates I., king of 
Parthia. 



176. Antiochus IV. Epi- 
phanes, king of Syria. 

174. Mithradates I., King 
of Parthia, founds the 
greatness of that power, 
He conquers Bactria, 
Persia, Susiana, and 
Babylonia. 

171. Antiochus IV. de- 
clares war against Ptol- 
emy Philometor. 



Greek learning comes to 
Rome as a result of con- 
quest of Macedonia. 

Terence, comic poet. 



Philosophers and rhetor' 
icians banished from 
Rome. 



174. Jason obtains the 
high priesthood by cor- 
ruption. 



171. Jason supplanted by 

Menelaus. 

170. The temple plundered 
by Antiochus Epi- 
phanes. 

168. Jerusalem again plun- 
dered by Antiochus; the 
temple desecrated, the 
Law suppressed. 

167. Mattathias the Has- 
monean, leads an insur- 
rection against the Syr- 
ians. 



165. Judas Maccabeus ex- 164. Antiochus V. Eu- 
pels the Syrians and pator, king of Syria, 
purifies the temple. 

162. Demetrius Soter 
seizes throne of Syria. 

Ariarathes Philopator, 
king of Cappadocia. 



161. Judas defeats the 
Syrians under Nicanor 
at Adasa. 

First treaty with the 
Romans. 



l6l B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



35 



B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece. 


Rome, etc. 


193 


Masinissa, king of Numidia, 
harasses the Carthagin- 








ians, and injures their 




191. Antiochus III. de- 




commerce. 




feated at Thermopylae. 
190. Antiochus III. is to- 
tally defeated by L. C. 
Scipio at Magnesia. 


189 


Formidable insurrection in 


189. The Italian League 






upper Egypt owing to 


crushed by the Romans. 






oppressive taxation. 


188. Philopcemen abro- 
gates the laws of Lycur- 








gus in Sparta. 


185. Disgrace and volun- 
tary exile of Scipio Afri- 
canus. 

184. Cato, the elder, cen- 
sor. 






183. Philopoemen defeated 


183. Death of Scipio Afri- 


182 


Ptolemy VI., Philometor, 


and killed by the Mes- 


canus. 




king of Egypt. 


senians 


181. Pseudo writings of 
Numa found in a stone 
coffin at Rome. 






179. Perseus, king of 


179. Celtiberians in_ Spain 






Macedonia. 


subjugated by Tiberius 
Gracchus. 
176. Sardinians subdued 
by Gracchus. 






171. War between Mace- 


171. War against Mace- 






donia and Rome. 


donia. 


170 


-163. Joint reign of Phi- 
lometor and Physcon in 
Egypt. 


168. Perseus defeated at 
Pydna, by Emilius 
Paulus. 

167. Achaean hostages 
transported to Italy in 
large numbers. 




163 


Ptolemy VI. is driven out 
by his brother but is 
restored by the Roman 
senate, Physcon being 
given Cyrene. 







36 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1 60 B.C.- 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



160 



159 



155 



150 



146 



145 



{about). Hipparchus of 
Nicasa makes important 
astronomical discoveries 
and lays the foundation 
of Trigonometry. 

The clepsydra or water 
clock introduced by 
Scipio Nasica 



Pacuvius, Latin tragic 
poet, flourishes 



Aristarchus, of Alexandria, 
grammarian, greatest of 
Greek scholars, editor of 
Homer and the drama- 
tists. 



The fall of Corinth and the 
transplantation of its 
art treasures to Rome 
marks an important 
epoch in the conquest of 
the Roman world by 
Greek thought. 

Hipparchus, mathemati- 
cian and astronomer, 
flourishes. 



160. Death of Judas Mac- 
cabeus 



158. Jonathan compels the 
Syrians under Bacchides 
to withdraw. 



143 Jonathan is slain by 
Trypho. 

142. Simon, high priest. 
Demetrius II. of Syria 
acknowledges Jewish in 
dependence. 



135. John Hyrcanus, high 
priest. 

133. Jerusalem taken by 
Antiochus VII. 



160. Mithradates IV. (V.), 
king of Pontus. 



151. Alexander B alas over- 
throws Demetrius Soter. 
and takes the throne. 



149. Prusias II. of Bithy- 
nia, killed by his son, 
Nicomedes. 



146. Demetrius II. Nic- 
ator, king of Syria. 



140. Demetrius II. is de- 
feated by Mithradates 
I. of Parthia and re- 
tained in captivity for a 
number of years. 



137. Antiochus VII. (Si- 
detes), king of Syria. 



133. Antiochus takes Jer< 
usalem. 



133 B -C 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



37 



Africa. 



Greece. 



Rome, etc. 



157 



Cato's embassy to Car 
thage. 



147 



146 



Masinissa defeats the Car- 
thaginians. 



Ptolemy VI. joins with 
Demetrius Nicator 
against Alexander Balas 
of Syria and is crowned 
king at Antioch. 

Carthage taken and de- 
stroyed. 

Ptolemy VII., Physcon, 
becomes sole king of 
Egypt. 



155. Athenian embassy of 
Diogenes, Carneades, 
and Critolaus to Rome. 



152. Andriscus attempts 
to raise Macedonia 
against Rome. 



148. He is defeated by 
Metellus and 



146. Macedonia becomes a 
Roman province. 

War between- the Achasan 
League and Sparta and 
Rome; Corinth taken 
and destroyed by 
Mummius. 



155. War with the Lusi- 
tanians and 



153. with the Celtiberians. 



151. Defeat of Galba in 
Spain by the Celtiber- 
ians. 

150. The Lusitanians 
crushed. 

149. Third Punic War 
begins. 

The Lex Calpurnia 
seeks to restrain the mal- 
practice of provincial 
governors. 



146. Conquest of Carthage 
and of Corinth. 



Roman Empire. 



In the East. 



133. Pergamus bequeath- 
ed to the Romans by 
Attalus III. 



In Europe. 

143. Numantine War 
begins. 



140. Romans cause assas- 
sination of Viriathus, 
leader of the Lusitanians 
in Spam. 

139. Servile insurrection 
in Sicily. 



133. Numantia destroyed 
by Scipio. 

Acts and death of 
Tiberius Gracchus. 



38 



TABULAR VIEWS 



132 B.C.- 



b.c. Progress of Society.etc. 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



130 



125 



Lucius Accius, tragic poet. 



Lucilius the first Roman 
satirist. 



100 



Lucius Afranius, comic 
writer. 



129. John Hyrcanus be- 
gins task of delivering 
Judea from the Syrian 
yoke ; reduces Samaria 
and Idumea. 



109. Hyrcanus destroys 
Samaria. 



105. Hyrcanus succeeded 
by his son Aristobulus. 
who first assumes the 
title of king. 

104. Alexander Jannaeus 
succeeds to the throne; 
in a war against Ptolemy 
VIII.. Lathyrus, the 
exiled ruler of Egypt, he 
is assisted by Cleopatra, 
the reigning queen, and 
expels Ptolemy from 
Palestine. 



129. Antiochus VII. de- 
feated and killed in a 
war with Parthia. 

Demetrius II. regains 
Syria. 

126. Demetrius is over- 
thrown and there follow 
the parallel reigns of 
Alexander II. (till 122) 
and Antiochus VIII. 
Grypus (till 114). 



120. Mithradates V. (VI.) 
the Great, king of 
Pontus. 



112. Mithradates begins 
career of conquest in the 
kingdom of Bosporus 
(Crimea), Lesser Ar- 
menia, Colchis, and part 
of Scythia to the Dnies- 
ter. 



100 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



39 



Africa. 



Roman Empire. 



Ptolemy Physcon driven 
from his throne for his 
cruelty. 



Physcon restored. 



123 Carthage rebuilt. 



Death of Micipsa, king of 
Numidia, and the assas- 
sination of Hiempsal by 
Jugurtha. 

Ptolemy VIII., Lathyrus, 
king of Egypt. 

Jugurthine War begins. 



Ptolemy VIII. exiled and 
Alexander I. king of 
Egypt. 

Jugurtha is defeated by 
Marius. 



In the East. 



131. "War with Aristonicus 
pretender to the crown 
of Pergamus. 

130. Aristonicus defeated. 

129. Pergamus organized 
as the province of Asia. 



111. Outbreak of war with 
Jugurtha who had us- 
urped the royal power 
in Numidia. 

106. Jugurtha defeated 
and taken; he perishes in 
prison at Rome. 



In Europe. 
132. Servile War ended. 



123. Tribunate of Caius 
Gracchus; he brings for- 
ward the Leges Sempro- 
nial involving far-reach- 
ing reforms. 

121. Caius Gracchus slain. 



113. War begun against 
the Cimbri and the Teu - 
tones. 



104. The Teutones defeat 
the Romans onthebanks 
of the Rhone, inflicting 
a loss of 80,000 men. 

102. Marius victorious 
over the Teutones and 
Ambrones at Aquas Sex- 
tiae. 

101. Marius and Catulus 
defeat the Cimbri at 
Vercellae. 



100. Marius attains 
sixth consulate. 



his 



Banishment of Metel- 
lus Numidicus. 

.Birth of Julius Caesar. 



40 



TABULAR VIEWS 



99 B.C.- 



b.c Progress of Society, etc. 



90 



80 



SO 



89. The Roman franchise 
granted to the Italians. 



Libraries of Athens sent to 
Rome by Sulla. 

Posidonius, stoic philoso- 
pher, at Rome. 



QuintusHortensius, orator. 



The Jews 



86. Alexander Jannasus re- 
turning from exile, where 
he has been driven by 
the Pharisees, wreaks 
cruel vengeance on that 
party. 



78. Alexandra, widow of 
Jannasus, governs Judea. 



69. Hyrcanus II. in con- 
flict with his brother 
Aristobulus. 



Asia. 



96. Seleucus V. succeeds 
Antiochus VIII but is 
assassinated in the fol- 
lowing year. 

94. Cappadocia declared 
free from the rule of 
Mithradates of Pontus 
by Rome. 

93. Ariobarzanes elected 

king. 
Tigranes, king of Armenia, 

expels Ariobarzanes, 

who is restored in the 

following year. 



88. Pontus at war with 
Rome; Italians in Asia 
massacred. 

87. Mithradates sends 
army into Greece. 

86. Pontic forces defeated 
by Sulla at Chasronea. 

84. Peace concluded be- 
tween Pontus and Rome. 

83. Second Mithradatic 
war begins. 

81. — war terminated. 



74. Beginning of 
Mithradatic war. 



third 



71. Mithradates 
at Cabira. 



defeated 



69. Tigranes of Armenia 
defeated bv Lucullus at 
Tigranocerta. 

66. Mithradates defeated 
by Pompey at Nicopolis. 

65. The race of the Seleu- 
cidae deposed. 

64. Syria becomes a 
Roman province. 



64 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



41 



Africa. 



Roman Empire. 



96 



By the death of Ptolemy 
Apion, Cyrene becomes 
Roman. 



84? 



81 



65 



Second reign of Ptolemy 
Lathyrus. Ptolemy IX. 



Thebes destroyed by Lath- 
yrus. 



Alexander II. (Ptolemy 
X). k ; ng of Egypt. 

Ptolemy XI. Auletes, king 
of Egypt. 



Crassus, as censor, pro- 
poses that Egypt be 
made a Roman province ; 
he is opposed by his 
colleague Catulus. 



In Europe. 

99. End of Second Servile 
War in Sicily, begun in 
102. 



91. The tribune M. Livius 
proposes the bestowal of 
the Roman franchise on 
the Italian allies: he is 
slain. 

90. Social War in Italy. 



88. Sulla puts an end to 
the Social War. 

Civil War between 
Marius and Sulla. 



In Asia and Africa. 



96. Annexation of Cyrene 
bequeathed to the Ro- 
mans by its king, Ptol 
emy. 



92. A Parthian embassy 
visits Sulla in Asia, the 
first act of intercourse 
between the two em- 
pires. 



88. Mithradatic War; Sulla 
commands the Roman 
army. 

The Athenians seek 
assistance from Mithra- 
dates against Rome. 

86. Athens, reduced by 
famine, is taken by 
Sulla. 



82. Sulla defeats Marius, 
and is created perpetual 
dictator. 

79. Sertorius revolts in 
Spain and defeats Me- 
tellus and Pompey. 
74. Nicomedes III. of Bi- [ 

thynia bequeaths his \ 73. War of Spartacus, the 

kingdom to the Ro-i gladiator. 

mans. 

72. Sertorius assassinated. 

71. Spartacus defeated by 
Crassus. 

70. Pompey and Crassus 
consuls. 



66. Metellus subdues Crete. 



64. Syria a Roman pro- 
vince- 



42 



TABULAR VIEWS 



63 B.C.- 



b.c. Progress op Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



63. Pompey makes an end 
of Jewish independence, 
confirming Hyrcanus in 
possession of the High 
Priesthood. 



60 



Cicero, statesman and ora- 
tor; Sallust, historian; 
Lucretius and Catullus, 
poets; Andronicus, of 
Rhodes, peripatetic 

philosopher. 



47. Antipater, the Idu- 
mean, is made procura- 
tor of Judea by Caesar. 



46 



Caesar reforms the Calen- 
dar. 

Cornelius Nepos and Dio- 
dorus Siculus, histor- 
ians; Vitruvius, writer 
on architecture; M. 
Terentius Varro, writer 
on agriculture. 



63. Pharnaces king 
part of Pontus. 



of 



60. (about). By the absorp- 
tion of Syria, Rome 
comes into touch with 
the Parthian power. 



57. (about). India; war of 
the natives under Vikra- 
maditya against Scyth- 
ian invaders. 

55. Outbreak of war be- 
tween Rome and Par- 
thia. 



53. The Romans defeated. 
— Crassus slain at Car- 
rhae. 

52. Parthians overrun Sy- 
ria and threaten An- 
tioch. 



47. Battle of Zela. — Phar- 
naces II. of Pontus con- 
quered by Cassar. 



46 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



43 



Africa. 



Roman Empire. 



58 



55 



Ptolemy XI., Auletes, flees 
to Rome, Berenice reigns 
in his absence. 



Ptolemy XI. restored by 
a Roman army under 
Gabinius and Marcus 
Antonius. 



51 



48 



Death of Ptolemy XI.; by 
will he appoints Cleo- 
patra and her brother, 
Ptolemy XII., to reign 
jointly. 



Pompey, defeated, arrives 
in Egypt and is slain. 



In Asia and Africa 

takes Jer- 



63. Pompey 
usalem. 



47 



46 



East. 



53. Crassus defeated and 
killed in Parthia. 



Ptolemy XII. drowned. 



The African War. — Caesar 
gains battle of Thapsus. 
— Cato kills himself at 
Utica. 

Caesar contemplates re- 
building of Carthage. 



48. Caesar defeated by 
Pompey at Dyrrhach- 
ium. — Thessaly becomes 
the seat of war. — The 
Athenians declare for 
Caesar against Pompey 

Battle of Pharsalia: — 
Pompey, defeated by 
Caesar, flees into Egypt, 
and is slain there. 

47. Caesar takes Alexandria 
and conquers Egypt. 
Caesar victorious at Zela 
in Asia over Pharnaces 
II. of Pontus. 

46. The Pompeians in Af- 
rica under Sextus Pom- 
peius, Cato of Utica, and 
Juba are defeated at 
Thapsus by Caesar. 



In Europe. 

63. M. T. Cicero, consul, 
detects and suppresses 
Catiline's Conspiracy. 



60. First Triumvirate: — 
Pompey, Crassus, and 
Julius Caesar. 

58. Clodius procures the 
banishment of Cicero. — 
The Helvetii defeated by 
Julius Caesar. 

57. Cicero recalled. 



55. Caesar passes the 
Rhine, defeats the Ger- 
mans, and invades Brit- 
ain. 

54. Caesar's second inva- 
sion of Britain. 



52. Pompey sole consul. 

51. Cassar completes the 
conquest of Gaul. 

50. Sallust expelled from 
the Senate. 

49. Cassar passes the Ru- 
bicon, and in sixty days 
makes himself master 
of Italy — marches into 
Spain and forces Pom- 
pey's troops to surrender. 



46. Caesar crushes the 
Pompeians at Thapsus. 



44 



TABULAR VIEWS 



45 B.C.- 



B.C. Progress of Society, etc. 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



30 



29 



22 



Direct trade of Rome with 
India. — Silk and linen 
manufactories in the 
empire. 

Temple of Janus at Rome 
closed — there being now 
a general peace. 

The Pantheon built. 

Golden age of Roman lit- 
erature. Horace, Virgil, 
Tibullus, Propertius, 
poets; Livy, historian; 
Maecenas, minister of 
Augustus, patron of lit- 
erature; Strabo, geogra- 
pher; y^milius Macer, of 
Verona, poet; Dionys- 
ius, of Halicarnassus, 
historian; Agrippa, 
warrior, and patron of 
the arts. 

Pantomimic dances intro- 
duced on the Roman 
Stage. 



43. Antipater poisoned. 



40. Herod the Great, son 
of Antipater, defeats his 
rival, Antigonus, and 
Parcorus, the Parthian — 
and is made king by the 
Romans. 



37. Herod with Roman aid 
takes Jerusalem which 
upholds the cause of the 
Hasmonean family. 



30. Augustus bestows an 
increase of territory on 
Herod. 



29. Herod kills his wife. 
Mariamne. 



5. (about). Herod begins 
extensive building oper- 
ations in Judea. founds 
Cassarea, rebuilds Sa- 
maria, reconstructs the 
temple at Jerusalem 
(20-19) 






40. Parthians under Par- 
corus invade Syria, take 
Antiocb and Sidon, plun- 
der Jerusalem, and ad- 
vance as far as the 
Mediterranean. 

39-38. Parthians defeated 
by Ventidius. 

36. Marcus Antonius in- 
vades Par thia but is com- 
pelled to retreat with 
loss. 

34. Antony subdues Ar- 
menia. 



23. Parthian embassy at 
Rome. 



20. Parthians restore the 
standards captured from 
Crassus. 



20 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



45 




Roman Empire. 



45 Cleopatra poisons her bro- 
ther and reigns alone. 



Marcus Antonius, capti- 
vated by Cleopatra, 
takes up his residence 
in Alexandria, whence 
he administers Eastern 
affairs. 



Cleopatra obtains from 
Antony a grant of 
Phoenicia, Ccele-Syria, 
and Cyprus. 

Marcus Antonius divides 
Asia among his sons by 
Cleopatra. 

Marcus Antonius and 
Cleopatra defeated by 
Octavius, at Actium. 

Antonius and Cleopatra 
destroy themselves. — 
Egypt becomes a Roman 
province under the per- 
sonal rule of Augustus. 



45. Caesar perpetual dicta- 
tor — the remnants of the 
Pompeians crushed at 
Munda in Spain. 

44. Caesar assassinated, 

43. Second Triumvirate:— 
Octavius Caesar, Marcus 
Antonius, and Lepidus. 
— Cicero proscribed and 
murdered. 

42.The battle of Philippi: 
- — Antony and Octav- 
ius defeat Brutus and 
Cassius. 



36. Sextus Pompeius de- 
feated in Sicily. 



33. Antony quarrels with 
Octavius. 

31. By the battle of Ac- 
tium Octavius acquires 
sole rule in the Roman 
world. 



29. Octavius's 3 days tri- 
umph at Rome. 

Temple of Janus shut. 

27. The titles of Augustus 
and Emperor conferred 
on Octavius for 10 years; 
the end of the Republic. 

23. Augustus receives tri- 
bunician power for life. 



22. Conspiracy of Murena. 

21. Augustus visits Greece 
and Asia. 



4 6 



TABULAR VIEWS 



19 B.C.- 



b.c. Progress of Society, etc 



The Jews. 



The Calendar corrected by 
Augustus. 



4 ' ( 7-6 2 ). Jesus Christ born. 
The birth of Jesus 
Christ was made a start- 
ing point in chronology 
by the monk Dionysius 
Exiguus who lived in the 
sixth century; it was 
adopted by the Church 
in Rome soon after, was 
popularized by Bede in 
the eighth century, and 
came into common use 
in the tenth. Dionysius 
identified the birth of 
Christ (incarnation) with 
the year 754 of the Ro- 
man era, but modern 
research has shown that 
the great event must be 
placed from four to 
seven years before the 
date assumed by Dio- 
nysius. 

Archelaus succeeds 
Herod with the title of 
Ethnarch. 



Asia. 



19. Armenia; on the death 
of Artaxias II. the Ro- 
mans place on the throne 
Tigranes II.; Armenia 
becomes a pawn between 
Rome and Parthia. 

16. Agrippa is in Asia 
where he regulates the 
affairs of Palestine. 

14. Polemon of Pontus 
conquers Bosporus. 



J Cheyne, Encyclopedia Biblica. 2 Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible. 



4 B.C. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



47 




Roman Empire. 



19. The Cantabri in Spain 
subjugated; conquest of 
Spain complete. 

16. Lollius defeated by the 
Germans. 

15. Rhastians and Vindeli- 
cians subdued by Ti- 
berias and Drusus. 

12. Augustus assumes the 
title of Pontifex Maxi- 
mus. 

Pannonia conquered 
by Tiberias. 

11. Victories of Brusus in 
Germany. 



4 8 



TABULAR VIEWS 



2 A.D. 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



Sacred. 



10 



Ovid publishes his Ars Amatoria. 



Celsus, the physician; Phaedrus, the 
fabulist; Velleius Paterculus, Roman 
historian. 



40 



50 



Philo, Alexandrian Jew, disciple of Plato ; 
Seneca, moral philosopher; Apion of 
Alexandria, grammarian, called the 
" Trumpet of the World." 



Columella, writer on husbandry. 



26. Pontius Pilate becomes procurator 

of Judea. 
28-29' (26-272). Baptism of Jesus Christ 

"and beginning of His public work. 
30' (29 2 ). Crucifixion of Jesus Christ. 

35-36 2 (31 or 35»). St. Paul converted 
to Christianity. 



47. 2 First missionary journey of Paul. 
49. 2 Council of the Apostles at Jeru- 
salem 
50. 2 Paul at Corinth. 



52. 2 Third missionary journey of Paul. 
55. Paul at Ephesus. 



J Cheyne, Encyclopedia Biblica. 
2 Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible. 



55 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



49 



Roman Empire. 



East. 

Caius Caesar makes peace with the Par- 
thians. 



The subjugation of the Dalmatians 
completed. 



42 



46 



Germanicus takes command in the East. 
Germanicus poisoned at Antioch. 



Uprising of Tacfarinas in Numidia 
suppressed. 



Mauretania conquered and divided into 
two provinces, Mauretania Tingitana 
and Mauretania Cassariensis. 



Thrace made a Roman province. 



West. 



4. Death of Caius Caesar, son of 
Agrippa; Tiberius renews his cam- 
paigns in Germany. 

9. Roman legions under Varus de- 
stroyed by the Germans under 
Arminius in the Teutoburg Forest. 
Ovid is banished to Tomi on the 
Black Sea. 



14. Augustus dies and Tiberius be- 
comes emperor. 

The Pannonian and German legions 
revolt. 

19. The Jews banished from Italy. 
23. Sejanus poisons Drusus, son of 
Tiberius. 



26. Tiberius retires to Capreae (Capri). 



31. Sejanus disgraced and put to death. 

37. Tiberius dies. 

Caligula (Caius Caesar) becomes 
emperor. 



41. Caligula assassinated. 

Claudius becomes emperor. 



43. — invades Britain with his general, 
Plautius. 



51. Caractacus, the chief of the Trino- 
bantes in Britain, defeated and 
brought to Rome. 



54. Nero becomes emperor. 

55. — poisons Britannicus, son of 
Claudius. 



So 



TABULAR VIEWS 



56 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Sacred and Ecclesiastical. 



60 



64 



70 



SO 



Persius, satirist. 



Nero's golden house built. The build- 
ings in Rome more regular after the 
fire. 



Pliny, the elder, author of comprehen- 
sive natural history; Josephus, the 
Jewish historian. 

The destruction of Jerusalem marks 
the end of the Jews as a nation ; from 
that time they enter on their historic 
role of wanderers. 



Colosseum completed. 

Quintilian, orator; Valerius Flac- 
cus, poet; Martial, epigrammatist; 
Apollonius of Tyana, Pythagorean 
philosopher; Epictetus, stoic; Dio 
Chrysostom, Greek rhetorician and 
philosopher. 



56. 1 Paul arrested in Jerusalem. 
59. ' Paul arrives in Rome. 

61. * Acts closed. 



64. First traditional persecution of 

Christians, by Nero. 
64-65. 1 Martyrdom of Peter and Paul. 

66. Outbreak of Jewish war. 

67. Pope Linus. 2 Vespasian despatched 
against the Jews. 



70. The destruction of Jerusalem by 
Titus. 



72. Conquest of Judea completed. 



79. Pope Anacletus. 



90. Pope Clemens. 

95. Second traditional persecution of 
the Christians, by Domitian. 



1 Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible. 

2 The word Pope is used in accordance 
with the Roman Catholic usage, though 
the name was not adopted by the Pon- 
tiffs till several centuries after. 



95 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



51 



A.D. 


Roman Empire. 




East. 


West. 

59. Nero's mother, Agrippina, put to 
death by his order. 


60 


Corbulo subdues Armenia. 


61. Revolt of the Britons under queen 
Boadicea; they burn London. The 
queen, defeated by Suetonius, poisons 
herself. 


63 


Tiridates placed on the throne of Ar- 




menia by Nero. 


64. Burning of Rome and Christians 
accused of the crime. 

65. Seneca and Lucan put to death. 


66 


Tiridates visits Rome. 


68. Galba proclaimed emperor by the 
soldiers in Spain; he reigns 8 months, 
and is put to death by the PrEetorians. 

69. Otho becomes emperor; acknowl- 


69 


Vespasian declared emperor at Alex- 


edged by the Senate; (3 months) 




andria. 


defeated by 

Vitellius, who becomes emperor 
(8 months) ; he is overthrown by the 
army of 

70. Vespasian, commander in the East, 
who becomes emperor. 


70 


Jerusalem destroyed by Titus. 


78. Agricola assumes command in 
Britain. 

79. Titus becomes emperor. 
Herculaneum and Pompeii de- 
stroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius. 

81. Domitian becomes emperor. 


86 


War with the Dacians under Decebalus. 


86. Romans defeated by the Dacians on 

the Danube. 
88. The secular games celebrated. 


90 


Roman reverses against the Quadi and 
the Marcomanni; peace with the 
Dacians bought. 





52 



TABULAR VIEWS 



96 A.D.- 



100 



130 



132 



160 



Tacitus, historian; Juvenal, satirist; 
Statius, poet; Plutarch, moralist and 
biographer;' the younger Pliny. 



Jurisprudence flourishes; Rome adorned 
with the Trajan Forum; Pillar of 
Trajan, and baths; stone bridge 
built over the Danube. 



The great buildings of Palmyra, 
pie of the Sun at Baalbec. 



-Tern- 



Jurisprudence improved by the pro- 
mulgation of Hadrian's perpetual 
code. 

Ptolemy, the celebrated Egyptian 
astronomer and geographer; Arrian 
and Appian, Greek historians; Paus- 
anius, traveller. 



Lucian, satirist; Hermogenes, rhetor- 
ician. 



99. Pope Evaristus. 

100. Christian assemblies prohibited by 
Trajan. 

100 {about). Composition of the "Shep- 
herd" of Hermas. 



107. Pope Alexander I. 

108. St. Ignatius put to death. 
112-113 (100?). Third traditional per- 
secution, by Trajan. 

116. Pope Xystus (Sixtus I). 



125. Pope Telesphorus. 



136. Pope Hyginus. 



140. Pope Pius I. 

Heresy of Valentine. 
145 (about). Rise of the Marcionites. 
154. Pope Anicetus. 

Canon of Scripture fixed about this 

time. 

154 (about). Justin Martyr publishes 
his apology for the Christians. 

155 (about). Martyrdom of Polycarp; 
appearance of Montanus. 



163 (about). Martyrdom of Papias. 
165. Pope Soter. 

Death of Justin Martyr. 



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175 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



53 



Roman Empire. 



103- 
104 



114 
116 

117 



112- 
127 
130 



131 



136 



162 



East. 



Pliny, proprastor in Bithynia, sends 
Trajan his account of the Christians. 



Traj an begins war against the Parthians . 

Capture of Ctesiphon. 

Revolt of the Jews in Cyrene and 

Egypt. Trajan dies at Selinus in 

Cilicia. 



Hadrian in the East for five years. 

Hadrian rebuilds Jerusalem, under the 
name of MWa, Capitolina, and erects 
there a temple to Jupiter. 

Revolt of the Jews under Bar Cochba. 



Jewish war ended. 



War with the Parthians, lasts 4 years 
and ends in the confirmation of Ro- 
man authority in Armenia. 



West. 



96. Domitian assassinated. 
Nerva becomes emperor. 



98. Trajan becomes emperor; a great 
sovereign and a warrior, under 
whom the Roman Empire attained 
its greatest extent. 



101. Trajan begins his Dacian cam- 
paigns. 

107. Dacia made a province. 



117. Hadrian becomes emperor; under- 
takes extensive travels throughout 
the provinces of the empire. 

121. Erection of Hadrian's wall in 
Britain. 



132. The Edictum Perpetuum, compris- 
ing the edicts of the Roman prastors, 
collected and published. 



13S. Antoninus Pius becomes emperor; 
(eminent for his virtues and love of 
peace). 



161. Marcus Aurelius (Antoninus) be- 
comes emperor. 



167-175. War with the Marcomanni 
and the Quadi. 



54 



TABULAR VIEWS 



170 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



170 



180 



206 
210 



215 



220 



230 



Galen, Greek physician; Diogenes 
Laertius, Greek historian. 



The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius em- 
body some of the loftiest thoughts of 
antiquity. 



Baths of Caracalla begun. 
Papinian, jurist. 



Caracalla grants the right of Roman 
citizenship to all the provinces, that 
they may become liable to additional 
taxes. 

Dio Cassius, historian. 



Ammonius Saccas, founder of the 
Neo-Platonic school of philosophy at 
Alexandria. 

Herodian, Greek historian. 

Censorinus, critic and grammarian. 



174. Pope Eleutherus. 

177. Fourth traditional persecution, by 

Marcus Aurelius — Irenasus becomes 

bishop of Lyons. 

180. Age of Theophilus and Tatian. 
Hegesippus writes against the Gnostics. 

189. Pope Victor I. 



198. Pope Zephyrinus; strife between 
Zephyrinus and Hippolytus as to the 
restoration of those who had fallen 
away from the Church under perse- 
cution. 

202. Fifth persecution of the Christians, 
under Severus. — Tertullian, an able 
defender of Christianity.— Clement 
of Alexandria, and Minucius Felix. 



217. Pope Calixtus I. 



220 {about). Death of Clement of 

Alexandria. 
221. Julius Africanus, first of Christian 
chronologists. 



222. Pope Urban I. 



230. Pope Pontianus.— Death of Ter- 
tullian. 



232 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



55 



Roman Empire. 



197 



226 



Severus invades the Parthian empire, 
captures Seleucia and Babylon, and 
acquires Adiabene (northern Assyria). 



Fall of the Parthian empire and estab- 
lishment of the new Persian kingdom 
under the dynasty of the Sassanids. 



West. 



178. Renewal of war with the Marco- 
manni. 

180. The emperor dies at Sirmium: 
Commodus becomes emperor, 
makes peace with the Germans. 



191. Rome nearly destroyed by fire. 

192. Commodus assassinated. 

193. Pertinax proclaimed emperor 
by the Praetorian guards; murdered 
after a reign of 3 months. 

The empire bought by Didius 
Julianus, who reigns for 2 months 
and is put to death. 

Septimius Severus proclaimed 
emperor by the Pannonian legions. 

194. — defeats his competitor, Pescen- 
nius Niger, at Issus; besieges 
Byzantium. 

197. — defeats rival emperor Albinus 
in Gaul. 



202- 



-persecutes the Christians. 



makes 



208. — invades Britain and 
war on the Caledonian tribes. 

The wall of Severus between the 
Forth and the Clyde built. 

211. Severus dies at York, in Britain. 
Caracalla and Geta become em- 
perors. 

212. Caracalla slays his brother Geta; 
general proscription; among others, 
Papinian put to death. 

214. Wars against the Alemanni. 

217. Caracalla is assassinated. 
Macrinus becomes emperor. 

218. Macrinus defeated by the Parth- 
ians and slain by his soldiers. 

Heliogabalus becomes emperor. 



222. Heliogabalus slain. 

Alexander Severus becomes 
peror. 



232. The victory of Severus over the 
Persians in Mesopotamia. 



56 



TABULAR VIEWS 



235 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



250 



Plotinus, Neo-Platonic philosopher. 



260 



271 



Longinus, philosopher, 
statesman. 



critic, and 



Aurelian begins wall around Rome. 



Sacred and Ecclesiastical. 



235. Pope Anterus. 
Origen. 

Sixth persecution of the Christians, 
under Maximinus. 

236. Pope Fabianus. 

240. Gregory Thaumaturgus becomes 
bishop of Neo-Cassarea. 



247. Dionysius becomes bishop of 
Alexandria. 

248. Cyprian becomes bishop of Car- 
thage. — Monastic life originates about 
this time. 

Dispute between the churches of 
Rome and Africa about baptism. 

Novatian, opponent of Roman 
bishop. 

249. Pope Cornelius. 

251. Seventh persecution of the Chris- 
tians, under Decius. 



257. Eighth persecution, under Valerian. 

259. Pope Dionysius. 

260. Paul, of _ Samosata, bishop of 
Antioch, denies the divinity of Jesus 
Christ. 



269. Pope Felix I. 



270 (about). 
trines in 



Manes advocates his doc- 
Persia. 



273 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



57 



Roman Emptre. 



242 



258 



260 



261- 
262 



267 



269 



273 



East. 



Gordian defeats the Persians under 
Sapor. 



War between Rome and Persia. 



Valerian taken prisoner by Sapor, king 

of Persia. 
Sapor takes Antioch, Tarsus, and 

Ca?sarea. 

Odenatus, ruler of Palmyra, dies — he is 

succeeded by his wife, 
Zenobia, who reigns with the titles of 

"Augusta"and "Queenofthe East." 



Zenobia attempts to conquer Egypt. 



Zenobia defeated at Emesa by Aurelian, 
who destroys her magnificent capital, 
and carries her to Rome. 



West. 

235. Severus murdered in a mutiny of 
the army. 

Maximinus becomes emperor; is 
victorious against the Germans. 

238. Maximinus assassinated by his 
troops near Aquileia; Gordian I. and 
II. proclaimed emperors in Africa 
and slain; Senate nominates Pupienus 
and Balbinus emperors; Pupienus and 
Balbinus slain by the Praetorians. 
Gordian III. becomes emperor. 

244. Gordian put to death by Philip 
(the Arabian), who becomes emperor; 
makes peace with Sapor. 



248. The secular games celebrated in 
commemoration of the thousandth 
anniversary of the founding of the 
city. 

249. Decius becomes emperor; perse- 
cutes the Christians. 

251. — slain by the Goths, who invade 
the empire by crossing the Danube. 

Gallus becomes emperor; purchases 
a peace with the Goths. 

252. A great pestilence prevails in the 
empire. 

253. jEmilianus proclaimed by troops in 
Mresia; Valerianus proclaimed em- 
peror in Rhaetia. 

Gallus and iEmilianus slain. 

254. Valerian becomes emperor; is 
successful against the Germans and 
Goths. 

256. Franks invade Spain. 
256-69. Great piratical expeditions of 
the Goths into Asia Minor and Greece. 



260. Gallienus becomes emperor. 
Period of the 30 tyrants. 

264. Alliance with Odenatus. 



268. Gallienus killed at Milan. 
Claudius II. becomes emperor; 

defeats the Alemanni. 

269. — defeats Goths at Nissa.in Moesia. 

270. Aurelian becomes emperor. 

271. — defeats the Marcomanni and 
Alemanni. 

273. ; — reduces Palmyra after an heroic 
resistance, and takes queen Zenobia 
prisoner. 



TABULAR VIEWS 



274 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress op Society, etc. 



275 



Ecclesiastical. 



Porphyry, Neb-Platonic philosopher. 



284 



290 



300 



320 



330 



335 



Diocletian's Oriental form of govern- 
ment — the monarchy considered 
hereditary — nomination of Csesars as 
co-rulers. 

Diocletian's baths, containing 3000 
benches of white marble. 

The Gregorian code of civil law. 



Spartianus, Vopiscus, and Trebellius 
Pollio, historians. 



274. Ninth persecution, under Aurelian. 

275. Pope Eutychianus. 



283. PopeCaius. 



Iamblichus, Neo-Platonic philosopher. 



Constantinople becomes the capital of 
the Roman Empire and the seat of art 
and literature. 

Hermogenianus, iurist. 



296. Pope Marcellinus. 



303. Tenth persecution of the Christ- 
ians, by Diocletian. 

304. Arnobius of Africa converted. 

305. Persecution of the Christians 
stopped by Const antius Chlorus. 



310. Pope Eusebius. 

311. Pope Miltiades. 

_ Constantine issues Edict of Tolera- 
tion. 
314. Pope Sylvester I. 

320. Strife of the Donatists in Africa. 



325. The Council of Nice, consisting of 
318 bishops, who condemn Arianism. 
— Eusebius, bishop of Cassarea, 
ecclesiastical historian. — Lactantius, 
Athanasius, Arius, flourish in the reign 
of Constantine. 

337. Pope Julius I. 



337 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



59 



Roman Empire. 



East. 



276 



283 



297 
298 



314 
323 

325 

330 
333 
334 

337 



Florianus, brother of Tacitus, pro- 
claimed emperor, is slain at Tarsus. 



Carus invades Persia but dies near 
Ctesiphon. 



Egypt subdued. 

Galerius defeats Narses of Persia. 



Constantine defeats Licinius at Adri- 

anople. 
Constantine defeats Licinius a second 

time at Adrianople and again at 

Chalcedon. 
The first general council at Nice. 

Constantinople solemnly dedicated. 
Great famine and pestilence in Syria. 
Sarmatians receive settlements in the 

empire. 
Death of Constantine, and the accession 

of his three sons. 



West. 

274. Gaul, Spain, and Britain reduced 
to obedience. 

Dacia given up to the barbarians 

275. Aurelian killed. 

An interregnum of 6 months. 

Tacitus (a descendant of the his- 
torian) becomes emperor; reigns 6 
months and is slain. 

276._Probus becomes emperor; ob- 
tains several victories over the bar- 
barians and restores borders of the 
empire. 

282. Probus slain by his soldiers. 

Carus becomes emperor. 

283. Carus overruns Persia and dies. 
Carinus and Numerianus become 

emperors. 

284. Numerianus slain; Diocletian pro- 
claimed emperor. 

Diocletian makes Maximianus his 
colleague. 

285. Diocletian and Carinus at war; 
Carinus slain. 

287. Britain usurped by Carausius, who 
reigns 7 years. The empire attacked 
by the northern barbarians, and 
several provinces usurped by tyrants 
Diocletian divides the administra- 
tion of the Roman Empire among the 
two Augusti and the two Caesars. 

296. Britain regained by Constantius. 



305. Diocletian and Maximian resign 
the empire to Constantius and 
Galerius. 

306. Constantine the Great becomes 
emperor; Licinius, Maximian, Maxen- 
tius, Galerius, Maximinus, his col- 
leagues. 

Constantine defeats the Franks. 

310. Death of Maximian. 

311. Death of Galerius. 

312. Maxentius defeated and killed. 

313. Defeat and death of Maximinus. 

314. Civil war with Licinius. 

323. Constantine defeats Licinius, and 
becomes sole emperor. 



6o 



TABULAR VIEWS 



340 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



360 



Eutropius, Ammianus Marcellinus, and 
Aurelius Victor, historians, JElius 
Donatus, grammarian. 



340. Christianity propagated in Ethopia 
by Frumentius. — Gothic version of 
Bible by Wulfila (Ulfilas). 



352. Pope Liberius. 

Hilary of Poitiers. — Cyril, bishop of 
Jerusalem. 



380 



390 



395 



Eunapius, historian. 

Symmachus, orator and pagan advocate. 



Ausonius and Prudentius, Latin poets: 
Pappus and Theon, of Alexandria 
mathematicians. 



366. Pope Damasus. 

370. Basil, bishop of Cassarea; Ephraim 
Syrus. 

375. Ambrose of Milan; Martin of 
Tours. 



381. The second general council of 
Constantinople. — Gregory of Nazian- 
zus made patriarch of Constantino- 
ple. 

3S4. Symmachus pleads in the Roman 
Senate for Paganism against St. 
Ambrose. 

Pope Syricius. 



Claudian, Latin poet. 



400. Chrysostom, patriarch of Con- 
stantinople; Jerome; St. Augustine. 



400 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



61 



Roman Empire. 



East. 



West. 



Constantius, Constans, and Constantine become emperors. 



150 Greek and Asiatic cities destroyed 
by an earthquake. 



Hermanric, king of the Ostrogoths, 
founds an extensive empire in South 
Russia. 

354 The Cssar Gallus put to death by Con- 
stantius. 



Constantius dies at Tarsus. 
A disadvantageous peace with 
Persians concluded by Jovian. 



the 



EASTERN EMPIRE 
extending from the lower Danube to 
the confines of Persia. 
Valens becomes emperor. 



The Huns advance into central Europe; 
the Visigoths, expelled by the Huns, 
are allowed by Valens to settle in 
Thrace. 

Valens defeated and slain by the Goths 
near Adrianople. 

Theodosius the Great becomes em- 
peror; named Augustus by Gratian; 
a zealous supporter of Christianity. 



Armenia partitioned by Rome and 
Persia. 

Theo osius defeats Maximus, the 
usurper of the Western Empire. 

Theodosius defeats Eugenius, the 
usurper of the West, and Arbogastes. 
the Gaul. Final division of the em- 
pire between the sons of Theodosius. 

Arcadius becomes emperor. 



340. Constantine, the younger, defeated 
and killed by Constans at Aquileia. 

350. Constans killed by emissaries of 
Magnentius who maintains himself 
in Gaul till 353. 

356-360. Campaigns of Julian in Gaul 
and Germany. 



361. Julian, the Apostate, becomes 
emperor. 

363. — attempts in vain to rebuild the 
temple at Jerusalem. — Is slain in a 
war with the Persians. 

Jovian becomes emperor. 

364. Death of Jovian, and the accession 
of Valentinian and Valens, under 
whom the EMPIRE is DIVIDED. 

WESTERN EMPIRE 
extending from the Caledon'an 
ramparts to the foot of Mount Atlas. 
364. Valentinian I. becomes emperor. 

367. The Picts and Scots invade Britain 
but are defeated by Theodosius. 
Gratian made Augustus. 

375. Gratian becomes emperor; asso- 
ciates with himself Valentinian II.; 
gains a victory over the Germans. 



383. Maximus is proclaimed emperor 
in Britain ; Gratian is slain ; the West 
shared between Maximus and Valen- 
tinian II. 



388. Overthrow of Maximus and sole 

rule of Valentinian II. 
392. Valentinian II. slain and succeeded 

by Eugenius. 



395. Honorius becomes emperor. 
400. Italy invaded by Alaric. 



02 



TABULAR VIEWS 



4OI A.D.- 



Progress op Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



410 



415 



425 



Macrobius, grammarian. 



Death of Hypatia of Alexandria. 



Zosimus and Olympiodorus, Greek his- 
torians. 



438 



The Theodosian code published. 



450 



Proclus, Neoplatonist philosopher. 
Sidonius Apollinaris, poet, statesman, 

and ecclesiastic. 
Legislation of the Visigoths in Spain 

under Euric. 



402. Pope Innocent I. 



412. Cyril, bishop of Alexandria", Socra- 
tes, ecclesiastical historian; Orosius, 
a Spanish disciple of St. Augustine; 
and Pelagius, a British monk, who 
denied original sin, &c. 

416. The Pelagian heresy condemned by 
the African bishops. 

417. Pope Zosimus. 

418. Pope Boniface I. 

422. PopeCelestinel. 



128. Nestorius, bishop of Constantino- 
ple, acknowledges two persons in 
Jesus Christ. 

431. Third general council at Ephesus 
condemns Nestor. 

432. Pope Xystus (Sixtus) III. 

St. Patrick preaches the Gospel in 
Ireland. 
435. Nestor banished. 



440. Pope Leo I. (the Great) greatly 
extends the power of the bishop of 
Rome. 

Sozomen and Theodoret, ecclesias- 
tical historians. 



449. Flavian, patriarch of Constanti- 
nople , and Eusebius, bishop of 
Dorylasum, deposed by the "Robber 
Synod" at Ephesus, which justifies 
the teachings of Eutyches regarding 
the existence of one nature in 
Christ. 

451. The fourth general council at 
Chalcedon, at which Eutychianism 
and Nestorianism are solemnly con- 
demned. 



455 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



63 



Eastern Empire. 



Western Empire. 



408 



421 
425 



450 



452 



Theodosius II., a child, becomes em- 
peror; Anthemius, minister. 



The emperor's sister, Pulcheria, pro- 
claimed co-empress. 



Persian war. 

Pannonia, Dalmatia, and Noricum 
gained from the Western Empire. 



Marcian becomes emperor. 



Victory over the Arabs near Damascus. 



402. Alaric defeated by Stilicho at 
Pollentia. 

Radagaisus invades Italy and is 
defeated by Stilicho. 

406. The Vandals invade Gaul. 

407. Britain evacuated by the Romans. 

409. The Vandals enter Spain. 

410. Rome sacked by the Goths under 
Alaric. 

412. The Visigoths enter Gaul. 



415-418. The Visigoths begin the con- 
quest of Spain. 



418. The Alani defeated and extirpated 
by the Goths. 

425. Valentinian III. becomes emperor. 

428(429). The Vandals enter Africa. 



433. Attila, "The scourge of God," 
becomes ruler of an immense empire 
from China to the Atlantic. 

439. The Vandals, under G e n s e r i c, 
take Carthage. 



443. Burgundians establish themselves 

in Sapaudia (Savoy). 
446. The famous embassy from Britain 

soliciting aid against the Picts and 

Scots, "the groans of the Britons." 
449 (450). The arrival of the Jutes in 

Britain, under Hengist and Horsa. 



451. Attila invades Gaul and is de- 
feated by j^Etius and Theodoric at 
Mery-sur-Seine (near Chalons). 

452. The origin of Venice; founded by 
refugees from the Hunnist invasion. 

455. Valentinian is assassinated by 
Petronius Maximus who becomes 
emperor and is also assassinated 
some months later. — Genseric, the 
Vandal king, sacks Rome. 

Avitus becomes emperor through in- 
fluence of the Goths. 



6 4 



TABULAR VIEWS 



456 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



476 



480 



486 
490 



493 



511 



The accession of Odoacer is taken 
generally as marking the end of 
ancient history and the beginning of 
the medieval period, though in reality 
it brought no sharp change in the con- 
dition of Italy and the West. 

The conquest of Rome by the Germanic 
tribes and the subsequent interblend- 
ing of the Latin and Teutonic spirit 
gives rise to the characteristic Euro- 
pean spirit of later days. 

The Salic law developed among the 
Franks before Clovis. 



The victory of Clovis marks the triumph 
of the Germanic over the Roman 
civilization in Gaul. 

(about). Burgundian laws collected by 
Gundoband. 



Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, seeks to en- 
graft the Roman civilization on the 
Goths. 



Clovis' _s acceptance of Catholic Chris- 
tianity prepares _ the way for the 
historic connection between the 
Frankish empire and the papacy. 



Ecclesiastical. 



461. Pope Hilarus. 



468. Pope Simplicius. 

Strife for supremacy among the 
bishops of Rome, Constantinople, 
Alexandria, Antioch, and Jeru- 
salem, resulting in the steady growth 
of the power of Rome as the champion 
of Catholicity. 



477. Hunneric, King of the Vandals, in 
Africa, persecutes the Catholics. 



482. The emperor Zeno publishes the 
Henoticon. 

483. Pope Felix III. 

— excommunicated by Acacius, bishop 
of Constantinople. 



492. Pope Gelasius I.; he 
bold claims to authority. 



advances 



496. Christianity introduced among the 
Franks, whose king, Clovis, accepts 
baptism. — Pope Anastasius II. 

498. Pope Symmachus, opposed by the 
Emperor Anastasius, against whom he 
upholds a lofty conception of the 
priestly dignity. 



512 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



65 



Eastern Empire. 



Western Empire. 



456 
457 



461 
466 



Successful campaign against Persians 
Leo I. (the Thracian), becomes em- 
peror. 



Theodoric, the Goth, a hostage at the 

Byzantine court. 
Huns defeated at Sardica. 



474 



477 



483 

488 

491 
492 



503 



512 



Leo II. succeeds Leo I., and dies in the 
same year. 

Zeno becomes emperor. 

Theodoric becomes chief of the Ostro- 
goths. 



Zeno overthrows the rival emperor 
Basiliscus. 



Peace between Theodoric and Zeno. 



Zeno induces Theodoric to undertake the 
conquest of Italy. 



Anastasius I. becomes emperor. 
Appearance of the Green and Blue 

factions. 
Outbreak of rebellion in Isauria. 



War with Kobad of Persia; concluded 
in 505. 



Long walls built to protect Constanti- 
nople from the Bulgarians. 



457. Majorian becomes emperor. 

458. Franks :-Childeric I., father of 
Clovis, becomes king of the Franks. 

461. Severus becomes emperor. 

465. Death of Severus. 

466. Euric becomes king of the Visi- 
goths; he completes the conquest of 
Spain. 

467. Anthemius becomes emperor. 



472. Olybrius becomes emperor. 

473. Glycerius becomes emperor. 

474. Julius Nepos becomes emperor. 

475. Romulus Augustulus becomes em- 
peror. 

476. Romulus Augustulus deposed by 
Odoacer, leader of the Mercenaries. 
END of the WESTERN EMPIRE. 

477. Foundation of the kingdom of 
Sussex by JElla.. 

Western Europe. 



481. Clovis I., founder of the Frankish 
power, succeeds his father Childeric 
as king. 



486. Battle of Soissons — the Roman 
power in Gaul overthrown by Clovis. 

490. Britain: — Capture of Anderida by 
^Ella. 

491 . Franks : — Clovis subdues the Ripu- 
arian Franks. 



493. Italy: — Conquered by Theodoric, 
king of the Ostrogoths. — Odoacer put 
to death. 

496- Conversion of Clovis. — He defeats 
the Alamanni. 



500. Franks :— Burgundians subjected. 

507. — Clovis defeats Alaric near Poic- 
tiers, and wrests Aquitaine from the 
Visigoths. 

510. — Clovis makes Paris his capital. 

511. — Clovis dies. — His kingdom par- 
titioned among his four sons. 



66 



TABULAR VIEWS 



5H A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



525 



529 



533 



537 



550 



560 



563 



568 



570 



Boethius, the Roman statesman and 
philosopher. 



The schools of Athens closed by Jus- 
tinian. 



Completion of Justinian's Code, Pan- 
dects, and Institutes. 



The church of St. Sophia dedicated at 
Constantinople. 



(about). The Christian era introduced by 

Dionysius Exiguus. 
The fables of Pilpay translated into 

Persian. 
Cassiodorus, Italian historian. 



Procopius, a Byzantine historian; Gil 
das, British historian. 



(565) Christianity introduced in Scot- 
land by Columba. 



The old Roman municipal system in 
Italy overthrown by the invasion of 
the Lombards. 

Evagrius, church historian. 



514. Pope Hormisdas. 

518. The accession of Justin marks the 

downfall of the Monophysites; the 

Henoticon withdrawn. 



523. Pope John I. 

526. Pope Felix IV. 

527. Separation of the Armenian from 
the Greek Church. 

529. The Order of Benedictine monks 
instituted at Monte Cassino, near 
Naples. 

530. Pope Boniface II, 



533. Pope John II. 

535. Pope Agapetus. 

536. Pope Silverius. 



537. Pope Vigilius. 



544. In the Edict of the Three Chapters. 
Justinian largely repudiates the work 
of the Council of Chalcedon (451). 

550. Vigilius excommunicated by a 
council at Carthage. 

553. The fifth general council at Con- 
stantinople. 
555. Pope Pelagius I. 



560. Pope John III. 

The Tritheists maintain the sepa- 
rate existence of the persons of the 
Trinity. 

The pope vindicates his authority 
against the Prankish clergy by order- 
ing the restoration of bishops deposed 
by a council at Lyons. 



57i A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



6 7 



Eastern Empire. 



Western Europe. 



Rebellion of Vitalian. 

Justin I., of Illyria becomes emperor. 

Brilliant period of the Byzantine empire. 



Justinian I . becomes emperor; cele- 
brated for his code of laws and the 
victories of his generals, Belisarius 
and Narses. 

Belisarius defeats the Persians at Daras. 



-Suppresses the Nika riot in the Hippo- 
drome of Constantinople. 
-Overthrows the Vandals in Africa. 

-subdues Sicily. 

-takes Naples and Rome. 



— overruns Italy. 

Witiges surrenders Ravenna to the 

Byzantines. — Antioch sacked by the 

Persians. 
Plague in the empire — during three 

months from 5,000 to 10,000 die daily 

at Constantinople. 
Totila, king of the Ostrogoths, begins 

the reconquest of Italy. 

Totila takes Rome. 



Narses defeats and kills Totila and 
overthrows Gothic kingdom in Italy. 



The Cotrigur Huns overrun Thrace and 
threaten Constantinople but are de- 
feated by Belisarius. 



Belisarius disgraced by Justinian. 



Belisarius restored: — he quells a con- 
spiracy. 
Death of Belisarius and Justinian. 
Justin II. becomes emperor. 

The exarchate of Ravenna established. 



519. Britain: — The Britons defeated 
at Charford by Cerdic and Cynric 
who begin the third Saxon kingdom 
of Wessex. 

520. — West Saxons defeated at Mount 
Badon. 



530. — Isle of Wight conquered by 
Jutes. 

531. Spain: — Theudis succeeds Amal- 
aric as king of the Visigoths. 



536. Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths, 
surrenders his possessions in Gaul to 
the Franks. 

537. Witiges besieges Belisarius in 
Rome. 

540. Byzantine power established in 
Italy. 



554. Franks invade Italy but are de- 
stroyed by Narses. Italy is utterly 
desolated. 

558 . The Frankish power reunited under 
Clotaire I., who becomes king. 

560. Britain: — The kingdom of Deira 
established. 

561. Franks: — Death of Clotaire and 
partition of his dominions among his 
four sons. 



567. Beginning of the strife between 
Austrasia and Neustria. 

568. Italy conquered by the Lombards, 
under Alboin. He later fixes his 
capital at Pavia. 

571. Britain: — Battle of Bedford. — 
East Anglia formed i..to a kingdom. 



68 



TABULAR VIEWS 



574 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



580 



587 



590 



600 



610 



618 
622 



632 



The Latin language ceases to be spoken 
in Italy, while it supersedes the 
Gothic in Spain. 



The Roman Catholic faith established 
in Visgothic Spain and the Germanic 
influence in that country greatly 
strengthened thereby. 

Gregory of Tours, the father of French 
history. 



The Saxons having conquered England, 
it relapsed, in a great measure, into 
the state of barbarism, from which it 
had been partially raised by the 
Romans. 

Ethelbert draws up the first code of laws 
in England. 

Rites and superstitions increase in all 
Europe. — Relics sought for and 
worshipped. — Litanies addressed to 
the Virgin. — The burning of candles 
t>y day. — Exorcisms, etc. 

Isidorus, of Seville, Spanish historian. 

Mohammed begins the promulgation of 
his teachings. 



Beginning of the Tang dynasty in China, 
the Golden Age of literature. 

The year of the Hegira, the starting- 
point of the Mohammedan calendar. 



Islamism and the power of the caliphs 
established in the East. In the 
caliphs were united the highest 
spiritual and regal authority. 



575. Pope Benedict I. 



579. Pope Pelagius II.; he denies the 
right of the patriarch of Constanti- 
nople to assume the title of ecumen- 
ical bishop. 



590. Pope Gregory I., called The Great; 
he adopts the title Servus Servorum 
Dei. He advances greatly the claims 
of the bishops of Rome and is prac- 
tically ruler of that city. 

597. St. Augustine _ introduces Chris- 
tianity into Britain. 

604. Pope Sabinian. 
607. Pope Boniface III. made supreme 
head of the church by Phocas. 
Pope Boniface IV. 
The Pantheon at Rome dedicated 
to God, the Virgin, and the Saints. 



615. Pope Deusdedit. 
618. Pope Boniface V. 



625. Boniface V. makes Canterbury 
the metropolitan see of Britain. 
Pope Honorius I. 
Monasteries increase. 



633. Rise of the Monothelite heresy. 
Africa and Asia, with the churches 
of Jerusalem, Alexandria, andAntioch, 
lost to the Christian world by the 
progress of Mohammedanism. 



634 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



69 



Eastern Empire. 



Western Europe. 



Tiberius associated with Justin in the 
government. 

Tiberius II. becomes emperor. 
The Slavs appear in Thrace. 

Maurice, the Cappadocian, succeeds. 



The Avars and Slavs invade the East- 
ern empire. 



Phocas, a centurion, made emperor by 
the army. The empire invaded by 
the Persians. 



Heraclius overthrows Phocas, and 

makes himself emperor. 
The Persians overrun Syria and take 

Damascus. 



Jerusalem taken by the Persians. 

The Persians conquer Egypt. 
The Persians overrun Asia Minor. 
Constantinople threatened by the Avars. 

The HEGIRA or Mohammed's flight 
from Mecca to Medina. 

Heraclius defeats the Persians repeat- 
edly, and wins the final battle at 
Nineveh. 

Constantinople besieged by the Per- 
sians and Avars. 



Death of Mohammed. 
Abubeker succeeds him as caliph. 



Omar, caliph. 

The battle of Yermu gives Syria to the 
Arabs. 



576. Spain: — The Visigothic king Leovi- 
gild breaks the Roman power in the 
peninsula and upholds the royal 
power against the nobles. 

583. Italy: — the Lombards, under 
Authari, successful against the Greeks 
and Franks. 

584. Britain: — the kingdom of Mercia 
founded. 

586. Spain: — Recared king of the Visi- 
goths. 

587. Recared embraces Catholicism and 
enters upon the persecutionof Arians 
and Jews. 

588. Britain : — Bernicia and Deira unite 
to form the kingdom of Northumbria. 



597. — Christianity introduced by St. 
Augustine. 

604. Ethelbert of Kent begins the 
conversion of the East Saxons and 
founds the church of St. Paul in 
London as a bishop's seat. 



613. Britain:— E t h e 1 f r i t h, king of 
Northumbria, defeats the Britons, 
and conquers Cheshire and Lan- 
cashire. 

614. Clotaire II. reunites the Frankish 
dominions. 

617. Beginning of Northumbrian su- 
premacy in England. 



627. Edwin of Northumbria converted 
to Christianity. 

628. Franks: — Dagobert I. becomes 
king. 



633. Northumbria overthrown by Penda 
of Mercia. 



7o 



TABULAR VIEWS 



636 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



636 



680 



695 



700 



711 



{about). Nestorian Christianity intro- 
duced into China. 

In England, improvement in ecclesiasti- 
cal architecture; circular arches intro- 
duced; churches built at Canterbury, 
Glastonbury, St. Albans, Winchester, 
etc. 

In civil architecture, forts and castles 
— Conisborough Castle in Yorkshire ; 
Castletown in Derbyshire, etc. 

Some of the monasteries of Europe con- 
tinue to be the repositories of learning 
and the arts. 

In Japan during the seventh century 
comes the rise of the feudal nobility 
and the division of the population 
into agriculturists and warriors or 
samurai. 

The abbey of Whitby and the monas- 
tery o£ Gilling founded. 

The Anglo-Saxons advance in civiliza- 
tion and power, by the introduction 
of Christianity. 

In the Frankish empire the differentia- 
tion between the French and German 
language appears. 



Aldhelm, the first Anglo-Saxon writer 

in prose and verse. 
Casdmon. Anglo-Saxon poet. 
In Persia, the Magian religion gives way 

to the Mohammedan. 



Severe persecution of the Jews in Spain. 



The Venerable Bede, ecclesiastical 
historian. 

Christianity almost exterminated in 
Africa, by the progress of Mohamme- 
danism. 



The conquest of Spain by the Arabs 
destined to exercise a powerful effect 
on the progress of civilization in 

Europe. 



640. Pope Severinus. 
Pope John IV. 



642. Pope Theodorus. 

649. Pope Martin I. 

654. Pope Eugenius I. 

657. Pope Vitalian. 



664. Roman Christianity triumphs in 
England at the Council of Whitby. 



672. Pope Adeodatus. 

676. Pope Donus. 
678. Pope Agatho. 



680-681. The sixth general council at 
Constantinople condemns the Mono- 
thelites. 

682. Pope Leo II. 

684. Pope Benedict II. 

685. Pope John V. 

686. Pope Conon. 

687. Pope Sergius I. 



692. The Quinisext Council at Constan- 
tinople convened to supplement the 
work of the ecumenical councils of 
555 and 680; not recognized by 
Pope Sergius nor by the Roman 
Church. 



701. Pope John VI. 
705. Pope John VII. 
708. Pope Sisinnius. 

Pope Constantine I. 

710. Emperor Justinian II. confirms 
the Roman see in its privileges; he 
is the first to kiss the pontiff's foot. 



711 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



71 



A.D. 



Eastern Empire, Asia, etc. 



Western Europe. 



636 
637 

641 

642 



668 
673 



679 



6S3 
684 



685 



693 



694 
695 



697 

698 



705 
709 



711 



The battle of Cadesia gives Persia to the 
Arabs; their power established after 
the battle of Nehavend (642). 

Jerusalem taken by the Arabs. 



Egypt conquered by the Arabs. 
Heraclius Constantinus and Hera- 
cleonas rule. 

Constans II. becomes emperor. 
Moawiyah, caliph, makes Damascus his 
capital. 



Constantine IV. becomes emperor. 



Siege of Constantinople by the Saracens 
whose fleet is destroyed by the Greek 
fire of Cailinicus. The caliph com- 
pelled to purchase a peace of th'rty 
years, bv paying a yearly tribute. 

Yezid I., Caliph. 

The kingdom of Bulgaria founded. 



Moawiyah II., caliph. 
Abdelmelik, caliph. 

Justinian II. becomes emperor. 



Justinian defeated by the Arabs at 

Sebastopolis in Cilicia. 
Arabs overrun Armenia. 
Justinian II. deposed by Leontius who 

is also deposed by 
Tiberius. 
Carthage taken by the Arabs. 

Justinian II. restored. 
Walid I., caliph. 

Noi'th Africa completely subdued by 
the Saracens. 



Justinian put to death by Philip Bar- 
danes, who reigns under the name of 
Philippicus. 



638. Franks — The death of Dagobert is 
followed by the disappearance of the 
royal power, the kings being under 
the control of the mayors of the 
palace. 



642. Britain: — Oswald of Northumbria 
defeated by Penda. 



655. Penda, of Mercia, overthrown 

656. Franks: — Clptaire III. rules as 
sole king. 

662. Grimoald, duke of Benevento, 
usurps Lombard crown. 



670. France: — Childeric II. becomes 

king. 
673. The death of Childeric II. leads to 

civil war and anarchy. 



678. Theuderic III. 



680. Wamba, king of the Visigoths, 
turns monk. 



687. Pepin the Younger's victory at 
Testry unites the Frankish realms 
under himself as mayor of the 
palace. 

688. Northumbria loses the hegemony 
to Wessex under King Ine. 

691 . Franks : — Clovis III. becomes king. 



694. Britain: — Ine conquers Kent. 

695. Franks : — Childebert II. becomes 
king. 

697. Venice: — Paulucio Anafesto, first 
Doge. 



710. Britain: — Ine's wars with the 
Britons of Cornwall. 

Spain: — Roderic, last of the Visi- 
gothic kings. 

711. Franks : — Dagobert III. becomes 
king. 

The Visigothic kingdom in Spain 
overthrown at the battle of the 
Guadalete by the Arabs under Tarik. 



7 2 



TABULAR VIEWS 



712 A.D.- 



A.D. 

712 



715 



720 



Progress op Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



(about). The art of making paper 
brought from Samarcand by the 
Arabs. , 



(about). Boniface (Winfrith) begins his 
missionary work among the Germans. 



Glastonbury Abbey rebuilt by Ine. 



Increasing 

power, 

spiritual 

and 

temporal, 

of the 

popes. 



Dark 

period 

of 

European 

literature. 



735 



745 
750 



The Venerable Bede dies — a grammar- 
ian, historian, and theologian. 



John of Damascus, (Damascenus) a 
founder of the scholastic philosophy. 

The Abbasside caliphs encourage 
learning. The schools of Bagdad, 
Cufa, Alexandria, Fez, and Cordova 
promoted by them. 

Ignorance, _ profligacy, and misery 
characterize the age preceding Char- 
lemagne. 

Inthe Byzantine empire the succession 
is generally determined by violence, 
and the character of the rulers most 
often presents examples of cruelty, 
treachery, and fanaticism. 



712. Constantine opposes the emperor 
Philippicus Bardanes in the question 
of the Monothelite heresy. 



715. Pope Gregory II.; he engages in 
conflict with the emperor Leo the 
Isaurian over image-worship. 



722 (723). Boniface consecrated bishop 
for Germany. 



726. Image-worship, being forbidden by 
the emperor Leo the Isaurian, 
causes great disturbance. 

726 (about). Peter's pence first col- 
lected in England. 

730. Gregory excommunicates the em- 
peror. 

731. Pope Gregory III. 



741. Pope Zachary. 



751. The pope gives his consent to the 
dethronement of Childeric, king of the 
Franks, and the election of Pepin. 

753. Pope Stephen II. threatened by the 
Lombards, seeks aid of Pepin. 

754. — journeys to Pepin to implore 
his protection. — Following the de- 
cision of the council of Constanti- 
nople, the emperor Constantine 
Copronymus begins the dissolution 
of the monasteries. 

756. Commencement of the pope's 
temporal power under the auspices 
of Pepin, who bestows on Stephen the 
exarchate of Ravenna. 

757. Pope Paul I. 

768. Pope Stephen III. 

772. Pope Hadrian I., whom Charle- 
magne confirms in possession of 
Pepin's donation. 

Imposition of Tithes enforced by 
Charlemagne, for the support of the 
clergy, churches, schools, and the 
poor. 



775 a.d. 



UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



73 



Eastern Empire, Asia, etc. 



Western Europe. 



713 
715 



717 



717- 

718 



740 

745- 
751 
750 



754 
755 



762 



775 



Anastasius II. becomes emperor. 
Theodosius III. becomes emperor. 



Leo III. (the Isaurian) rises against 
Theodosius and seizes the throne. 

The Arabs invest Constantinople by 
land and by sea. The city is saved 
by the Greek fire — the Arab fleet 
being almost entirely destroyed. 

The Greek possessions in Italy are lost 
in consequence of the edict forbidding 
image worship. 



Constantine V. (Copronymus) succeeds. 

The Arabs defeated by Constantine. 

The Ommiade caliphs overthrown by 
the Abbassides. 



Al Mansur, caliph. 

War between the empire and the Bul- 
garians. 



Al Mansur makes Bagdad his capital. 



Great victory over the Bulgarians at 
Lithosoria. 



715. Franks: — Charles Martel, Mayor of 
the Palace. 



716. Franks: 
king. 



-Chilperic II. becomes 



718. Spain: — Pelagius founds the king- 
dom of Asturias. 

720. Franks: — Theuderic IV. becomes 
king. 



725. Franks : — Charles Martel crosses 
the Rhine, and subdues the Bavar- 
ians; the Arabs ravage southern 
France. 

726. (.about). Britain: — Ine, king of 
Wessex, begins the tax called Peter's 
pence, to support a college at Rome. 



732. Franks: — Charles Martel gains a 
great victory over the Saracens near 
Poitiers. 



737. Franks :— Childeric 
king. 



III. becomes 



751. Childeric III. deposed and Pepin 
the Short, son of Charles Martel, 
chosen king. — End of the Merovin- 
gian line. 

754. Pepin aids the pope with a large 
army against the Lombards. 



756. Spain: — Separated from the Cali- 
phate. Abderrhman, of the house of 
the Ommiade line, rules. 



768. Franks: — Charlemagne, or Charles 
the Great, reigns with his brother, 
Carloman, until 771. 

774. Charlemagne invades Italy; de- 
feats Desiderius, king of Lombardy, 
and annexes northern Italy to his 
empire. 

End of the Lombard kingdom. 

775. Charlemagne's first expedition 
against the Saxons. 



74 



TABULAR VIEWS 



775 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



790 



Golden period of learning in Arabia, 
under the caliph Haroun al Raschid. 

Paulus Diaconus, historian of the 
Lombards. 






785. Forcible conversion of the Saxons 
by Charlemagne. 

787. The seventh general council at 
Nice, in which the doctrine of the 
Iconoclasts was condemned. 



795. Pope Leo III. 

Image-worship condemned 
Synod of Frankfort. 



by 



797 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



75 



Eastern Empire, Asia, etc. 



Western Europe. 



775 
780 

783 

791 
792 

797 



Leo IV. becomes emperor. 

Constantine VI. 

Irene (queen-mother) restores image- 
worship. 

The empire is invaded by Haroun al 
Raschid. 

Constantine imprisons his mother Irene 

for her cruelty. 
Irene regains power. 



Irene overthrows her son, blinds him, 
and assumes sole power. — proposes 
to marry Charlemagne. 



778. A part of Charlemagne's army 
defeated at Roncesvalles in the 
Pyrenees by the Basques; the subject 
of the Song of Roland. 

785. The Saxons compelled to adopt 

Christianity. 
787. Britain: — First recorded invasion 

of the Danes. 



795. Charlemagne forms the Spanish 
March. 



;6 



TABULAR VIEWS 



800 A.D.- 



Progress of Society. 



Ecclesiastical. 



New Western Empire. 



800 



813 



814 



830 



The coronation of Charle- 
magne and the revival 
of the Roman Empire 
marks the beginning of 
a political system which 
was to dominate Euro- 
pean thought for cen- 
turies. _ 

Foundation of monastic 
and cathedral schools by 
Charlemagne; Alcuin; 
agriculture and horti- 
culture encouraged; a 
canal planned to join the 
Rhine and the Dan- 
ube; Haroun-al-Raschid 
sends an embassy to the 
court of Charlemagne 
with gifts. 

Transient revival of learn- 
ing under Charlemagne. 

Eginhard, historian, sec- 
retary to Charlemagne. 

The reign of al Mamun 
(caliph) is regarded as 
the Augustan age of 
Arabian literature. 

The death of Charlemagne 
is followed by retro- 
gression in the political 
and social life of the 
Western Empire. 



Saint Mark's Church at 
Venice founded 



800. The pope separates 
from the Eastern Em- 
pire, and becomes su- 
preme bishop of the 
Western. 



Charlemagne reforms 
the Church. 



Many bishoprics 

founded — Great increase 
of monastic institutions, 



809. Synod at Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle under direction of 
Charlemagne adopts the 
Filioque, but Pope Leo 
dissents. 



814. Insurrection at Rome 

against the pope. 
816. Pope Stephen V. 

S17. Pope Paschal I. 

824. Pope Eugenius II. 

826. Christianity in Den 
mark. 

827. Pope Valentine. 
Pope Gregory IV. 

S30 (about). Ansgarius 
preaches Christianity in 
Sweden. 



840 (about). Paschasius 
Radbertus, abbot, of 
Corbey, father of the 
doctrine of transubstan- 
tiation. 

Ratramnus and Scot- 
us Erigena, theologians. 

S42. Image-worship re- 
established. 



800. NEW EMPIRE of 
the WEST founded by 
Charlemagne, who is 
crowned at Rome, by 
the pope, Emperor of 
the Romans. 

802. Charlemagne re- 
ceives an embassy from 
Nicephorus and from 
Haroun-al-Raschid. 

804. Saxon conquest com- 
pleted. 

805. The Avars defeated 
and converted. 

808. First descent of the 
Northmen on Germany. 



814. Charlemagne dies. 
Louis I., the Pious 
or the Debonair, suc- 
ceeds. 

817. Louis arranges the 
succession to the crown. 
Lothair made co-ruler. 



829,833. Insurrection of 
the emperor's sons. 



840. Lothair becomes em- 
peror. 

841. ■ — defeated by his 
brothers, Louis and 
Charles, in the battle 
of Fontanet. 

The Normans plun- 
der Rouen, and ad- 
vance to Paris. 
843. Treaty of Verdun 
and division of the 
empire. 

France: — Charles I. 
(the Bald). 

Ger.: — Louis I., sur- 
named the German. 

Italy and Lorraine: 
— Lothair king 
with imperial dignity. 



843 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



77 



a.d. Eastern Empire. England, Scotland, etc. The World, elsewhere 



802 



803 



807 
811 



813 



Irene is dethroned by 
Nicephorus. 

Byzantine empire recog- 
nizes independence of 
Venice. 



War with the Franks. 



Michael I, (Rhangabe), at 
war with the Bulgarians. 



Leo V. (the Armenian) 
becomes emperor. 



802. Egbert, king of Wes 
sex. 



809. Death of Haroun-al- 
Raschid; succeeded by 
Al Amin, caliph at Bag- 
dad. 



813. Al Mamun, 
Bagdad. 



caliph at 



S14 Bulgarians defeated. 



Michael II. becomes em 

peror. 
(Balbus or the Stammerer) 



825 
827 
829 

832 

838 



842 



The Saracens obtain pos 

session of Crete. 
Saracens invade Sicily. 

Theophilus becomes em- 
peror. 

Persecution of image-wor 
shippers. 

Theophilus defeated by 
the Saracens at Dasy- 
mon. 



Michael III. (the Drunkard) 
becomes emperor under 
the regency of Theodora 

The triumph of image 
worship. 



815-823. Egbert, king of 
Wessex, defeats the Brit- 
ons of Cornwall. 



825. Egbert triumphs over 
the Mercians. 



829. The seven kingdoms 
of the Heptarchy united 
by Egbert, king of 
Wessex. 

837. War between Wessex 
and the Danes begins. 



S39. Ethelwolf 
king. 



becomes 



820. First dismemberment 
of the Abbasside cali- 
phate. The dynasty of 
the Taherites founded 
at Khorassan. 

826. Ansgarius introduces 
Christianity into Den- 
mark. 



S30 (about). 
Sweden. 



Ansgarius in 



833. Al Motassim, caliph. 
He builds Samarra, 
which he makes the seat 
of government. 



841. N o r w a y ^Halfdan 
begins the subjection of 
the territorial nobles and 
the founding of a mon- 
archy. 
Wathek, caliph. 



73 



TABULAR VIEWS 



844 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress of Society. 


Ecclesiastical. 


France, Spain, Germany. 






844. Pope Sergius II. 








Ignatius, patriarch of 








Constantinople. 


845. Paris sacked by the 

Northmen. 






847. Pope Leo IV. 








848. Gottschalk, a Bene- 








dictine monk, advocates 




850 


(about). Hincmar, French 

theologian and bishop. 

Rabanus Maurus, German 


predestination. 






theologian and scholar. 




853-854. War between 
Charles the Bald and 
Louis of Germany. 






855. Pope Benedict III. 


855. Lothair abdicates; 






858. Pope Nicholas I. 


succeeded by Louis II. 






— asserts the papal 


who has Italy with the 






power against Lothair 


imperial dignity. 






II. of Lorraine. 








860. The False Decretals. 








866. SchismbetweenEast- 








ernandWesternChurch- 








867. Pope Hadrian II. — 








Photius, patriarch of 








Constantinople, deposed. 








869-870. Eighth council at 








Constantinople. 


870. Lorraine partitioned 
between France and 
Germany. 






872. Pope John VIII. 




874 


Iceland settled. 






877 


The beginning of the 




877. France — Louis II. (the 




feudal system. Hered- 




Stammerer ) becomes 




itary nobility, which, 




king. 




with the clergy, was the 




879. Louis III. and Car- 




dominant order in the 


882. Pope Martin II. (Ma- 


loman reign jointly. 




state. 


rinus I.). 






The nobles independent 


884. Pope Hadrian III. 


884. Charles the Fat, 




of the king. 




king of France and em. 
peror , reunites Frank- 
ish dominions. 






885. Pope Stephen V. 


885. Paris besieged by 
the Northmen. Charles 
makes peace with them. 



885 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



79 



Eastern Empire. 



England, Scotland, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



866 



867 



Basil, the Macedonian, 
made co-emperor. 

Basil slays Michael III. and 
commences the Mace- 
donian dynasty. 

Begins the compilation of 
the Basilican Code 



878 



Syracuse taken by the 
Arabs. 



844. Scotland : — Kenneth , 
king of the Scots, de- 
feats the Picts and be- 
comes sole monarch. 



849. Alfred the Great born. 



851. Ethelwolf defeats the 
Danes at Ockley. 



860. Ethelbert succeeds in 
Wessex. 



S66. Ethelred becomes 

king. 

867. The Danes begin a 
series of assaults which 
result in the conquest 
of England, northeast 
of the Thames. 



S71. Alfred the Great 
succeeds. 



878. Alfred defeats the 
Danes at Ethandun; he 
concludes with them the 
treaty of Chippenham or 
Wedmore. 



845. The Normans plunder 
Hamburg, and penetrate 
into Germany. 

846. The Saracens destroy 
the Venetian fleet, and 
besiege Rome. 

847. Al Mottawakkel, ca- 
liph. 

849. Saracens defeated by 
the pope's allies. 



S60. Gorm the Elder unites 
Jutland and the Danish 
Isles, and becomes king 
of Denmark. 

861. Iceland discovered by 
the Northmen. 

S62 (traditional). Russia: 
— Rurik, first grand 
prince. 



868. Egypt throws off its 
dependence on the ca- 
liphs, under Ahmed. 



872. Norway : — Harold 
Haarfagr makes himself 
sole king by his great 
victory over the jarls at 
Hafurstford. The con- 
quered nobles leave the 
country, beginning a 
career of piracy. 

874. Iceland settled by 
the Northmen. 



8o 



TABULAR VIEWS 



886 A.D. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, etc. 



890 



900 



925 



Alfred the Great estab- 
lishes a regular militia 
and navy and extends 
the power of the king's 
courts; institutes fairs 
and markets. 



England divided into 
counties or shires, hun- 
dreds, and tithings. The 
county courts become 
the great safeguard of 
the civil rights of Eng- 
lishmen. 

At the beginning of the 
tenth century, Constan- 
tinople still the first city 
of Europe and a great 
commercial and manu- 
facturing centre. 



891. Pope Formosus. 



896. Pope Boniface VI. 
Pope Stephen VI. 

898. Pope John IX. 

Veneration for saints 

and a passion for relics 

prevail. 
900. Pope Benedict IV. 



903. Pope Leo V. 

904. Pope Sergius III. 



909. Cluny founded. 



911. The Northmen in 
France embrace Chris- 
tianity. 

914. Pope John X. 



921 (.about). The Bohe- 
mians embrace Chris- 
tianity. 



The Anglo-Saxon mon- 
archy rises into Euro- 
pean importance. 

Rhazes, Arabian writer on 
medicine. 



927. Odo, abbot of Cluny, 
establishes celebrated 
code of discipline. 

928. Pope Leo VI. 

929. Pope Stephen VII. 



887. Germany: — Arnulf 
dethrones Charles the 
Fat and becomes king 
of Germany; the final 
separation of Germany 
and France. 
8. France: — Odo, Count 
of Paris. 



895. Arnulf, German em- 
peror, takes Rome. 



898. France— Charles III. 
(the Simple) succeeds. 

S99. Ger.: — Louis III. 
(the Child) succeeds. 

Invasion of the Hun- 
garians. 

Contests among the 
nobles and bishops. 

904. Italy:— The rise of 
Theodora followed by 
Marozia. 



910. The emperor pays 
tribute to the Hun- 
garians. 

911. France:— The North- 
men under Rollo, estab- 
lish themselves in Nor- 
mandy. 

Ger.: — Conrad I. of 

Franconia. The empire 

becomes elective. 
915. Berengar of Italy 

crowned emperor. 
919. Ger.: — Henry I. (the 

Fowler), first of the 

Saxon line. 

France: — Charles the 

Simple overthrown by 

Robert of Paris. 
923. — Robert I. defeated 

and killed at Soissons. 

Rudolph, duke of 
Burgundy, succeeds as 
king. 

926. Italy: — Hugo, count 
of Provence, becomes 
king of Italy. 



929. France: — Charles 
the Simple dies a pris- 
oner at Peronne; sole 
rule of Rudolph. 



929 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



,90 



897 



904 



912 



919 



Leo VI. (the philosopher) 
becomes emperor. 



Beneventum subject to the 
Greek empire. 

Byzantines driven from 
Beneventum. 

War with the Bulgarians, 
and Saracens. 



Russian expedition under 
Oleg, against Constan- 
tinople. 



Constantine VII. (Porphy- 
rogenitus) becomes em- 
peror. 



Romanus, general of the 
fleet, becomes co-em- 
peror, with his three 
sons. 

A period of quiet in the 
empire and comparative 
prosperity. 



893. Invasion of the Danes 
under Hastings and re- 
newal of war with 
Wessex. 

897. The Danes defeated 
at London. 



900. Scotland: — Constan- 
tine II. 

901. Edward (the elder), 
the first who takes the 
title of "king of the 
Anglo-Saxons. " 



910. War renewed with 
Danes. 



912. The valley of the 
Thames annexed to Wes- 
sex. 



918-922. East Anglia and 
Mercia incorporated by 
Wessex. 



925. Athelstan becomes 

king of Wessex. 
926. — becomes king of 

Northumbria. 



895 (about). Hungary: — 
Magyars under Arpad 
enter the kingdom. 



909. The rise of the Fati- 
mite dynasty in Kair- 
wan, North Africa. 

910. (about). Spain: — The 
name of Leon given to 
the kingdom of Asturias. 

912. Spain: — Abderrah- 
man III. of Cordova, the 
greatest Arab prince of 
Spain. 



82 



TABULAR VIEWS 



93O A.D.- 



Progress of Society. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, etc. 



930 



950 



960 



(about). Printing by 
movable blocks among 
the Chinese. 
Cordova, in Spain, be- 
comes the seat of Arab 
learning, science, in- 
dustry, and commerce 
Its celebrated schools, 
together with its equally 
celebrated poets and 
philosophers, render it 
famous throughout the 
world. 



Luitprand, the 
historian. 



Lombard 



The mercantile character 
raised by a law of Athel 
stan, that a merchant 
who made three voyages 
over the high seas witl. 
a ship and cargo of his 
own, should enjoy the 
rank and privileges of a 
thane. 

Manufactories of linens and 
woollens in Flanders, 
which becomes the seat 
of Western industry. 

(about). The nun Hros- 
witha of Gandersheim 
in Brunswick writes 
Latin comedies. 

Suidas, grammarian and 
lexicographer. 

In England, Edgar organ- 
izes an efficient navy 
which, patrols the coast 
for defence against the 
Norse pirates. 



931. Pope John XI. 

Mere children ele- 
vated to the highest 
offices in the church. 



936. Pope Leo VII. 
939. Pope Stephen VIII. 



942. Pope Martin III. 
(Marinus II.) 



946. Pope Agapetus II. 



955. Pope John XII. 

Quarrel with the em- 
perors respecting in- 
vestiture. 

957. (about). Baptism of 
Olga, regent of Russia. 

959. St. Dunstan becomes 
archbishop of Canterbury 
and attempts to reform 
the church — enforcing 
clerical celibacy. 

The influence of the 
monks greatly increased. 



963. Pope Leo VIII. 

964. Pope Benedict V. 



965. John XIII. 

966. Poland receives Chris- 
tianity under Miecislas. 



933. Victory of Henry the 
Fowler over the Hun- 
garians at Merseburg. 



-Otho I. 

becomes 



936. Ger. 

Great) 
peror. 

France: — Louis 
becomes king. 



(the 

em- 



IV. 



945. France: — Louis IV. 

taken prisoner by Hugh 

the Great, duke of 

France. 
950. Germany: — Bohemia 

becomes tributary to 

Otho. 

954. France: — Lothair 
succeeds 

955. Germany: — Otho 
crushes the Hungarians 
on the Lechfeld, near 
Augsburg. 

Otho defeats the Slavs. 



962. Otho crowned Ro- 
man emperor, marking 
the beginning of the 
Holy Roman Empire 
of the German nation 
and the union of Italy 
with Germany. 



DJl A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



83 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



941 



945 



959 



961 
963 



965 



968 
969 



971 



Romanus gains a naval 
victory over the Rus- 
sians, led by Igor. 



Romanus overthrown and 
Constantine VII. reigns 
alone. 



Romanus 
emperor. 



II. becomes 



Conquest of Crete by the 
Byzantines. 

Basil II. and Constantine 
VIII. rule under the re- 
gency of their mother, 
Theophano. Nicephorus 
Phocas co-emperor. 

Nicephorus recovers Cy- 
prus, 



— takes Antioch. 

— is murdered by 

John Zimisces, who 
rules as co-emperor till 
976. 

Zimisces defeats the Rus- 
sians at Presthlava and 
Dorystolum. 



937. By the victory of 
Brunanburh, Athelstan 
establishes his power 
firmly. 

940. Edmund I., brother 
of Athelstan, becomes 
king. 

941. The Danes in Eng- 
land make war on Ed- 
mund. 

944. The Dane law re- 
duced. 

946. Edred succeeds Ed- 
mund ; governed by 
Dunstan, abbot of Glas- 
tonbury. ' 

952 . Scotland : — Malcolm 
I., king. 



953. Scotland:— Indulf, 
king. 

955. Edwy succeeds Edred. 

956. Dunstan banished. 



959. Edgar succeeds Edwy. 
Dunstan made arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. 



961. Scotland :— Duff, 

king. 

Violent disputes be- 
tween the monks and 
the clergy. 

964. Revival of monas- 
ticism in England after 
the Danish wars. 



931. Spain: — Ramiro II. 
king of Leon. 

934. Norway:— Eric Blod- 
oxe, king — his cruelty 
leads the people to 
revolt. 

935. Denmark: — Harold 
Blue-Tooth, first Chris- 
tian king. 

939. Spain: — Ramiro II., 
king of Leon, defeats the 
Moors, under Abderrah- 
man, in the battle of 
Simancas. 



945. Russia: — Igor is suc- 
ceeded by Sviatoslaf. 



950. Spain: — Ordofio 
king of Leon. 



III. 



956. Spain: — Sancho I., 
king of Leon. 



960. China:— Tai Tsoo 
founder of later Sung 
dynasty; wages war suc- 
cessfully against the 
Tatars. 



966. Poland : — MiecislaS 
establishes Christianity. 
Spain: — Ramiro III. 
king of Leon. 



969. The Fatimites be- 
come masters of Egypt, 
with Cairo as the capital. 



7 



8 4 



TABULAR VIEWS 



972 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress op Society. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, etc 



975 



983 



1005 



Abbon of Fleury, French 
monk and ecclesiastical 
historian. 

The present arithmetical 
notation brought into 
Europe by the Saracens 

Greenland discovered by 

the Northmen. 
Venice and Genoa carry 

on a flourishing trade 

between Asia and 

Western Europe. 
Spain the seat of Arabian 

and Jewish learning. 
Firdausi, epic poet of 

Persia. 



JElfric Grammaticus, 

Anglo-Saxon writer and 
theologian. 

The arts faintly revive in 
Italy — paintings 
fresco and mosaic. 



973. Pope Benedict VI 

974. Pope Benedict VII. 



981. Benedict VII. issues 
proclamation against si- 
mony. 

983. Pope John XIV. 

984. Pope Boniface VII. 

985. Pope John XV. 



989. (about). Byzantine 
Christianity propagated 
in Russia by Vladimir 
the Great. 



993. First canonization of 
saints. 



996. Pope Gregory V. 

997. Pope John XVI. 



Pope Sylvester II. 



1000. St. Stephen of Hun 
gary, receives the royal 
dignity from the pope 
with the title of Apos 
tolic Majesty. 



1003. Pope John XVII. 



1003. Pope John XVIII. 



1009. Pope Sergius IV. 
1012. Pope Benedict VIII. 



973. Ger.:— Otho II. em- 
peror. 



978. Otho at war with 
Lothair of France. 



983. Otho III. emperor. 

986. France: — Louis V., 
( the Slothful ) king ; 
last of the Carlovingian 
race. 

9S7. France: — Hugh Capet 
king ; founder of Capetian 
line of French kings. 



996. France:— Robert II. 
(the Wise) succeeds his 
father Hugh. 

998. — is compelled by 
the pope to separate 
from his wife Bertha 
who was his cousin. 

1000. Millennial expecta- 
tions. 



1002. Ger.: — Henry II. 
emperor (duke of Bava- 
ria). 

Italy: — Ardoin, mar- 
grave of Ivrea, elected 
king. 

1003-1018 : War between 
the empire and Poland. 

1004. Italy: — Henry in- 
vited by the German 
party. — Ardoin loses 
most of Italy and resigns. 
Henry crowned king. 

1005. Henry proclaims a 
general peace. 



1012 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



85 



A.D. 


Eastern Empire. 


England, etc. 


The World, elsewhere. 








972. Hungary: — Geiza.the 








first Christian ruler. 






975. Edward (the Martyr) 




976 


Personal rule of Basil II. 


becomes king. 


976. Spain: — Hisham, 




and Constantine VIII. 


978. Ethelred II. ("the 


caliph of Cordova. 






Unready") becomes king. 


Al Mansur, regent, 


981 


Beginning of the great 




obtains many victories 




Bulgarian war. 




over the Christians. 






988. Beginning of Danish 


988. Sweyn I., or Sweno, 






invasion. 


king of Denmark, in- 






The king purchases 


vades England. 






their retreat. 


989 {about). Russia: — Vla- 
dimir the Great marries 






991. Battle of Maldon. 


Anna, sister of the em- 
peror Basil II., and 

adopts Christianity. 






992. Ethelred makes treat- 


992. Boleslav I. kmg of 






ies with the Norsemen 


Poland. 






and with Normandv. 


993. Olaf, first Christian 






994. Olaf Trygrasson' of 


king of Sweden. 






Norway and Sweyn of 


995. Norway: — Olaf I., 






Denmark invade Eng- 


attempts to introduce 






land. 


Christianity. 


996 


The Bulgarians plunder 








the Peloponnesus but 




997. Mahmud sultan of 




their army is destroyed. 




Ghazni. 

1000. Sancho III. (the 
Great,) king of Navarre. 

Pope Sylvester II. 
bestows on Stephen of 
Hungary the royal title. 

1001. Mahmud of Ghazni 
makes the first of seven- 
teen expeditions into 
India. 


1002 


Basil II. defeats the Bul- 


1002. Massacre of the 


1002. Death of Al Man- 




garians at Vidin. 


Danes in England on 


sur and beginning of 






St. Brice's Day. 


the fall of the caliphate 
of Cordova. 






1003. Sweyn lands a large 








armament in England. 








1005. Scotland: — Malcolm 








II., an able, renowned 








prince. 





86 



TABULAR VIEWS 



IOI3 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress op Society, etc 



1041 



Literature, the arts and 
sciences, and commerce 
flourish at Ghazni. 

Musical scale improved by 
Guido Aretino. 

Avicenna, a famous Arab- 
ian physician and phil- 
osopher. 



Ecclesiastical. 



The anarchy of feudalism 
finds a partial check in 
the promulgation of the 
"Truce of God." 

George Cedrenus, Bryzan- 
tine chronicler. 

Franco Magister, writer on 
music . 



1021. Emperor Henry II. 
comes to the aid of the 
pope against the Byzan- 
tines. 

1022. The pope and the 
emperor unite to reform 
the church in the spirit 
of the Cluniac discipline 

1024. Pope John XIX. He 
gained his election by 
bribery. He was not of 
the clergy, but consul 
and senator of Rome. 



1033. Pope Benedict IX. 
(ten years old). 



1038. The pope, for 
his scandalous conduct, 
driven from Rome, but 
re-established by the 
emperor Conrad. 

1041. "Truce of God" 
published by the French 
bishops. 



France, Germany, etc. 



1014. Henry crowned 
emperor at Rome. 



1024. Ger.: — Conrad II. 
(the Salic) becomes em- 
peror, first of the Fran- 
conian line. 

1026-27. Conrad crowned 
king of Italy and Roman 
emperor. 

1028. Robert the Devil 
becomes duke of Nor- 
mandy. 

1031. Favorable treaty 
with Poland. 
France: — Henry I. be- 
comes king. 

1033. Kingdom of Bur- 
gundy annexed to the 
empire. 



1039. Ger. :— Henry III. be- 
comes emperor. 

1041. — defeats the Bo- 
hemians and Hungarians 
— claims the right of 
nominating to the papal 
chair. 



IO42 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



87 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Basil II. overwhelms the 
Bulgarian army at the 
pass of Demirhissar. 



The Bulgarian kingdom 
overthrown and reduced 
to submission. 



Sole rule of Const an tine 
VIII. 



Romanus III. 
emperor. 



becomes 



Michael IV. (the Paphla- 
gonian) becomes em- 
peror. 



103S The Normans gain a foot 
hold in Apulia. 



Michael V. 
peror. 



becomes em 



rule 



Zoe and Theodora 

jointly. 
Constantine IX. (Monoma- 

chus) becomes emperor. 
Rise of the Seljuk Turks 



1013. The Danes, under 
Sweyn, become masters 
of England. 

Ethelred flees to Nor- 
mandy. 

1014. The Northmen in 
Ireland defeated at 
Clontarfby Brian Boru. 

1016. Edmund II. (Iron- 
sides,) fights six battles 
with Canute, king of 
Denmark, with whom 
he finally divides the 
kingdom. 

1017. The death of Ed- 
mund leaves Canute 
sole ruler. He patron 
izes literature and the 
Church. 



1031. Canute penetrates 
into Scotland — subdues 
Malcolm. 



1034. Scotland:— Duncan 
king. 

1035. Harold I. (Hare- 
foot) becomes king — 
ruled by Earl Godwin. 



1040. Hardicanute. 

Scotland: — Macbeth 
murders Duncan, and 
usurps the throne. 

The Saxon line re- 
stored under 
1042.— Edward (the Con- 
fessor). The country 
prospers under his mild 
sway. 

The Norman in- 
fluence predominant at 
the English court. 



1015. Norway:— Olaf II. 
the Saint establishes 
Christianity. 

1016. Denmark: — Canute 
II. (the Great). 



1019. Russia: — Yaroslaff 
the Great. 



1024. Mahmud of Ghazni 
storms Somnath, in 
Gujarat, India. 

1025. Poland : Miecislas II. 



1028. Sancho of Navarre 
takes Castile. 



1033. Castile a separate 
kingdom. 

1035. Spain: — Aragon a 
kingdom under Ramiro 
I. 

Denmark: — Hardi- 
canute III. 

Norway: — Magnus I. 
(the Good). 

1037. Ferdinand I., of 
Castile, in right of his 
wife, succeeds to Leon; 
successful against the 
Mohammedans. 



1042. Denmark: — Magnus 
(the Good) of Norway, 
king. 



88 



TABULAR VIEWS 



IO43 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress op Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, etc 



1055 



Michael Psellus, a cele- 
brated Greek philosopher 
and historian. 

First age of scholastic- 
philosophy. 

Feudal system introduced 
in England by the 
Normans. 



1045. Benedict again driven 
from the throne, and suc- 
ceeded by Sylvester III. 
Benedict is restored by 
the Counts of Tuscu- 
lum. But finding the 
people will not tolerate 
his crimes, he sells the 
papal chair to Gregory. 
Benedict deposed for 
simony by a council 
called by Henry III. 

1046. Pope Clement II. 

1048. Damasus II. 

1049. Leo IX. 



1053. — is defeated by the 
Normans at Civitate. 



1054. The papal chair 
vacant one year. 

Excommunication of 
the patriarch of Con- 
stantinople, final schism 
between Eastern and 
Western Churches. 

1055. Pope Victor II. 
Hildebrand, the real 

head of the church from 
the time of Leo IX. The 
church improving in 
piety and discipline. 

1057. Pope Stephen IX. 

1058. Nicholas II. 

1059. The election of pope 
transferred to a con- 
clave of cardinals. 

1061. Pope Alexander II. 

1062. Berengar of Tours 
opposes the doctrine of 
transubstantiation . 

1066. Alexander deposes 
Harold and gives Eng- 
land to William duke of 
Normandy. 



The Papacy at the 
height of its power, 
claiming supreme domin- 
ion, temporal and spir- 
itual, over all the states 
of Christendom. 



1047. William of Nor- 
mandy defeats his 
rebellious nobles at 
Val-es-dunes. 



1053. Germany: — Henry 
III. causes his son 
Henry to be elected and 
crowned Roman em- 
peroi. 

1054. Henry I. of France 
invades Normandy and 
is defeated at Mortemer. 



1056. Ger.:— Henry IV. 
(the Great), aged six 
years, becomes emperor, 
under the tutelage of 
his mother Agnes. 



1059. Robert, duke of 
Apulia, becomes a vassal 
of the pope. 

1060. France: — Philip I. 
becomes king. 



1066. William, duke of 
Normandy, claims the 
crown of England, and 
makes war upon Harold 
to obtain it. 



1066 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



8 9 



1043 



1054 



1056 



1057 
1059 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The Russians attack Con 
stantinople and are de- 
feated. 



Theodora becomes em- 
press, the last of Mace- 
donian dynasty. 

The Greek Church sepa 
rates from the Roman 



Michael VI. (Stratioticus) 
becomes emperor. 



Isaac I., (Comnenus) be- 
comes emperor. 

Constantine X. (Ducas; 
becomes emperor. 



1051. Rebellion of Earl 
Godwin and his sons. 

Godwin and Harold 
banished. 

William, duke of Nor- 
mandy, visits Edward. 

1052. Godwin restored to 
favor. 

1053. The Danegeld abol- 
ished. 

Earl Godwin dies. 

The Welsh several 
times invade England, 
but are repressed by 
Harold, son of Godwin. 



1057. Scotland: — Macbeth 
defeated and killed at 
Langfanan by Tostig, 
earl of Northumberland, 
and Malcolm. Malcolm 
III. (Canmore) becomes 
king. 



1066. Harold II. elected 
king; killed at the 
battle of Hastings. 
William I. duke of 
Normandy, styled "the 
Conqueror." 

End of the Anglo- 
Saxon dynasty. 

Edgar Atheling flies 
to Scotland. 

William I. "the Conquer- 
or," becomes king; first 
of the Norman line. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1047. Denmark: — Svend 
Estridsen, king. 

Norway : — Harold 
Hardrada, king. 



1052. The Pisans take 
Sardinia from the Sara- 
cens. 



1055. The Seljuk Turks 
become virtual masters 
of Bagdad though the 
caliphs retain the show 
of authority. 



1065. Spain: — Alfonso VI. 
king of Leon and of 
Castile (1072). 



90 



TABULAR VIEWS 



IO67 A.D.- 



1070 Lanfranc, archbishop 
Canterbury. 



of 



1080 



1086 



1090 



London Bridge and West 
minster Hall built. 

Norman French taught in 
all the schools in England 
and made use of in all 
legal proceedings. 



Medical school at Salerno 
of great prominence. 



William of Spires, mathe- 
matician. 

Doomsday Book compiled 
by order of William the 
Conqueror. 

Literature patronized in 
the East by the Seljuk 
Sultan, Malek Shah. 



Roscellinus, scholastic, 

founder of Nominalism. 



1071. Philip of France en- 
gages in a war with 
Robert, count of Hoi 
land. 



1073. Pope Gregory VII. 
(Hildebrand), who at- 
tempts to free the clergy 
from the civil jurisdic- 
tion. He quarrels with 
the emperor. 

1075. The pope assails si- 
mony, clerical marriages, 
and lay investiture. 

1076. A council of German bishops at Worms deposes 
pope; Gregory excommunicates the emperor; 
Henrv's enemies declare him deposed. 

1077. The emperor humbles himself before Gregory 
VII. at Canossa and makes his peace; Rudolph of 
Suabia chosen as rival king. 

1080. Rudolph dies; Henry IV. deposes Gregory for 
his intrigues against him, and causes Clement III. 
to be chosen as antipope. The struggle continues 
until 1085, when Henry triumphs over Gregory, 
who flees to Salerno, and dies in exile. 



1084. Rome sacked by the 
Normans. 



1086. The order of the 

Carthusians instituted 
by Bruno. 

1087. Pope Victor III. 



1088. Pope Urban II. 



1085. Spain: -Toledo taken 
from the Moors by Al- 
fonso VI. (I.) of Leon 
and Castile. 

10S6. Spain: — The Al- 
moravides invade Spain 
and crush the Castilians 
in the battle of Zallaca. 

1087. France: — War with 
England; Robert, duke 
of Normandy, opposes 
William Rufus. 



1092. Urban II. supports 1092. Conrad, son of the 
Conrad of Germany emperor, rebels and is 

against his father. crowned king of Italy. 



IO92 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



91 



Eastern Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1067 



1071 



1074 
-75 



1078 



10S1 



1084 



Michael VII., emperor 
Romanus IV. (Diogenes) 
co-emperor. He vali 
antly but vainly opposes 
the Turks — is defeated 
and taken prisoner by 
Alp Arslan, at Manzikert 
(1071). 

Bari, the last Byzantine 
possession in Italy, taken 
by the Normans. 



Syria and Palestine sub- 
dued by Malek Shah, the 
Seljuk leader. 

Jerusalem taken. 



Nicephorus III. 



Alexius I. (Comnenus) be 
comes emperor. The em 
pire invaded by Robert 
Guiscard, the Norman 
who defeats Alexius at 
Durazzo. 

Alexius repels the Normans 
from Larissa. 

After the capture of Jeru 
salem, by the Turks, the 
Christian pilgrims are in- 
sulted, robbed, and op 
pressed This, together 
with the appeal of the 
Byzantines for aid, 
gives rise to the Cru- 
sades. — Great struggle 
between Christianity and 
Mohammedanism. 



1068-1069. National risnv 
in the north and west 
relentlessly crushed by 
William. 

1070. The feudal system in 
troducedby the king. All 
the offices of the govern- 
ment placed in the hands 
of Normans. The Nor 
man language intro- 
duced. 

Malcolm III. of Scot- 
land ravages Durham 

Rising of English at 
Ely under Hereward the 
Wake. 

1072. Peace between the 
Normans and the Scots. 



1077. Robert, the king's 
son, raises a rebellion in 
Normandy. 

1079. Robert is defeated 
and submits. 



1086. The Doomsday Book 
compiled for all Eng- 
land, save the northern 
counties. 

1087. William invades 
France and dies at 
Mantes. 

William II. (Rufus) be- 
comes king. 

1088. Revolt of the Nor- 
man nobles under Odo 
of Bayeux. 



1067. Boleslav II., of Po- 
land, takes Kieff. 



1076. Denmark: — Harold 
Whetstone. 

1077. Hungary: — Ladislas 
I., the Saint. 

1079. Poland: — Stanislas, 
bishop of Cracow, mur- 
dered. Boleslav II. 
excommunicated and 
dethroned. 
Vladislav I. 



1084. Italy: — Rome taken 
and sacked by the Nor- 
mans. 

Bohemia erected into a 
kingdom by the emperor 
Henry IV. 



1090. Sicily completely 
conquered by Roger the 
Norman, after a war of 
thirty years with its 
masters, the Saracens. 

1092. The Seljuk empire 
falls apart into a number 
of smaller states, Ico- 
nium or Roum, Damas- 
cus, Aleppo, Kerman, 
and Iran. 



9 2 



TABULAR VIEWS 



IO93 A.D.- 



Prooress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1093 



Anselm, archbishop of Can- 
terbury. 



The popes continue the struggle against the empire 



1094. Valencia taken by 
the Cid. 

1095 Beginning of the Crusades. Peter the Hermit preaches against the Turks in all 
the countries of Christendom. 

1095. Portugal made a 
county by Alfonso VI. 
of Leon and Castile. 

The Council of Clermont. 
1096. The First CRUSADE: — Peter the Hermit, and Walter the Pennyless, set out 
with a vast rabble, most of whom perish before the warriors are ready to start. 
The chieftains of the First Crusade were: 

1. Godfrey of Bouillon or 
Boulogne. 

2. Hugh of Vermandois. 

3. Robert of Normandy. 

4. Robert of Flanders. 

5. Stephen of Blois, 

6. Raymond of Toulouse. 

7. Bohemond.son of Rob- 
ert Guiscard. 

8. Tancred, nephew of 
Robert Guiscard. 

1099. Spain :— Death of the 
Cid and recovery of 
Valencia by the Moors. 



Nathan Ben Jehiel, Jewish 
scholar (a. 1035-1106) 



1099 Knights of 
Jerusalem 



St. John of 
instituted 



1100 William of Poitiers, chroni 
cler of William the Con- 
queror. 
The dialect of the lie de 
France becomes the pre- 
vailing idiom in France 
— The appearance of 
Gothic architecture. 



1099. Pope Paschal II. 



1104. Spain:— Alfonso I., 
el Batallador, king. 

1105. Henry IV. of Ger- 
many compelled to abdi- 
cate by his son. 

1106. Ger.: — Henry V. 
becomes emperor — 
maintains the right of 
investiture. 



II07 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



93 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1095 



1097 



1099 



1104 



The Byzantine emperor 
calls upon western 
Europe for aid against 
the Turks. 



Appearance of the cru- 
saders; great numbers 
pass through Constan- 
tinople. 

Baldwin founds the prin- 
cipality of Edessa. 

Battle of Dorylasum, 
which secures the march 
of the crusaders through 
Asia Minor. 



Jerusalem taken by the 
crusaders, under God- 
frey, who becomes ruler. 

Battle of Ascalon and de- 
feat of the Egyptian 
Saracens. 



1093. Scotland .-—Malcolm 
III. invades England 
and is slain near Alnwick 
Castle. 

Anselm made archbishop 
of Canterbury. 

1094. Scot.: — Donald Bane 
king. 

— Duncan usurps the 

crown. 

William quarrels with 

Anselm. 



1098. Scotland:— Edgar, 
son of Malcolm, puts out 
Donald's eyes and de- 
thrones him. 



Acre taken by the crusa- 
ders. 



1100. William II. acci- 
dentally shot by Sir 
Walter Tyrel. 

Henry I. (Beauclerc) be- 
comes king, marries Ma- 
tilda, daughter of Mal- 
colm, a descendant of 
Edward the Confessor, 
thus uniting the Norman 
and Saxon interests. 

1101. Henry grants the 
Charter of Liberties. 

Robert, duke of Nor- 
mandy, invadesEngland. 



1106. Henry invades Nor- 
mandy; takes Robert 
prisoner at the battle of 
Tinchebrai. 

Scotland : — Alexan- 
der I. 

1107. Henry's quarrel with 
Anselm concluded. 



1095. Hungary: — Coloman, 
king. 



1098. Egypt:— The Fati- 
mites take Jerusalem. 



1101. China; — Emperor 
Hwuy-Tsung calls in 
the aid of the Neu-che 
Tatars who expel the 
Khitan Tatars from Liao- 
Tung and make them- 
selves masters of the 
region. 

1102. Poland:— Boleslav 
III. 

1103. Denmark:— Niels, 
king. 



1105. Italy:— Venice, Ge- 
noa, and Pisa greatly en- 
riched by the Crusades. 



94 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I K 



A.D.- 



Progress of Society. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1118 



1120 



1140 
1142 



The Knights 
founded. 



Templars 



Hariri, Arabian poet. 

Anna Comnena, daughter 
of Alexius I., Eastern 
emperor, historian. 

Scholastic philosophy at- 
tains full development 
in the writings of Peter 
Abelard. 

Peter, the Lombard (Mas- 
ter of Sentences), scho- 
lastic. 

Geoffrey of Monmouth , 
historian. 

Aristotle's logic comes into 
repute through the Arab- 
ians. 

The revival of the study of 
the Civil Law under 
Irnerius at Bologna. 



Hugo of St. Victor, mystic. 

The establishment of the 
Canon Law by the De- 
cretum of Gratian. 

William of Malmesbury, 
English historian. 

Otho, bishop of Freising, 
chronicler. 

Benjamin of Tudela, a Jew, 
travels from Spain to 
India ,byConstantinople , 
and returns through 
Egypt. 

Henry of Huntingdon 
English chronicler. 



1111. Emperor Henry V 
compels Paschal II. to 
renounce the right of 
investiture. 

1116. Invasion by the 
emperor causes the pope 
to flee from Rome, 

1118. Pope Gelasius II 

1119. Pope Calixtus II. 



1123. First Lateran Council 

1124. Pope Honorius II. 



1128. Honorius struggles 
against Roger, king of 
Sicily. 

1130. Innocent II. and An- 
acletus II., rival popes 



1108. France: — Louis VI., 
{Le Gros) becomes king, 
Abbe Suger, counsellor. 

1109. Alfonso I. of Aragon 
rules oyer Leon and 
Castile in right of his 
wife. 

1110. Ger. : — Henry V. 
enters Italy, and compels 
the pope to crown him, 

1114. Henry V. marries 
Matilda, of England. 



1118. Spain: — Alfonso I. 
of Aragon captures Sar- 
agossa. 



1125. Germany: — Lothair 
II., emperor. 

— opposed by Frederick 
and Conrad of Suabia. 

1126. Spain:-Alfonso VII., 
king, Leon and Castile. 



1134. Spain:— Garcia IV., 
king of Navarre. 

Ramiro II., king of 
Aragon. 

1136. Lothair invades Italy 
and overruns the south- 
ern partof the peninsula. 

1137. A pretended Messiah 1137. France: — Louis VII. 
in France. {le Jeune). 

1138. — another in Persia. 1138. Germany: — House of 
Suabia. 

Conrad I., first of 
the Hohenstaufen em- 
perors . 

Dissensions of the 
Guelfs and Ghibelines. 

1139. Second Lateran 1139. Portugal becomes a 
Council. kingdom after the battle 

of Ourique, under Al- 
fonso I., of the House of 
Burgundy. 

1143. Pope Celestine II. 

1144. Pope Lucius II. 

1145. Pope Eugenius III. 



1146. The Almohades in- 
vade Spain. 



1147. The Second Crusade preached by St. Bernard 
and joined by the emperor Conrad and Louis VII. of 
France. 



1 148 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



95 



A.D. 


Eastern Empire. 


England, etc. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1109 


Tripoli taken by crusaders 
and erected into a 
county for Raymond 
of Toulouse. 


1114. Matilda, daughter of 
Henry I., marries the 
emperor Henry V. 


1117. Persia: — Sanjar sub- 
dues Khorasan and 


1118 


John II. (Comnenus). 


1120. Shipwreck and death 


Samarkand. 






of Prince William. 


1121. Norway: Sigurd the 


1123 


The Patzinaks defeated at 
Berrhcea in Thrace. 




Jerusalemite, king. 


1124 


Tyre taken by the cru- 


1124. Scotland: — David I. 






saders. 


promotes civilization. 




1126 


John II. wages successful 
war against the Turks. 










1127. Matilda, daughter of 


1127. Roger of Sicily brings 






Henry I., marries Geof- 


about the union of Sicily 






frey Plantagenet. 


and Naples. 








China: Kaou-Tsung, em- 
peror; during his 
reign the Neu-che or 
Kin Tartars conquer the 
country to the Yang-tse- 
Kiang. 






1135. Stephen of Blois. 


1135. (1130?). Sweden:— 






1136. Matilda asserts her 


Sverker I. 






right to the throne; 




1137 


John II. defeats the Arme- 


David, king of Scot- 






nians of Cilicia. 


land, assists her. 

1138. — is defeated in the 
"battle of the Standard" 
at Northallerton. 

1139. Civil war: Stephen 
and Matilda. 

1141. Stephen made pris- 
oner at the battle of 
Lincoln. 




1143 


Manuel Comnenus be- 
comes emperor, 






1144 


Edessa retaken by the 
Turks, gives rise to the 
Second Crusade. 






1146 


Thebes and Corinth plun-i 
dered by the Sicilians. 






1147 


Failure of the Second 




1147 (abotit). Russia: — 


1148 


Crusade after enormous] 




Moscow rises to rank of 




losses. 




a city. 



9 6 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1 1 50 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


France, Germany, Spain. 


1150 


{about). University of 








Paris. 




1152. France: — Louis di- 




Aben _ Ezra, of Toledo, 




vorces his queen, Elea- 




Jewish scholar. 




nor, who marries Henry 
of Anjou, afterwards 






1153. Pope Anastasius IV. 


king of England; thus 
Guienne and Poitou are 
lost to France. 






1154. Pope Hadrian_ IV. 


Germany and Italy: — 






(an Englishman, Nicho- 


Frederick I. (Barbar- 






las Breakspeare). 


ossa), emperor. 






1155. Arnold, of Brescia. 








condemned and burnt. 








1156. Order of the Car- 


1156. The electoral college 






melites instituted. 


appears. 

1157. Spain: — Castile and 
Leon divided under Fer- 
dinand II. and Sancho 
III. 


115S 


Bank of Venice established. 




1 158. Germany: — The em- 






1159. Pope Alexander III. 


peror Frederick crosses 






Victor IV. , antipope. 


into Italy and in the diet 
of Roncaglia defines the 
rights of the Lombard 
cities. 
1162. Frederick destroys 
Milan. 

Spain: — Alfonso II., 






1164. Paschal III., anti- 


king of Aragon, in- 






pope. 


cluding Barcelona. 


1167 


{about). Oxford schools 
made a university. 


1167. Rome taken by Free 


erick Barbarossa. 




Colleges of theology, philos- 


1168. Calixtus III., anti- 






ophy, and law at Paris. 


pope. 






English commerce confined 


1170. The Waldenses and 


1170. France: — The rise of 




to the exportation of 


Albigenses begin to ap- 


the Waldenses. They 




wool. 


pear. 


derived their name from 
Peter Waldo , a merchant 
of Lyons. 

1174. Frederick Barbaros- 


1175 


Eustathius, bishop of 




sa's last expedition into 




Thessalonica, commen- 




Italy. 




tator on Homer. 








Confirmation of the mili- 








tary order of Santiago. 






1176 


Circuit judges appointed 




1176. Frederick defeated m 




in England. 




the battle of Legnano by 
the Lombard cities. 

Henry the Lion re- 
bels. 



i 177 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



97 



a.d. Eastern Empire. 



England etc. The World, elsewhere. 



1171 



117; 

117^ 



The Byzantines overwhelm 
a Hungarian army near 
Zeugmin. 



Outbreak 
Venice. 



of war with 



The Venetian fleet disor- 
ganized by pestilence. 

The Venetians confirmed 
in their commercial 
rights. 



The Byzantines over- 
whelmed by the Seljuks 
at Myriokephalon in 
Phrygia. 



1152. Henry Plantagenet 
marries Eleanor of Aqui- 
taine (G uienne) and 
invades England. 

1153. Treaty of Walling - 
ford gives succession to 
Henry. 

1154.— Henry II., (Planta- 
genet). 

1155. Thomas a, Becket 
becomes chancellor. 



1162. Becket made arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. 

1163. — opposes the king. 

1164. ■ — resists the consti- 
tutions of Clarendon — 
flees to France. 

1165. Scotland: — William. 
LI 66. Assize of Clarendon 

regulating the admin- 
istration of justice. 



1170. Becket returns to 
England, and is mur- 
dered. 

1171-1172. Henry con- 
quers Ireland. 



1174. Treaty of Falaise, in 
which William the Lion 
agrees to do homage for 
Scotland. 

Henry makes a pil 
grimage to the shrine of 
Becket. 

1176. The Assize of North 
ampton requires an oath 
of fealty from all 
Englishmen. 



1155. Sweden:— Eric IX. 
the Saint. 

1156. Japan: — Beginning 
of war between the clans 
of the Taira and the 
Minamoto ; the latter 
defeated, found an in- 
dependent power with 
Kamakura as the capi- 
tal. 

1157. Denmark: — Valde- 
mar I. 



1158. Venice a great 

maritime power. 
1160. Sweden: — Karl Sver- 

kersson. 



1163. Sweden: — Arch- 
bishopric of Upsala 
founded. 



1167. Italy: — League of 
the Italian cities to pre- 
serve their liberties 
against the emperor. 



1171. Egypt:— Saladin. 
sultan. 

He extends his do- 
minions in Egypt, Syria, 
and Mesopotamia. 

1173. Poland: — Miecislas 
III. 



1177. Poland: — Casimir 
(the Just). 



V 



98 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1 1 79 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1180 



1189 



1190 



Robert Wace, Anglo-Nor 
man poet. Translation 
of his Brut by Layamon, 
one of the first English 
compositions. 

John Tzetzes, Greek gram 
marian. 

Maimonides (Moses ben 
Maimon), Jewish theo- 
logian. 

Roger, of Hoveden, chron 
icier. 

Treatise on English law 
ascribed to Ranulph de 
Glanville. 



Massacre of the Jews at 
the coronation of Rich- 
ard I. 

Teutonic order instituted 

Abu Bekr ibn Top hail 
philosophical writer. 

Averroes, Arabic philoso- 
pher, introduced Aris- 
totelianism into Europe. 



1179. Innocent (III.) anti 
pope. 

The Waldenses spread 
over the valley of Pied 
mont. They circulated 
the sacred Scriptures. 
They were the forerun- 
ners of Protestantism 
Condemned by the 
Eleventh General Coun- 
cil, and severely perse- 
cuted. 

Third Lateran, or 
Eleventh General Coun- 
cil. 

1181. Pope Lucius III. 



1185. Pope Urban III. 



1180. France:— Philip II., 
(Augustus,) 

Henry the Lion de- 
prived of Bavaria and 
Saxony. 

:183. The Peace of Con- 
stance re-establishes the 
rights of the Lombard 
cities. 



1187. Pope Gregory VIII. 

Pope Clement III. 1188. Spain: — Alfonso IX. 
king of Leon. 

1189 Third Crusade led by Philip Augustus, of 
France, Richard, of England, and Frederick Bar- 
barossa. 

1190. Ger.: — Henry VI., 



1191. Pope Celestine III. 



1198. Pope Innocent III. 



emperor. 



1192. Richard Cceur 
Lion in captivity 
Germany. 



de 



1194. The two Sicilies 
united to the empire. 

1198. Philip, of Suabia, 
and Otho, of Brunswick, 
dispute the German 
crown; the former sup- 
ported by the Ghibelines 
and the latter by the 
Guelfs, 



1 199 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



99 



a.d. Eastern Empire. 



England etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1180 



Alexius II. becomes em 
peror. 



1183 Andronicus I. becomes em- 
peror. 

1185 Isaac II. (Angelus) be 
comes emperor. 



1186 



Bulgarians revolt and 
establish new kingdom. 



1190 Iconium taken by Fred- 
erick Barbarossa, but 
afterwards restored. 



1195 



Alexius III. becomes em- 
peror. 



1181. The Assize of Arms 
regulates the national 
defence and subjects 
personal property to 
taxation. 



1185. John, in Ireland. 



1182. 
VI. 



Denmark: — Canute 



1183. Saladin takes Aleppo. 

1185. Portugal: — Sancho 
I. 

Japan: — The Taira 
clan is defeated in the 
battle of Dannoura and 
exterminated. TheMina- 
moto in supreme control 
under Yoritomo. 

1186. The last of the Ghaz- 
nevides, ruling at La- 
hore, overthrown by 
Mahmud of Ghor. 

1187. Saladin gains the 

1 188. Collection of the victory of Tiberias, and 
Saladin tithe, first tax takes Jerusalem, which 
on movables. leads to 

1189. Richard I. (Cceurde 1189. The Third Crusade. 
Lion) becomes king, he 
engages in the Third 
Crusade. 

1191. Kingdom of Cyprus 
founded under Guy of 
Lusignan. 

Acre taken by the 
crusaders. 
1 192._ Richard makes a truce with Saladin; end of the 
Third Crusade. 
Richard, returning home 
in ' disguise, through 
Germany, is imprisoned 
Is ransomed by his sub 
jects for 10,000 marks 
(1194). 



1193. John plots to seize 
the crown in the absence 
of Richard. 



1199. Richard dies. 

John (Lackland) be- 
comes king. 



1192. Japan: — Yoritomo 
rules at Kamakura as 
first shogun. 



1193. Saladin dies. 
Poland : — Lesco 
white). 



(the 



IOO 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I200 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1200 



Under Innocent III. the papal power attains its climax; its supremacy over 
the secular power fully established. 



1209 



The University of Bologna 
said to be attended by 
10,000 students. — The 
University of Paris 
rises into prominence. 

Villehardouin, Saxo Gram- 
maticus, chroniclers. 

Amalric of Bena and David 
of Dinant, mystics. 



1200. The pope places France under an interdict. 



1202. The Fourth Crusade under Boniface of Mont- 
ferrat. 



1208. Crusade against the 
Albigenses. 
The order of Franciscan friars instituted. 



1204. Normandy united to 
France. 



Cambridge 
founded 



University 
(about). 



Period of the Troubadours 
and Trouveres in France ; 
and the Minnesinger in 
Germany. 



1213. Albigenses defeated 
at Muret. 



1215. Fourth Lateran, and 
twelfth General Council 
against the Albigenses 
and all heretics. The 
doctrines of transub 
stantiationand auricular 
confession established 

The inquisition estab- 
lished in southern France 

1216. Pope Honorius III. 



1217. The Fifth Crusade 
under Andrew II., king 
of Hungary. 



1208. Germany: — Philip, 
rival emperor, dies and 
Otho is crowned as Otho 
IV. 

Assault on the count of 
Toulouse, protector of 
the Albigenses. 

1210. Germany:— Otho ex- 
communicated by the 
pope. 

1212. Spain: — The Chris- 
tians gain the battle of 
Navas de Tolosa, de- 
cisive in the control of 
the country. 



1214. Germany: — Otho 
and the English defeated 
by the French in the 
battle of Bouvines. 

1215. Frederick II., em- 
peror. . 



1217. Spain:— Saint Ferdi- 
nand, king of Castile. 



1217 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



IOI 



A.D. 


Easetrn Empire. 


England, etc. 


The World, elsewhere. 








1200. Japan: — The death 
of Yoritomo is followed 
by the fall of Minamoto 
who are succeeded by the 
Hojo clan. 


1202 


The crusaders and the 




1202. Denmark: — Valde- 




Venetians take and plun- 




mar II. 




der the city of Zara. 




Livonia: — Institution 


1203 


Isaac II. and Alexius IV. 




of the order of Knights 




rule. 




Sword bearers to con- 


1204 


The crusaders overthrow 


1204. England loses Nor- 


quer the pagan Prus- 




the Greek empire and 


mandy, Maine, and 


sians. 




choose Baldwin of Flan- 


Anjou. 






ders emperor of Con- 








stantinople after parti- 








tioning the lands of the 








empire among them- 








selves and Venice. 








Theodore Lascaris es- 








tablishes the empire of 








Nicsea in Asia Minor. 






1205 


Henry, second Latin em- 








peror of Constantinople. 


1206. Innocent III. orders 


1206. Genghis Khan be- 






election of Stephen 


comes emperor of the 






Langton as archbishop 


Mongols. 






of Canterbury. 


The death of Mahmud 






1208. The kingdom laid 


of Ghor is followed by the 






under an interdict. 


dismemberment of his 






1209. John excommuni- 


empire. 






cated. 


The sultanate of Delhi 
arises. 






1213. The pope declares 








John a usurper and 








orders Philip of France 








to invade England ; John 








submits to hold his 








crown as a vassal of 








the pope. 








1214. Scotland: — Alexan- 








der II. 








1215. Magna Charta signed 


1215. Genghis Khan takes 






at Runnymede 


Pekin and conquers 
northern China. 


1216 


Peter of Courtenay be- 


1216. Henry III. becomes 






comes emperor. 


king. 

Earl of Pembroke , 
protector. 








1217. Defeat of the French 


1217. Norway :— Haco IV. 






under Prince Louis at 








Lincoln. 








Magna Charta con- 








firmed. 





102 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1219 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



University of Padua 
founded. 



1230 Alexander of 

scholastic. 



1240 



1243 



1248 



1250 



1253 



Hales 



1227. Pope Gregory IX. 



1229. The Inquisition at 
Toulouse. 

The Scriptures for- 
bidden to all laymen. 



St. Edmund of Canter- 
bury dies. 



The University of Sala- 
manca founded. 



(about). Foundation of the 
Alhambra near Granada. 



Rubruquis travels among 

the Mongols. 
Matthew Paris, chronicler. 



(about). Foundation of the 
Scrbonne. 



1241. Pope Celestine IV. 

The Flagellants. 
1243. Pope Innocent IV. 
Continual struggles 
with the emperor 
Frederick. 
1245. General Council of 
Lyons proclaims depo 
sition of Frederick II. 



1254. Pope Alexander IV 

The order of Celestines 

founded. 



1219. New crusade against 
the Albigenses. 



1223. France:— Louis VIII 
becomes king. 



1226. France:— Louis IX. 
king, under the regency 
of Blanche of Castile. 

1228. Germany: — Crusade 
of the emperor after be- 
ing excommunicated. 

1230. Spain: — Castile and 
Leon united by Ferdi- 
nand III., who takes 
Cordova, Seville, and 
Cadiz from the Moors. 

1239. Germany: — Fred- 
erick II. again excom- 
municated. 



1241. The Mongols defeat 
the Teutonic Knights 
and the Silesians at 
Wahlstatt. — The begin- 
ning of the Hanseatic 
League. 

1246. Henry of Thuringia 
set up for emperor by 
the pope, and 

1247. William, of Holland. 

1248. France: — Louis IX. 
sets out on his first 
crusade. 

1249. He is defeated at 
Damietta in Egypt and 
forced to abandon the 
country. 

1250. Insurrection of the 
Pastorels in southern 
France. 

Germany: — Conrad IV. 
and William of Holland 
reign as rival emperors. 
1252. Spain: — Alfonso X. 
king of Castile and Leon. 

1254. Louis IX. returns to 
France from Palestine. 

1256. Beginning of the 
Great Interregnum in 
Germany. 



I25» A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



103 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1221 Robert becomes emperor. 



1222 



1228 



1237 



1242 
1244 



1255 



John Ducas, emperor of 
Nicasa. 



Baldwin II. and John of 
Brienne, co-emperors. 



Baldwin II., sole ruler. 



1224. Poitou occupied by 
the king of France. 



The Mongols in Asia Minor 

The Khorasmians take 
Jerusalem. 



Victorious campaign of the 
Byzantines against Bul- 
garia. 



1219. Japan:— The sho- 
gunate seized by the 
Fujiwara. 

1221. The Khorasmian 
empire overthrown by 
Genghis Khan. 

1222. Hungary:— Charter 
of Andrew II., the 
Golden Bull, founda- 
tion of the national 
liberty. 

1224. First Mongolian in- 
vasion of Russia. 



1230. First expedition of 

Henry III into France 1236. Italy: — War of the 

for the recovery of his 

estates. 



1240. Richard, earl of 
Cornwall, heads an un- 
successful crusade. 



1242. Henry III. makes 
second expedition into 
France — unsuccessful 



1249. Scotland: — Alexan- 
der III. 

— Repulses Haco, king 
of Norway — obtains the 
Scottish Isles. 



1258. The Provisions of 
Oxford. 



Lombard 
Frederick 
many. 



cities with 
II. of Ger- 



1240. Second invasion of 
Europe by the Mongols , 
under Batu Khan. 
Russia subdued. 

1241. Denmark:— Eric VI. 

1242. Alexander Nevski, 
Prince of Novgorod, de- 
feats the Livonian 
Knights of the Sword on 
Lake Peipus. 



1250. Egypt:— The Mame- 
lukes rule — take Da- 
mascus and Aleppo. 



1258. Hulaku Khan enters 
Persia, takes Bagdad, 
and puts an end to the 
caliphate. 

Beginning of the great 
wars between Venice 
and Genoa. 



104 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I259 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1261 Private war and judicial 
combats suppressed in 
France by the laws of 
St. Louis. 



1265 



1270 



1280 



Parliament in England. 

The monastic orders by 
their wealth, rigid dis- 
cipline, and popular in- 
fluence become power- 
ful aids to pontifical 
ambition. 

Peter of Albano, astrologer, 
physician, and naturalist. 



Bonaventura, mystic. 

Thomas Aquinas, greatest 
of scholastics. 

Albertus Magnus, philoso 
pher. 

Literature and science 
flourish in Spain, under 
Alfonso X., the Learned 
of Castile. 

Complete separation of the 
three great courts of law 
in_ England, Exchequer, 
King's Bench, and 
Common Pleas. 

Marco Polo travels in the 
East as far as Pekin. 



Roger Bacon, of Oxford, 
pioneer of science. 

Robert, of Gloucester, 
author of a metrical 
chronicle of England. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1261. Pope Urban IV. 
He offers the crown 
of Sicily to Charles of 
Anjou. 



1265. Pope Clement IV. 



1266. The pope succeeds in his long struggle for the 
dominion of southern Italy, and places Charles of 
Anjou on the throne of Naples. 

1268. No pope for about 

three years. 1269. Pragmatic Sanction 

— foundation of the 
liberties of the Gallican 
Church. 

1270. France:— Louis IX. 
sets out on his second 
crusade, and dies before 
Tunis — succeeded by 
—Philip III. (The Bold). 

1271. Toulouse falls to the 
French crown. 



1271. Pope Gregory X. 



1273. Gregory receives the 
county of Venaissin. 



1273. Ger.:— Rudolph, em- 
peror, founds the house 
, of Hapsburg. 
1274. General council at Lyons; temporary re -union 
of the Eastern and Western Churches. 



1276. Pope Innocent V. 

" Hadrian V. 
" John XXI. 

1277. Pope Nicholas III., 
enriching his family at 
the expense of the 
Church — he introduces 
Nepotism 



1276. France at war with 
Castile. 



1278. Ottokar II. of Bo- 
hemia overthrown by 
Rudolph and the Bo- 
hemian empire dissolved. 



I28o A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



105 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1259 
1261 



Michael Pateologus em- 
peror of Nicasa, — 
recovers Constantinople 

and overthrows the Latin 

empire. 



1268 



Bibars of Egypt takes 
Antioch and Jaffa. 



1274 



Temporary union with the 
Latin Church. 



1263 (about). Alexander 
III. of Scotland defeats 
Norwegians at Largs. 

1264. Simon de Montfort 
defeats the king's forces 
at Lewes. 

1265. First regular parlia- 
ment. — Prince Edward 
gains the battle of 
Evesham. 



1270. Prince Edward joins 
the crusade of Louis IX 



1272. Edward I., king. 



1275. Statute of West- 
minster is passed, effect- 
ing extensive improve- 
ments in the laws of the 
realm 

1277. War between Eng- 
land and Wales. 

1278. All Jews in England 
arrested on the charge 
of clipping the coin. 

1279. The Statute of 
Mortmain passed. 



1260. Bibars becomes sul- 
tan of Egypt. 

1262 (about). Norway: — 
Iceland subjected. 

Greenland tributary 
to Norway. 

1263. Magnus II. king. 



1264. China:— Kublai 
Khan builds Pekin, and 
makes it his capital. 

1265. Abaka Khan of 
Persia. 

1266. Magnus, of Norway, 
cedes to Scotland the 
Hebrides and the isle of 
Man. 

1268. Death of Conradin, 
the last of the Hohen- 
staufen. 



1270. Hungary: — Stephen 
V. becomes king. 



1272. Hungary: Ladislas 
IV., king. 



1279. Sweden: — Magnus I. 
king. 

Russia: — Hanseatic 
settlement at Novo- 
gorod. 

China visited by Marco 
Polo. 

Poland: — Lesco II, 
becomes king. 

Portugal: — Diniz the 
Great. 

1280. Norway: — Eric II. 
becomes king. 

Kublai Khan, emperor 
of all China, founder of 
the Mongol dynasty. 



io6 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I28l A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1281. Pope Martin IV.; he 
is the instrument of 
Charles of Anjou in the 
latter's contest with the 
Byzantine emperor, 

Michael Polaeologus and 
Peter III. of Aragon. 

1285. Pope Honorius IV. 



1288. Pope Nicholas IV. 

Nicholas IV. patronizes civil and religious literature 
and improves and embellishes Rome. 
1290 (about). University of 
Coimbra (Lisbon) found - 
I ed. 

Raymond Lully, philoso- 
pher, scholar, and 
scientist. 

Thomas the Rhymer, Scot- 
tish poet. 

Cimabue, the first of 
modern painters at 
Florence. 

Arnolfo di Lapo or de Cam- 
bio, the father of modern 
Italian architecture. 

The influence of the 
Crusades was great — 
expanding the mind of 
Europe — refining the 
general manners — ex- 
citing a spirit of geogra- 
phical research and ad 
venture — and promoting 
improvement in the arts 
and sciences — thus un- 
dermining instead of 
strengthening the power 
of medievalism by ad 
vancing liberal ideas and 
freedom of thought. 

Rapid advances in civil- 
ization. — Revival of an 
cient learning. — Im 
provements in the arts 
and sciences — and pro 
gress of liberty. 
1300 Ormin, author of the Ormulum, a book of homilies in 
the old English dialect. 



1302 



1303 



1292. The papal chair 
vacant two years. 

1294. Celestine V. 
Pope Boniface VIII. 

The papacy renews its 
pretensions to supre- 
macy. 

1296. Struggles with 
France. 

The Bull Clericis 
Laicos. 

1297. Canonization of 
Louis IX. 



The Mariner's Compass 
said to have been in- 
vented at Naples, by 
Gioia, native of Amalfi. 

University at Avignon re 
cognized by papal Bull 

Dante, the father of 
modern Italian poetry 
flourishes. 



1282. Germany: — Rudolph 
invests his sons with the 
duchies of Austria, 
Styria, and Carniola. 



1285. France: — Philip IV. 
(the Fair.) 

Spain: — Alfonso III., 
king of Aragon. 



1302. The Bull Unam 
Sanctam asserts the su 
premacy of the Church. 

1303. Pope Boniface VIII. 

dies. 

Pope Benedict XI. 

— The papal power 
declines. 



1291. Spain: — James II., 
king of Aragon. 

1292. Germany: — Adolph 
I., of Nassau, emperor. 

1294. Gascony occupied by 
the French. 

1295. Spain: — Ferdinand 
IV., king of Castile and 
Leon. 

War declared between 
England and France. 



1297. Adolph confirms the 
canton of Schwyz in its 
rights. 



1298. Germany: — Adolph 
killed in battle at Goll- 
heim. 

Albert I., son of Ru- 
dolph, of Hapsturg, 
emperor. 



1302. First convocation of 
the States-General in 
France having repre- 
sentatives from the 
towns. 

The French defeated 
by the Flemings at 
Courtrai. 



1303 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



107 



a.d. Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 



1282 



1288 



1291 



1299 



1303 



Andronicus II. 



Othman begins to lay the 
foundations of the Turk 
ish power in Asia Minor 



Capture of Acre by the 
Mamelukes — end of the 
European states in 

Asia Minor. 

The Genoese obtain the 
trade of the Black Sea, 
and rise to great power. 



Othman assumes the title 
of Emir. 



The Catalan Grand Com- 
pany under Roger de 
Flor enters the service 
of the Byzantines. 



1282. Llewellyn of Wales 
defeated and slain. 



1284. Wales subjugated. 

1285. The second Statute 
of Westminster effects 
important reforms ii 
legislation and legal pro 
cedure. 



1290. Jews expelled from 
England. 

The Statute of Quia 
Emptores passed. 
Scotland: — Death of Mar 
garet, the maid of Nor 
way, and beginning of 
contest between Baliol 
and Bruce. 

1291. Edward decides the 
Scottish dispute in favor 
of Baliol. 



1294.? War declared against 
France. 

1296. Edward subdues 
Scotland; Baliol sub- 
mits to Edward. 



1297. Edward issues the 
Confirmaho Cartarum. 

Scotland: — Sir William 
Wallace. — Sir William 
Douglas, Robert Bruce 
and other chiefs head a 
rebellion against the 
English, who are de- 
feated at Stirling. 

1298. The Scots defeated 
at Falkirk by King 
Edward I. 



1303. Edward 
Scotland. 



invades 



1282. Sicilian Vespers : 
Massacre of the French 
in Sicily. Peter of Aragon 
invited to rule Sicily. 

1284. Genoese destroy the 
Pisan power at Meloria. 

1285. Separation of Sicily 
from Naples. 

1286. Denmark:— Eric VI. 
becomes king. 



1290. Hungary: — Andrew 
III., the Venetian. 



1291. The League of the 
Forest Cantons in Swit- 
zerland organized. 



1295. Poland:— Vladislav 
the Dwarf, founder of 
Polish greatness. 

Matteo Visconti be- 
comes master of Milan. 

1297. Closing of the great 
Council in Venice. 



1298. Genoa defeats Venice 
at Curzola . 

1299. Venice concludes a 
treaty with the Turks. 

1301, Hungary: — Death of 
Andrew the Venetian. 

Extinction of the 
house of Arpad. 
— Wenceslas III. of Bo- 
hemia disputes crown 
with Charles Robert of 
Anjou. 

1302. End of the war be- 
tween the Angevin 
rulers of Naples and the 
Aragonese of Sicily. 



ioS 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1304 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress op Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1305 



130S 
1309 



1310 



Amid the struggles of the 
Guelfs and Ghibellines, 
Italy becomes the cradle 
of modern literature and 
improving civilization. 

University at Orleans re- 
cognized by Papal Bull 
(founded about 1220). 



University at Perugia re- 
cognized by Papal Bull. 

University at Coimbra (re- 
moved from Lisbon.) 

Duns Scotus, celebrated 
scholastic (d. about! 
1308.) 

Knights of St. John 
establish themselves at 
Rhodes. 

The barons in England ex- 
tort from Edward IT, 
a reformation of abuses 
Parliaments are to be 
held every year, and to 
appoint to all important 
offices. 



1305. Pope Clement V. 



1304. France is victorious 
over Flanders. 

Germany: — The Swiss 
towns rise into impor- 
tance — oppressed by the 
House of Hapsburg. 

1306. Persecution of the 
Jews in France; they 
are banished from the 
country. 

1307. Persecution of the 
Knights Templars in 
France. 



130S. Germany: — Henry of 
Luxemburg, emperor. 
Seat of the popes transferred to Avignon. 



1321 Dante dies 

Marsilius of Padua up 
holds individual freedom 
of faith and the secular 
authority against the 
Papacy, 
! Romance poetry of the 
Middle Ages flourishes. 

1349 Thomas of Bradwardin, 
Archbishop of Canter- 
bury, and celebrated 
scholastic, d. 



1309. 

The Papacy entirely 
under the control of the 
French king, in whose 
interests its powers are 
utilized. 



1311. General Council at 
Vienne. Order of Knights 
Templars abolished. 



1309. Spain: — Ferdinand 
IV. takes Gibraltar. 



1310. The House of Lux- 
emburg established in 
Bohemia. 



1312. Lyons united to 

France. 

Spain: — Alfonso XI. 

of Castile and Leon. 
1314. Germany: — Louis of 

Bavaria, and Frederick 

of Austria, contend for 

the crown. 



1314, Another vacancy in 1314. France: — Louis X. 
the papal chair of more (Hutin) becomes king 



than two years. 



1316. Pope John XXII. 



1324. Beginning of the 
contest of the popes 
with Louis of Bavaria. 

1327. Louis proclaimed 
emperor at Milan. 



1315. Battle of Morgarten 
— the Austrians defeated 
by the Swiss. 

1316. France:— Philip V. 
the (Long), King. The 
Salic law now first estab- 
lished (1317) excluding 
women from the throne. 



1322. France: — Charles 
IV. becomes king. 

Germany: — Frederick 
of Austria defeated and 
taken prisoner. 

1324. Germany: • — ■ Louis 
excommunicated by John 
XXII. — appeals to a 
general council. 



1327 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



IO9 



England etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1306 



1307 



1308 



1310 
1311 



1321 



1326 
1327 



Roger de Flor assassinated 



Aladdin III., last Seljuk 
ruler of Iconium dies. — 
Othman makes himself 
independent. 

The Catalans defeat the 
imperial forces at Apros 
and enter Greece. 



The Knights of St. John 
of Jerusalem established 
at Rhodes. 

The Catalans conquer At 
tica after -winning the 
battle of the Cephisus 
(1310). 



Civil war between Andron- 
icus II. and his grand- 
son, later Andronicus 
III. 



Death of Othman. — Ork- 
han, son of Othman, 
makes Prusa his capital. 

Nicomedia taken by Ork- 
han. 



1305. Wallace betrayed 
and beheaded. — Scot- 
land submits. 

Edward recovers Gui- 
enne. 

1306. Scotland: — Uprising 
under Robert Bruce, who 
is crowned king. 

1307. Eng.: Edward II 
becomes king. 

S c o 1 1 an d.: — Bruce 
strengthens himself by 
repeated advantages. 



1310. Eng.:— The nobles 
rise against the favorite, 
Gaveston, and 21 Lords 
Ordainers are appointed. 

1312. Death of Gaveston. 



1314. Edward II. invades 
Scotland, and is de- 
feated at the battle of 
Bannockburn. 

1315. The power is in the 
hands of the Lords 
Ordainers under Thomas 
of Lancaster. 



1322. Lancaster defeated 
and executed. 

1323. Truce between Eng- 
land and Scotland. 



1327. Edward III. becomes 
king. 



1309. Hungary: — Charles 

Robert of Anjou, king. 

Naples: — Robert, the 

wise. He aspires to the 

dominion of Italy. 



1310. Italy: — The Council 
of Ten established at 
Venice. 

1311. Italy — Matteo Vis- 
conti, lord of Milan, 
restored by the emperor. 



1318. Genoa assisted by 
Robert of Naples against 
the Ghibellines. 

Swede n: — Magnus 
Smek, becomes king. 

Denmark: — Christo- 
pher II. king. 
1320. Italy: — Castruccio, 
lord of Lucca and Pisa. 



1327. Italy: — Invaded by 
Louis IV., emperor of 
Germany. 



no 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1328 A.D.- 



Progress op Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spaii 



1334 Giotto, Italian architect, 
sculptor, and painter, 
pupil of Cimabue, made 
chief architect of the 
Florentine Cathedral. 



1335 



1346 



1347 



1350 



1356 



Greek literature revives. — 
Barlaam teaches Pe- 
trarch. — Leontius lec- 
tures on Homer at 
Florence. 

Giottino, Florentine paint - 



1328. Crusade preached) 1328. France: — Philip VI. 
against Louis, who de- of Valois becomes king, 
poses John XXII., and! — he defeats the 

sets up Nicholas V. as Flemings at Cassel. 
antipope. 



1334. Pope Benedict XII. 



1338. The pope loses the 
right of confirming the 
election of a German 
emperor. 

Struggles in Rome be- 
tween the Colonna and 
the Orsini. 



1342. Pope Clement VI. 
Gunpowder in use at the 

battle of Crecy, though 

known to Roger Bacon 

as early as 1270. 
Democracy at Rome, under Rienzi, the last of the 

Tribunes. 
William of Occam, greatest 

of nominalist scholastics 
Manufactures improve in 

England : — Commerce 

increases. 
Bartolus, celebrated jurist, 

teaches at Pisa and Peru- 
gia. 1352. Pope Innocent VI 



1354. Rienzi killed— Al- 
bornoz, cardinal legate 
restores the papal do- 
minion. 
Sir John Mandeville's Tra- 
vels- 



1338. Alliance between 
Edward III. and the 
Flemings under Arte- 
velde — the beginning of 
the Hundred Years' War. 
Germany: — Declara- 
tion of the Diet of Frank- 
fort, that the pope had 
no temporal power in the 
empire and that an em- 
peror chosen by the 
electors needed no papal 
confirmation. 

Louis sides with the 
English against France. 

1346. France: — Normandy 
overrun by Edward, 
with his son, the Black 
Prince. — French defeat- 
ed at Crecy. 

G e r ma n y : — Charles 
IV., emperor and king 
of Bohemia. 



1350. France: — John (the 
Good) becomes king. 



1356. Germany: — Promul- 
gation of the Golden 
Bull establishing the 
mode of imperial elec- 
tion and regulating the 
affairs of the empire. 

France: — King John de- 
feated and takenprisoner 
at Poitiers.— Charles the 
dauphin, regent. 



I356 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



Ill 



A.D. 


Eastern Empire. 


England, etc. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1328 


Andronicus III. becomes 


1328. Peace between Scot- 


1328. Moscow under the 




emperor. 


land and England. — The 


Grand -duke Ivan Kalita 






independence of Scot- 


becomes paramount in 






land acknowledged. 


Russia. 


1329 


Andronicus III. defeated 
by the Turks in the 
battle of Pelekanon. 


1329. Scotland:— David II. 




1330 


Nicaea taken. 


1332. David II. expelled 
and Baliol crowned, but 
soon expelled. 








1333. Battle of Halidon 


1333. Poland: — Casimir 






Hill. — Baliol restored — 


the Great becomes king. 






does homage to Edward. 


China: — Shun-te last 
of the Mongol emperors 
succeeds. 

Japan: — Fall of the 
Hojo family. 
1335(a6oj*0. Birth of Ti- 
mur. 

1336. Japan: — The war of 






1338. Beginning of the 


the Chrysanthemums — 






Hundred Years War. 


strife between rival mi- 
kados. Feudalism per- 
fected. 
1339. Italy: — Simon Bo- 
canegra, first doge of 
Genoa. 






1340. The victory of Hel- 


1340. Denmark:— Walde- 






voet Sluys — gives spirit 


mar III. 






to the English navy. 




1341 


John V. (Paleologus), em- 


1341. David II. restored. 






peror. 




1342. Hungary: — Louis 




1346. Battle of Crecy. 


the Great. 






Scotch defeated at 








Neville's Cross. 








1347. Siege and capture of 


1347. Italy: — Rienzi, the 


1346 


John VI. (Cantacuzenus), 


Calais 


last of the Tribunes. 




co-emperor ; abdicates, 


1348-49. The Black Death 


rules at Rome. 




1354. 


in England. 


1350. Italy:— Naval war 






1351. Statute of Provisors. 


between Venice and 


1352 


Genoese defeat the Vene- 
tians, allies of the em- 
pire, in the Bosporus. 




Genoa. 


1354 


Turks seize Gallipoli in 




1354. Italy:— Rienzi killed 




Europe. 




— papal power restored. 
— The Venetians crushed 
by the Genoese at 
Sapienza. 






1356. Edward, the Black 


1356. War between Hun- 






Prince, gains the battle 


gary and Venice. 






of Poitiers. John of 








France made prisoner. 








Two years' truce. 





I 12 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1356 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



13G4 



Petrarch and Boccaccio, 
marking the vanguard 
of the Renaissance. 



The Jagellonian University 
at Cracow founded. 



1365 Foundation of the Uni- 
versity of Vienna. 

Geoffrey Chaucer, father of 
English poetry (a. 1340- 
1400). 

John Gower (a. 1325-140S). 



1369 



(about). Foundation 
the Bastile at Paris. 



of 



1380 Mysteries played in France. 
Wickliffe's translation of 
the New Testament. 



1386 



1362. Pope Urban V. at 
Avignon — beautifies the 
city of Rome. 



1370. Pope Gregory XI. 



1377. Gregory XI returns 
from Avignon to Rome 
— end of the Babylonian 
captivity. 

1378."Schismof the West": 
Pope Urban VI. ac- 
knowledged in the Em- 
pire and England. 

Clement VII. acknow- 
ledged in France, Spain, 
and Scotland. 



University of Heidelberg 1386. Urban VI. bestows 
founded. Naples upon Louis of 



Froissart's Chronicles. 

Birth of Jan Van Eyck, 
who is reputed to have 
invented oil painting. 



Anjou, who is opposed 
by Ladislas, 



1356. The people of Paris 
attain power under Eti- 
enne Marcel. 

1358. The rising of the 
Jacquerie; death of 
Marcel. 

1360. France: — John re- 
gains his liberty — cedes 
territory to England by 
the peace of Bretigny. 

1364. France :— Charles V. 
(the Wise) becomes 
king. 

1365. Du Guesclin invades 
Spain and drives out 
Peter the Ciuel of Cas- 
tile. 

1367. The French defeated 
by the. Black Prince at 
Najera [Navarrete]. 



1369. A q u i t a i n e rises 
against the English. 



1375. English lose their 
French possessions, re- 
taining only Calais. 
Bordeaux, and Bayonne. 



1378. Germany: — Wences- 
las (king of Bohemia), 
emperor. 



1380. France : — Charles 
VI. (the Mad). 



13S2. Battle of Rosbecq — 
the Flemings defeated 
by the French ■ — Arte- 
velde killed. 



1386. France:— Fruitless 
attempt to invade Eng- 
land. 

Leopold III. of Aus- 
tria defeated by the 
Swiss at Sempach. 

Jagello (Vladislav II.) 
founds Jagellonian dy- 
nasty in Poland. 

1388. Leopold IV. de- 
feated at Naefels. 



1388 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



II 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1359 
1361 



1369 



1373 



1378 



13S1 



Amurath I., sultan of the 
Turks. 



The Turks take possession 
of Adrianople. 



1359. Edward again ii 
vades France. 

1360. Peace of Bretigny. 



1366. The Black Prince 
aids Peter the Cruel, of 
Castile, to recover his 
throne. 

The Statute of Kil 
kenny relating to Ire 
land. 



1369. Renewed war with 
France; unsuccessful 
loss of English territories 
in France. 

1371. Scotland :— Robert 
11. — the House of Stuart. 

1376. Death of the Black 
Prince. 

1377. Richard II. becomes 
king. First speaker of 
the House of Commons 



John V. seeks a reconcilia- 
tion with the pope in the 
hope of securing aid 
against the Turks. 



Treaty of peace with the 
Ottomans; the emperor 
becomes a vassal of the 
Turks. 



John V. dethroned and 

imprisoned by his son 
Manuel; he escapes after 
two years. 



The empire pays tribute 1381. Peasants' Revolt (in- 
to the Turks. surrection of Wat 
Tyler). 



1384. The Scots, assisted 
by France, invade Eng- 
land. 

1385. The English burn 
Edinburgh. 



1363. Timur begins his ca- 
reer of conquest. 



1368. Copenhagen taken 
by the Hanseatic fleet. 

China: — Hung Woo 
establishes the native 
Ming dynasty. 

1369. Timur becomes king 
of Transoxiana and 
makes Samarcand the 
capital of his new empire. 

1370. Poland: — Extinction 
of the royal race of 
Piasts with Casimir III. 



1378. Italy:— The rising of 
the Ciompi in Florence. 

1379. Genoese defeat Ve- 
netians at Pola and take 
possession of Chioggia; 
Genoese captured next 
year. 

1380. Russia: — Dimitri, 
grand duke of Moscow, 
victorious over the Tar- 
tars at Kulikovo, near 
the Don. 

1382. The Tartars sack 
Moscow. 



1 385. War between Austria 
and Switzerland. 

1386. — Battle of Sempach: 
the Austrians defeated. 

1386-87. Timur conquers 
Persia. 

1387. Denmark and Nor- 
way: — Margaret, the 
Semiramis of the North, 
becomes queen. 



1388. Battle of Otter- 
bourne (Chevy Chase), 



114 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1389 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1392 



University of Erfurt 
founded . 

Revival of Greek literature 
in Italy. 



1389. Pope Boniface IX. 



1393. The power of the 
pope over the English 
Church limited by the 
Statute of PrEemunire 

1394. Pope Benedict XIII 



1400 



Chaucer dies. 



1409 



University 
founded. 



of Leipsic 



1415 



University of St. Andrews 
founded. 



John Huss and Jerome of 
Prague, Bohemian re- 
formers. 

Peter d'Ailly and John 
Gerson, theologians. 



1404. Pope Innocent VII 



1406. Pope Gregory XII. 



1409. The Council of Pisa 
deposes Gregory and 
Benedict, and elects 
Alexander V. ; — neither 
will yield, so that there 
are three popes at once. 

1410. Pope John XXIII. 



1412. The pope excommU' 
nicates John Huss. 



1414. Council of Constance 

1415. John Huss and Je- 
rome of Prague (1416) 
burnt by the Council of 
Constance. 



1392. France: — Charles 
seized with madness. 



1394. Germany:— The em- 
peror imprisoned by the 
people of Prague. 



1400. Ger. :— Rupert em- 
peror. 



1406. Spain: — John II., of 
Castile. 

1407 France: — Murder of 
Louis, Duke of Orleans, 
by a Burgundian parti- 
san. 

1408. Yussuf III., king of 
Granada. 



1410. France: — Civil war 
between the parties of 
Orleans and Burgundy. 

Germany: — Death of 
Rupert. 

1411. Sigismund, king of 
Hungary, emperor. 

1412- Spain: — Ferdinand 
I. king of Aragon. 



1415. France:— The French 
defeated by Henry V., of 

England, at Agincourt. 

1416. Spain:— Alfonso V., 
king of Aragon. 



1416 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



115 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



The Servians defeated in 
the battle of Kossovo 
by the Turks. — Bajazet 
I., sultan of the Turks. 

Manuel II. emperor. 



Battle of Nicopolis. — 
Sigismund, of Hungary 
aided by French crusa- 
ders, defeated by Baja- 
zet I. 



Bajazet defeated and 
made prisoner by Timur 
at the battle of Angora 

Empire of the Turks di- 
vided after death of 
Bajazet, among Solyman 
I., Musa, and Moham- 
med I. 



Mohammed I. sole ruler 
of the Turks. 



1390. Scotland:— Robert 
III. 

Persecution of the 
Wicklifites. 

1393. The Statute of Prje- 
munire. 



1398. Henry of Lancaster 
banished. 

House of Lancaster 

1399. Henry IV. becomes 
king, Richard II. de 
posed. 

1401. Rebellion of Owen 
Glendower. 

1402. Scotch defeated al 
Homildon Hill. 

1403. Rebellion of the 
Percys, who are defeated 
at the battle of Shrews 
bury. 

1406. Scotland: — James I. 



1408. Henry Percy, Earl 
of Northumberland de- 
feated and killed at 
Bramham Moor. 



1413. Henry V. becomes 
king. 

1414. — claims the French 
crown. 

1415. — gains the battle of 
Agincourt. 



1389. Turks defeat Ser- 
vians at Kossovo. 



1392. Timur subjugates 
Persia. 



1397. Union of Calmar 
forming Denmark, Swe- 
den, and Norway into a 
single monarchy. 

1398. Invasion of India by 
Timur; he takes Delhi. 

Italy: — Pisa falls un- 
der the yoke of the 
Visconti. 



1405-06. Italy:— Pisa con- 
quered by Florence. — 
Subjugation of Padua 
and Verona by Venice. 



1408. Ladislas of Naples 
seizes Rome. 



1 41 . The Teutonic Knights 
defeated by the Poles at 
Tannenberg. 



1412. Denmark, Norway, 
etc.: Eric VII., of Pom- 
erania, becomes king. 

1413. Sack of Rome by 
Ladislas. 



1415. Conquest of Ceuta 
by the Portuguese. 



n6 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1417 A.D.- 



Progress op Society, etc 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1417. Pope Martin V.| 

elected by Council of; 1419. Sigismund claims the 



1420 



1425 
1426 



1430 



1431 



Portuguese exploration of 
Africa promoted by 
Henry the Navigator. 



Alain de Chartier, French 
poet. 

University of Louvain 

founded. 
The arts promoted in Itah 

bv Cosmo de' Medici. 



England increases her 
trade with the Medi- 
terranean. 

Fra Filippo Lippi, painter. 

George of Peurbach, as- 
tronomer at Vienna. 

Thomas a Kempis, mystic. 

Orderof the Golden Fleece 
founded. 

(?)The Azores discovered. 



1437 Ulugh Beg, ruler of Samar- 
cand and astronomer, 
compiles his Star Tables. 



143S 



{about) . Printing from 
movable type, Guten- 
berg, Coster, Fust, 
Schoffer, etc. 



Constance; unity of the 
Church restored. 



Bohemian crown . 
1420. Treaty of Troyes pro- 
viding for the succession 
of the king of England to 
the French throne. 

1422. France: — Death of 
Charles VI.— Henry VI. 
proclaimed at Paris king 
of France and England. 
Charles VII. pro- 
claimed king at Poitiers. 

1428. Orleans besieged by 
the English. 

1429. — saved by Joan of 
Arc. 

Charles crowned at 
Rheims; makes a vain 
attempt to gain Paris. 

1430. Joan of Arc taken 
prisoner, by the English 
and burnt as a witch in 
the following year. 



1431. Pope Eugenius IV., 1431. Germany 



Sigis- 



Council of Basle. 



1434. The pope expelled 
by the Romans and in 
exile till 1443. 



mund visits Italy, and is 
crowned emperor by 
Pope Eugenius IV. 

1435. Peace of Arras, be- 
tween France and Bur- 
gundy. 

1436. France: — Recovery 
of Paris by Charles VII. 



1438. Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges establishes the 
liberties of the French Church. 

1438. Germany: — House of 
Austria (Hapsburg). 

Albert II. (king of 
Bohemia and Hungary), 
emperor. 



1439. Eugenius IV de- 
posed by the Council of 
Basle, which elects Felix 
V., who receives, how- 
ever, little recognition. 1440. Germany: — Fred- 
erick III. emperor. 

France: — The dau- 
phin (Louis XL), rebels, 
but is pardoned, — the 
so-called Praguerie. 



144-0 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



117 



1421 



1422 



1425 



1430 



143S 
-39 



Amurath II., sultan. 



Amurath II. makes an un- 
successful assault on 
Constantinople. 

John VII. emperor. 



The Turks take Thessa 
lonica. 



1420. Treaty of Troyes. — 
Henry marries Catharine, 
daughter of Charles VI.. 
and is declared heir to 
the French crown. 

1422. Death of Henry V. 
Henry VI. becomes 
king. 

1424. The duke of Bedford 
defeats the French at 
Verneuil. 

1428. — besieges Orleans. 



1429. The siege raised 
the Maid of Orleans. 



by 



The emperor visits Italy 
to obtain help against 
the Turks — submits to 
the pope. 



1430. — she is taken pris 
oner and burnt (1431). 



1431. Henry VI. crowned 
at Paris. 



1435. Death of the duke of 
Bedford, followed by the 
loss of all the English 
possessions in France 
except Calais (Bordeaux, 
the last, taken in 1453). 

1437. Scotland: — JamesII. 



1438. Truce with Scotland 



1419. Bohemia: — Hussite 
war breaks out. 

Discovery of Madeira 
by the Portuguese. 



1424. Bohemia: — Death of 
John Ziska, the Hussite 

1426. Italy:— War of the 
duke of Milan against 
Florence and Venice. 

1429. Florence: — Cosmo 
de' Medici becomes 
gonfalonier. 



1432. Venice: — Execution 
of Carmagnola, the con- 
dottiere. 

1434. Poland:— Vladislav 
III. 



1437. Hungary: — End of 
the House of Luxemburg 
with the death of Sigis- 
mund. 

1438. Portugal: — Alfonso 
V. king. 



1440. Hungary: — Vladis- 
lav III., of Poland, 
chosen king. 



iiS 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I442 A.D.- 



Pkogress of Society, etc 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, Spain. 



1446 



1447 



1450 



1453 



Birth of Perugino, founder 
of the Roman school 
of painting, teacher of 
Raphael. 

Library of the Vatican 

founded. 
Regiomontanus, German 

astronomer. 



Flourishing period of 
Flemish trade. — All Eu 
ropean nations have 
warehouses at Bruges 
and Ghent. — Book trade 
at Mayence. 

Pletho and Bessarion, 
Italians, further the re- 
vival of Platonism. 

The fall of Constantinople 
brings Greek scholarship 
to Italy and accelerates 
the progress of the 
Renaissance. 



1447. Felix V. resigns in 
favor of pope Nicholas 
V. 

1448. Concordat of Sienna 
or Aschaffenburg, by 
which the relations of 
the German church to 
the papacy are 
tablished. 



1444. France : — establish- 
ment of the companies of 
Archers, the first na- 
tional standing army. 



1448. Maine and Anjou 
regained by the French. 

1449. The greater part of 
Normandy overrun by 
the French. 



1451. Germany: — Expedi- 
tion of Frederick III. 
to Rome. 



1453. Austria made an 
archduchy by Frederick. 

End of the French and 
English wars. 



1453 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



II9 



Eastern Empire. 



England, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1442 
1443 



1444 



1448 



1451 



1453 



John Hunyady defeats the 
Turks at Hermannstadt 
and at Nissa. 

Insurrection of Scander- 
beg — victory over the 
Turks near Nissa. 

Battle of Varna — Vladis- 
lav, king of Poland 
defeated and killed by 
the Turks; Servia and 
Bosnia reduced to sub 
mission. 



Constantine XIII. (Palaeo- 
logus) the last of the 
Greek emperors. 

Hunyady defeated 
Kossovo. 



Mohammed II., sultan of 
the Turks. 



Siege and capture of Con- 
stantinople by the Turks. 

END OF THE EASTERN 
EMPIRE. 



1444. Truce with France. 

1445. Marriage of Henry 
VI. to Margaret of 
Anjou. 



1447. Gloucester arrested 
for treason — dies sud 
denly. 



1450. Insurrection of Jack 
Cade — calling himself 
Mortimer. 



1442. Alfonso V., of Ara- 
gon, unites the crown of 
the Two Sicilies. 



1 447. Poland :— Casimir I V. 
king. 

The Visconti become 
extinct in Milan. 

1448. Denmark: — Christian 
L, of Oldenburg, be- 
comes king.. 

Sweden: — C h a r 1 e s 
VIII. 
1450. Italy: — Francesco 
Sforza, duke of Milan. 



120 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1454 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress op Society, etc. 



England, Scotland, 
etc. 



France. 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



1400 (about). Laurentius Valla, 
humanist philosopher. 



1460 Wood engraving invented 



Nicholas of Cusa, philoso- 
phical writer, marks the 
transition from medieval 
to Renaissance thought. 

Philip de Comines, French 
historian. 



1473 



Hungary: — Matthias pat- 
ronizes literature and the 
arts. 



1454. Richard, duke of 
York, becomes pro- 
tector. 



1455.' Outbreak of the 
Wars of the Roses 
first battle at St 
Albans. 

Scotland : — Struggles 
between the king and 
aristocracy for power. 



1460. Battle of North 
ampton. Battle o 
Wakefield. 

James III. of 

Scotland. 



1461. Second battle of 
St. Albans. Edward 
Earl of March pro 
claimed king as Ed- 
ward IV. Gains the 
battle of Towton. 



1464. Battles of Hedg- 
ley Moor and Hexham. 



1469. Warwick banished 



1470. Edward IV. flees 
to Flanders. 

1471. Battle of Barnet 
— Warwick slain. Bat- 
tle of Tewkesbury 
Henry VI. dies in the 
Tower. 



1456. The 

Cauphin 
Louis seeks 
refuge at 
the court 
of Burgun- 
dy. 



1461. Louis 
XI. becomes 
king. 



1465. The 
League of 
the Pub- 
lic Weal 
opposes 
Louis; the 
peace of 
Conflans. 



1471. War 
with Char- 
les of Bur 
gundy. 



1474. War be- 
tween the 
Swiss and 
Charles of 
Burgundy. 



1454. Spain : 
Henry IV. 
of Castile, 



1469. M a r - 
riage of 
Ferdinand 
of Aragon, 
with Isa- 
bella of 
Castile. 



1475 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



121 



1456 



Germany. 



Hunyady defends Belgrade 
against the Turks. 



Italy. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1458, Matthias Corvinus chosen 
king of Hungary, and 
George Podiebrad, 
Bohemia. 



14G2 



146S 



1471 



Insurrection in Vienna. 
The emperor besieged 
in his court — delivered 
by Podiebrad, of Bohe- 
mia. 



War between Bohemia and 
Hungary. 



Vladislav, son of Casimir 
IV. of Poland, becomes 
king of Bohemia. 



1472 University of Ingoldstadtl 
founded. 



1454. Peace 
of Lodi be- 
tween Milan 
and Venice. 



1455. Com- 
plete as- 
cendency of 
Cosmo de 
Medici ii 
Florence. 

1458. T h e 
French 
rule in Ge- 
noa. 

P o p « 
Pius II 
(^EneasSil 
vius.) 



1463. War of 
Venice with 
the Turks. 



1464.Pierode' 
Medici at 
Florence. 

Pope 
Paul II. 

1466. Gale- 
azzo Maria 
S f o r z 
duke 
Milan. 

1469. Lorenzo 
de' Medici 
succeeds 
Piero. 



1471. Sixtus 
IV. pope. 

Power of 
the Medici 
increases. 

Learning 
flourishes. 



1456. Turks 
repulsed at 
Belgrade 
which is de- 
fended by 
Hunvady 
and Cap is - 
trano. 



1454. Poland: — Confirm- 
ation of the national 
liberties in the statute 
of Nieszawa. 

1454. Poland:— War 

with the Teutonic 
Order. 



1458. H u n g a r y: — 
Matthias Corvinus — 
makes his country 
formidable to her 
neighbors. 



1462. Russia:— Ivan III. 
1463. Warj the Great succeeds, 
with Ven- 



1466. Peace of Thorn.— 
East Prussia a fief of 
Poland. — West Prus- 
sia ceded to Poland. 

1468. Uzun Hasan, mas- 
ter of all Persia. 



1470. — forms an alliance 
| with the Venetians 
and the duke of Burgundy against the 
Turks — conquers Bagdad. 



1475. The 
Crimea sub- 
jugated by 
the Turks. 



1472. Russia: — Ivan 
marries Sophia, niece 
of the Greek emperor. 



122 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I476 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



England, Scotland, 
etc. 



France. 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



1477 



Caxton establishes his 
printing press at West- 
minster. 



14S6 



14S8 



1490 



Lady Juliana Berners, one 
of the earliest woman 
writers of England, pub- 
lishes treatise on sports, 
"Boke of St. Albans." 

Leonardo da Vinci, painter, 
scul.ptor, architect, and 
scientist. 

Marsilio Ficino and John 
Pico Mirandola, Italian 
Platonists. 

Bartholomew Dias rounds 
the Cape of Good Hope. 

Martin Behaim (Nurem- 
berg) constructs his 
terrestrial globe. 



14S0. War with Scotland 



14S3. Edward V., king, 
Richard, Protector. — 
The king and his 
brother murdered in 
the Tower. 

Richard III., king. 

14S5. Henry, earl of 
Richmond, lands at 
Milford Haven. 

Battle of Bosworth 
Field; — Richard de- 
feated and slain. 

House of Tudor. 
Henry VII., king. 

14S6-S7. Lambert Sim- 
nel, pretender. 

The Star Chamber 
established. 

1487. James IV. 
Scotland. 



1476. — who 
is defeated 
at Granson 
and Morat, 
and 

1477. —slain 
at Nancy. 
Artois and 
Burgundy 
united to 
the French 



1483. Charles 
VIII. be- 
comes king 



1476. Spain: 
Inst i t u- 
tion of the 
Santa Her- 
mandad 
or Sacred 
Brother- 
hood for 
the preser- 
vation of 
i n t ernal 
order. 

1479. Union 
of Castile 
and Ara- 
gon under 
Ferdinand 
II. and 
Isabella. 



1481. The In- 
quisition 
in Seville. 

Portugal : 
John II. be- 
comes king. 



1487-1494. 
The grand- 
mastership 
of the great 
chivalric 
orders of 
Spain is as- 
sumed by 
the crown. 



1490 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



123 



Germany. 



Italy. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1477 



1479 



Marriage of Maximilian 
and Mary of Burgundy. 

War between the emperor 
and Hungary. 



Maximilian defeats the 
French at Guinegate. 



Vienna taken 
Hungarians. 



by the 



1490 Vladislav of Bohemia 
chosen king of Hungary 
on the death of Matthias 1 
Corvinus. 



1478. Conspi- 
racy of the 
Pazzi at 
Florence. 
Giulio, 
brother of 
Lorenzo de' 
Medici, 
slain. 



14S4. Inno- 
cent VIII. 
pope. 



1479. Peace 
with Ven- 
ice; Turks 
o b t a i n 
Lemnos and 
Albania. 

1480. — cap- 
ture and 
d e s t r o y 
Otranto. 

1481. Baja- 
zet II. the 
first un war- 
like sultan. 



1485. War 
with Egypt. 



1477. Hungary: — War 
with Frederick III. 

1478. Russia: — Ivan III. 
captures Novgorod. 



1480. The Mongol yoke 
thrown off. 



1481. Denmark: — John 
partially acknow- 
ledged in Sweden. 



1485. Hungary: — Mat- 
thias Corvinus takes 
Vienna. 



124 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I49I A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. England, Scotland, etc. France. 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



1492 



1493 



1497 
-98 

1498 



DISCOVERY OF 

AMERICA. 



The second 
Columbus.- .. 
colony at Hispaniola 



voyage of 1493. Perkin Warbeck 
A Spanish pretends to be Rich- 
ard, duke of York 



1494. Poynings' Law 
makes Irish parlia 
ment dependent on 
English government. 



1502 



The discoveries of John 
and Sebastian Cabot. 

Vasco da Gama reaches 
India. 

Third voyage of Columbus 
He discovers Trinidad 
and sights the American 
Continent. 

Lisbon the great seat of 
trade — Venice declines 

Maritime enterprises great- 
ly extended. 

Niccolo Machiavelli, 
statesman and historian. 

Amerigo Vespucius's voy- 
age. 



Fourth voyage of Colum- 
bus. 

Raphael, Michael Angelo, 
Titian, Correggio, paint - 



1497. Cabot makes dis- 
coveries in America 
V/arbecis captured 



1499. Earl of Warwick- 
last of the Plantage 
nets, executed. 



1503. James IV. of 
Scotland marri es 
Margaret of England 



1491. Brit- 
tany unit- 
ed to the 
crown by 
the king's 
m arriage 
with Anne. 



1494. In- 
vasion of 
Italy. 

1495. Battle 
of Fornovo , 
French 
victory. 

1498. Louis 
XII. be- 
comes king. 



1499. —in- 
vades Italy 
— conquers 
the Milan- 
ese Duchy. 

1500. Treaty 
with Fer- 
dinand, of 
Aragon, for 
the con- 
quest and 
partition of 
Naples. 



1492. Con- 

q uest of 
Granada 
by Gonsal- 
vo de Cor- 
dova. 

D isappear- 
ance of 
Moo ri s h 
power.' 

Discovery of 
America 
by Colum- 
bus. — The 
Jews ex- 
pelled from 
Spain. 

1497-98. Vas- 
co de Gama 
doubles the 
Cape of 
Good Hope 
and reaches 
India. 



1502. Moors 
in Spain 
offered al- 
ternative 
of baptism 
or exile. 



1505. Alme- 
ida, Portu- 
guese gov - 
ernor in the 
Indies. 



1505 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



125 



Germany. 



Italy. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



149.: 



1495 



Maximilian I. 



Public peace established, 
private wars forbidden , 
the imperial chamber 
instituted as a supreme 
court. 



1501 



1502 



Creation of the Aulic Coun- 
cil. 



University of Wittenberg 
founded. 



1492.PieroII. 
succeeds 
his father 
Lorenzo in 
Florence. 

Pope Al- 
exander 
VI. (Bor- 
gia). 

1494. Expe- 
dition of 
Charles 
VIII. into 
Italy. 



1501. Par- 
tit ion of 
Naples 
b e tw een 
France and 
Spain. 



1503. Pope 
Pius III. 

Pope 
Julius II. 

The 
French de- 
feated at 
Cerignola 
and Gari- 
gliano. 

1504. Naples 
annexed to 
Aragon. 



1492. 

with 
gary, 



War 1492. Poland: — John 
Hun- Albert. 



1499. Naval 
victory 
over the 
Venetians 
at Sapien- 

73.. 



1503. Peace 
with Hun ■ 
gary. 



America discovered 
Columbus. 



by 



1493. Spanish colony at 
Hispaniola. — Alexan- 
der VI. publishes the 
Bull of Demarcation. 



1497-1503. Voyages of 
Amerigo Vespucius. — 
South American coast 
explored. 



1500. Cabral reaches 
coast of Brazil. 



1501. Poland : — Alex- 
ander succeeds. 

1502. Ismail Shah Sufi 
makes himself sole 
sovereign of Persia. — ■ 
Destruction of the 
Golden Horde and end 
of Mongol power in 
Russia. 



126 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1506 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc 



England, Scotland, etc 



France. 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



1506 



St. Peter's begun. 



1506. Colum- 
bus dies at 
Valladolid. 



1507. Genoa 1507. Xime- 
united to nes made 
France. cardinal. 



1509. Henry VIII. 



1511. ■ — joins the Holy- 
League against France 



1513. Invasion of the 
Scots. — Battle of Flod 
den — the Scottish king 
killed. 
James V. 

1515. Wolsey, chancellor 
and cardinal. 



1516 
1517 



Sir Thomas More's Utopia 
published. 

Luther, Erasmus, Melanch- 
thon, and other reform- 
ers. 

Hans Sachs, German meis- 
ter singer. 



1510. T h 
Council of 
Tours, to 
support 
the king 
against the 
pope. 

1511. Holy 
League 
formed 
against 
France by 
Pope Ju- 
lius II., 
Spain, the 
empire, 
and Eng 
land. 

1512. French 
victory at 
Ravenna. 



1515. Francis 
I. 

invades 
Italy — vie- 
t o r y of 

Marignano. 
Genoa and 
Milan sub 
mit. 

1516. Con- 
cordat with 
the pope 
instead of 
Pragmatic 
Sanction. 



1509-10. 
Oran, Al- 
giers, and 
Tripoli 
subdued 
by Spain. 



1516. Charles 
I. king of 
all Spain, 
and the 
N e t h e r- 
lands. 



1518 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



127 



Germany. 



Italy. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1508 



Maximilian enters Italy 
to be crowned by the 
pope. 

— joins the League of 
Cambray. 



1512 



1516 
1517 

1518 



— divides the empire into 
ten circles. — Joins the 
Holy League. 



Louis II., of Bohemia and 
Hungary. 

Commencement of the 
Reformation. 

Luther summoned to 
Rome; he appeals to a 
general council. 



1508. League 
ofCambray 
against 
Venice 
formed by 
France, 
Spain, the 
emperor, 
and the 
pope. 

1509. Vene- 
tians de 
feated at 
Agnadello 



1511. Holy 
League to 
expel the 
French 
Council 
of Pisa. 



1513. Pope 
Leo X. 

(Giovanni 
de'Medici") 
patron of 
literature 
and arts. 



1506. Poland: — Sigismund 
I. (the Great). 



1510. America: — Settle- 
ment at Darien. 

Goa in India taken 
by the Portuguese. 



1511. America: — Cuba 
conquered. 



1512.SelimI. 

dethrones 1513. America.:— Florida 
an d puts to discovered . 
death his South Sea first reached 

father. by Balboa. 



1514. The 
P ersi a ns 
defeated at 
Chaldiran 
— Georgia 
and Kur- 
distan add- 
ed to the 
empire. 



1516. Syria 
conquered 

1517. Egypt 
conquered 



1515. De Soto reaches the 
La Plata River. 



1518. Khair-ed-din suc : 
ceeds his brother Arouj 
(Barbarossa) in Algiers. 



128 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I 5 19 A.D.- 



1519 

-22 



1526 



1528 



Progress of Society, etc. England, Scotland, etcJ France. 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



First circumnavigation of 
the globe, by Magellan. | 



Tyndale's translation of 
the New Testament 
brought into England. 

Ariosto, Italian poet. 

Hans Holbein, German 
painter. 



Death of Albrecht Durer. 



1520. The Emperor 
Charles V. visits Eng- 
land. — M e e t i n g of 
Henry and Francis I 
of France at the "Field 
of the Cloth of Gold." 



1521. The doctrines of 
Luther opposed by 
Henry, in his book on 
the Seven Sacraments 
— he receives the title 
of "Defender of the 
Faith." 



1527. The question of 
Henry VIII. 's divorce 
submitted to the pope. 



1528. Patrick Hamilton 
burned, first Protest- 
ant martyr. 



1519-21. 

Conquest 
of Mexico 
by Cortes. 
1520-1521. 
Rising of 
the Com- 
muneros in 
Spain. 



1521. First 
war with 
Charles V 



1523. The 

constable 
of Bourbon 
joins the 
emperor 
against 
Francis I. 

The im- 
perial and 
English 
troops in- 
vade 
France. 

1525. Francis 
defeated 
and taken 
prisoner at 
Pavia. 



1527 



Third 
war with 
Charles V. 



1528 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



129 



1519 



1521 



1524 



1525 



1526 



Germany. 



Charles V., emperor 
(Charles I. of Spain). 



The archduke Ferdinand 
marries Anne, sister of 
Louis of Bohemia and 
Hungary, whence the ac- 
cession of Bohemia and 
Hungary to the House 
of Hapsburg. 

Diet of Worms. 



The Peasant Revoltand the 
Anabaptist movement. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The peasants under Thomas 
Miinzer defeated. 



Charles marries 

of Portugal. 
Death of Frederick 

Saxony. 



Isabella 



of 



1522. Pope 
Adrian VI 



1523. Clement 
VII., pope. 



1525. Spain 
acquires 
the ascen- 
dency by 
the victory 
of Pavia. 



1527. The 
Medici ex 
pelled from 
Florence 

Rome 
s torme d 
by the im 
perialists 
under the 
constable 
of Bourbon 

1528. French 
expelled 
from Genoa 
by Doria. 



1520. Soli- 
man, (the 
M a g n i fi 
cent) be 
comes era 
peror. 



1521. Bel- 
grade 
taken by 
storm. 

1522. Rhodes 
capitulates 



1526. Inva- 
sion of 
Hun ga r y 
and victory 
at Mohacs 
where Louis 
II., of Hun 
gary per 
ishes. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1519-1521. Mexico con- 
quered by the Spaniards 
under Cortes. 

1520. Christian II. of 
Denmark invades Swe- 
den, overthrows Sten 
Sture and perpetrates a 
massacre at Stockholm. 



1523 Sweden:— Revolt un- 
der Gustavus Vasa. — 
The Danes expelled. — 
Union of Calmar dis- 
solved. 

Denmark and Nor- 
wav : — Frederick I. 



1525. Albert, grand-master 
of Teutonic Order makes 
East Prussia a secular 
possession and holds it 
of the king of Poland. 

1526. Baber founds the 
Mogul dynasty at Delhi. 



130 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1529 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


England, Scotland, etc. France. 


Spain and 
Portugal. 






1529. Fall of Wolsey.— Sir 


1529. Treaty 








Thomas More, Lord 


of C a m- 








Chancellor. — Rise of 


b r a y. — ■ 








Thomas Cromwell. 


France 
abandons 




1530 


Spinning wheel invented in 

Germany. 
Rabelais, French satirist. 


1533. The king marries 
Anne Boleyn. 

Cranmer made arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. 


all claims 
in Ita y. 

1532. Calvin 
preaches. 




1534 


Ignatius Loyola founds the 
Order of the Jesuits. 

John Knox, Scottish re- 
former. 


1534. England breaks 
away from the Roman 
church. 






1542 


Xavier plants Christianity 










in India. 


1535. Bishop Fisher and 
Sir Thomas More be- 
headed. 

Henry makes himself 
head of the church. 

1536. — marries Jane Sey- 
mour. — Suppression of 
the smaller monasteries. 

1539. Henry marries Anne 
of Cleves. 


1536. Fourth 
war with 
Charles V. 

1538. Truce 

of Nice — 
for ten 


1535. Acqui- 
sition of 
Milan by 
S p a i n. — 
Tunis 
taken by 
Charles V. 






1540. Fall of Cromwell. 


Attempt 
to recover 
power in 
Italy; 
hence the 


1540. Portu- 
gal: — Lis- 
bon, the 
market of 
the world. 






1542. Mary, queen of 


1542. Fifth 


1542. Com- 






Scots — Earl of Arran, 


French 


mercial 






regent. 


war. 


treaty be- 
tween Por- 


1543 


Copernicus publishes his 


1543. Henry marries 




tugal and 




De Revolutionibus Or- 


Catherine Parr. 




Japan. 




bium Cwlestium. 


1544. Henry invades France 


1544. Peace 






Vesalius's work on Anat- 


— takes Boulougne. 


of Crespy. 






omy. 




1545. The 






Roger Ascham, tutor of 




Vaudois in 






Queen Elizabeth. 




F r a nee 
massacred. 





1546 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



131 



A.D. 


Germany. 


Italy. 


Ottoman 
Empire. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1529 


The Turks besiege Vienna. 




1529. Inva- 


1529. Lutheranism es- 




— Diet of Spires. — Luth- 




sion of Ger- 


tablished in Sweden 




erans first called Protes- 




many. — 


by action of national 




tants. 




Siege of 
Vienna. 


council. 


1530 


The Diet of Augsburg 


1530. Medici 


The Otto- 


1530. Malta given to the 




witnesses the appearance 


restored. — 


man navy 


knights of Rhodes by 




of the Protestant con- 


Charles V. 


formidable 


Charles V. 




fession. 


crowned at 


under 


Russia: — I van IV. 






Bologna. 


Khair-ed- 


(the Terrible.) 


1531 


The Smalkaldic League 
organized. 




din Barba- 
rossa. 


1533. Norway and Den- 
mark: — Christian III. 

1533-1534. Conquest of 
Peru by Pizarro com- 
pleted. 


1534 


Anabaptists under John of 


1534. Paul III 




1534-1535. Cortes in lower 




Leyden establish them- 


pope. 




California. 




selves in Mtinster. 


1537. Cosmo 
de' Medici, 
duke of 


1535. — w h 
seizes Tu- 
nis.— T h e 
em pe ror, 
Charles V., 
restores 
the Moor- 
ish king. — 
Turks take 
Bagdad. 


1535. Cartier in the St. 
Lawrence R iver. 

1536. Portugese establish 
themselves in Macao, 
China. 


1538 


Congress of Nice between 
the emperor, the pope, 
and the king of France. 


Florence. 

1540. Investi- 
ture of Mi- 
lan con- 
ferred by 




1539. De Soto's expedition 
sets out. 

1540-1542. Coronado's ex- 
pedition in the south- 
western United States. 


1541 


The Turks overrun Hun- 


Charles V. 


1541. De- 


1541. Orellana's voyage 




gary. 


on his son , 
Philip. 


struction of 
an arma- 
ment led 
by Charles 
V. against 


down the Amazon. 

De Soto discovers the 
Mississippi River. 


1543 


War against France. 




Algiers. — 
Soliman, 
theMagnif- 
icent, mas- 
ter of Hun- 
gary. 




1544 


Diet of Spires. 


1545. Counci' 
of Trent 




1545. South America : — 
Mines of Potosi dis- 


1546 


The Smalkaldic war. 


opened. 




covered. 



132 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1547 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


England, Scotland, etc. 


France. 


Spain and 
Portugal. 


1547 


The Earl of Surrey, poet, 
introduces the sonnet 
into English poetry. 

Palestrina, founder of 
Italian church music. 

Titian, painter. 

Scaliger, J. C, philologist. 

Montaigne, French essay- 
ist. 


1547. Edward VI. 

Somerset invades Scot- 
land — defeats the Scots 
at Pinkie. 

1549. The first Prayer 
Book issued and pre- 
scribed by act of Parlia- 
ment. 


1547. Henry 
II. The 

famous 
Catherine 
de' Medici, 
queen. 

1552. Sixth 
war with 
Charles V. 




1553 


(about) . Ralph Roister Bols- 
ter, the first English 
comedy. 

Cardan, Italian phil- 
osopher. 


1553. Northumberland in- 
trigues to settle the 
crown on Lady Jane 
Grey, his daughter-in- 
law. 

Death of Edward VI.; 
Mary becomes queen. 
Catholicism restored 

1554. The queen marries 
Philip, of Spain. — Lord 
Dudley and Lady Jane 
Grey executed. 

1555. Bloody persecution 
of Protestants. 


1553. France 
obtains 
possession 
of M e t z, 
Toul, and 
Verdun. 


1555. Philip 
of Spain 
receives 
the Nether- 
lands. 

1556. Charles 
abdicates. 
— Philip 
I I., king 
of S p a i n , 
Nether- 
lands, Mi- 
lan, the Si- 
cilies, and 
American 
possessions 






1557. War with France to 
support Spain. 


1557. The 

French de- 
feated at 
St. Quentin 


1557. Portu- 
gal: — Se- 
bastian. 






1558. Calais lost. 

Elizabeth becomes 


1558. — at 
Gravelines. 








queen. 

Cecil, Lord Burleigh, 
secretary of state. 







I55§ A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



133 



A.D. 


Germany. 


Italy. 


Ottoman 


The World, elsewhere. 








Empire. 


1547 


The Smalkaldic forces de- 










feated at Miihlberg. 




1548. The 


1548. Poland: — Sigismund 




Maurice becomes elector 




Turks in- 


II. (Augustus). 




of Saxony. 


1550. Julius 
III., pope. 

1551. Second 
session of 
Council of 
Trent. 


vade Per- 
sia. 

1551. Tripoli 
taken from 
the Mal- 
tese knight 


1549. The Jesuits enter 
Brazil. 


1552 


Treaty of Passau secures 




1552. In - 


1550. Antonio de Mendoza 




religious liberty to the 




vasion of 


viceroy of Peru. 




Protestants. 




Hungary. 






Fruitless siege of Metz by 






Russia: — Ivan, the 




Charles V. 






Terrible, overthrows the 
Khanate of Kazan. 


1553 


Death of Maurice, of Sax- 
ony, at Sievershausen. 




1553. War 

with Persia 
concluded. 




1555 


The Peace of Augsburg — 
reaffirms toleration of 
Protestants and con- 
cedes them representa - 
tion in the Imperial 
Chamber. 


1555. Mar- 
cellus II., 
pope. 

Paul IV. 
(Caraffa) , 
pope. 






1556 


Charles V. abdicates. 

Ferdinand I. , emperor and 
king of Hungary and 
Bohemia. 

Coronation by the pope 
relinquished. 


1557. The 
grand 
duchy of 
Tuscany 
established 
under Cos- 
mo de' Me- 
dici. 




1556. India: — Jelal-ed-din 
Akbar becomes Mogul 
emperor, a patron of 
science and literature, 
aided by his ministers 
Abu Fazl and Sheikh 
Faizi. 

— raises the Mogul 
empire to its greatest 
splendor. 



134 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1559 A.D.- 



A. D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


England, Scotland, etc. 


France. 


Spain and 
Portugal. 


1559 


Foundation of Geneva 


1559. Protestantism es- 


1559. Peace 


1559. Mar- 




Academy (now the Uni- 


tablished by Acts of 


of Cateau- 


garet of 




versity). 


Uniformity and Supre- 


Cambresis 


Parma be- 






macy. 


and end 


comes re- 




Foundation of Jesuit Col- 




of struggle 


gent of the 




leges in opposition to 


The Puritans begin to 


be t ween 


Nether- 




Protestant Schools. The 


appear. 


France and 


lands with 




first at Coimbra, in 




the empire 


Granvella 




Portugal. 




Francis 
II., Duke 
of Guise 
in power. 


as her 
counsellor. 


1560 


Ronsard and the other 


1560. Scotland: — Catholi- 


1560. Charles 






poets of the Pliiade in 
France. 


cism abolished by parlia- 


IX., 






ment. 








Paolo Veronese, painter. 


1562. O'Neill's rebellion in 
Ireland. 


1562. Relig- 
ious liberty 






Guarini, Italian poet. 




granted to 
the Hugue- 
nots. 

First 
civil relig- 
ious war- 
Huguenots 
supported 
by E n g- 
1 a n d — de- 
f ea t ed at 
Dreux. 

1563. Peace 




1564 


Death of Michael Angelo 
and of Calvin, birth of 
Shakespeare. 

Camoens, Portuguese poet. 




of A m - 
boise ends 
war. 






Justus Lipsius, scholar. 


1565. Scotland: — Mary 
marries Lord Darnley. 




1565. Occu- 
pation of 




Thomas Tallis, English 


Revolt of Protestants. 




the Philip- 




musician. 


- 




pines by 

the Span- 
ish. 






1567. Shane O'Neill de- 


1567. The 


1567. Duke of 






feated and killed. 


second war 
— Hugue- 


Alva, gov- 
ernor of the 






Scotland : — Darnley mur- 


nots de- 


Nether - 






dered — the queen marries 


feated at 


lands; he 






earl of Bothwell — is de- 


St. Denis. 


establishes 
the Bloody 
Tribunal. 






throned and imprisoned 
at Lochleven. 








James VI., king of 










Scotland. 







1567 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



135 



Germany. 



Italy. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1562 



1564 



1566 



1559. Pius IV 
(Medici) 
pope. 

Peace of 
Cat ea u - 
Cpmbresis 
terminates 
the French 
wars in 
Italy. 



Maximilian elected king of 
the Romans. 



Maximilian II., emperor. 



Szigeth in Hungary taken 
by the Turks. 



1562. Council 
of Trent 
reassem 
bled. 



1566. Pius V. 
pope. 



1560. Fleet of 
the Italian 
states de 
feated at 
the island 
of Djerbe 



1565. Unsuc- 
c e s s f u 1 
siege of 
Malta 
which is 
defended 
by the 
knights 
under La 
Valette. 

1566. Death 
of Soliman 
at the siege 
of Szigeth. 

Selimll., 
sultan. 



1559. Denmark and Nor- 
way: — Frederick II. 

Decrease of the in- 
fluence of the Hanse 
towns. 



1560. Sweden:— Eric XIV. 
becomes king. 



1562. Ribault's colony at 
Port Royal. 



1564. Coligny sends a 
second colony of Hugue- 
nots to Florida — de- 
stroyed by the Span- 
iards. (1565). — St. Au- 
gustine founded, 1565. 



136 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1568 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


England, Scotland, etc. 


France. 


Spain and 
Portugal. 






1568. Mary, queen of Scots , 


1568. Treaty 








takes refuge in England 


of Long- 








and is imprisoned. 


jumeau 
ends war. 

1569. Third 

civil war. 
Huguenots 
routed at 
Jarnac. — 
Conde de- 
feated at 
Montcon - 
tour. 








1570. Elizabeth excom- 




1570. War 






municated by the pope. 




with the 
Turks. 






Scotland: — Lennox re- 










gent. 




1571. Naval 
victory at 
Le p a n 1 
won by 
John of 


1572 


Camoens publishes his 
Lusiads. 




1572. Mass- 
acre of St. 
Bartholo- 
mew. 

Fourth 
civil war. 

1573. Peace 
of Rochelle. 

1574. Henry 
III., be- 
comes king. 

Fifth war 


Austria. 


1575 


University of Leyden 


1575. The sovereignty of 


with the 






founded. 


Holland offered to Eliza- 
beth and declined. 


Huguenots 

1576. The 
Catholic 
League. 


1576Antwerp 
sacked by 
the Span- 
ish soldiers. 
The Paci- 
fication of 
Ghent con- 
cluded by 
John of 
Austria. 


1577 


Sir Francis Drake begins 




1577. Sixth 


1577. The 




his voyage round the 




rel igio us 


Perpetual 




world. 




war. 


Edict pub- 
lished. 




Tasso, Italian poet. 









1577 A - D - 



UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



137 



A.D. 


Germany. 


Italy. 


Ottoman 
Empire. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1568 


The duchy of Prussia made 
hereditary in the House 
of Hohenzollern. 


1569. Flor- 
ence be- 
comes the 
gran d 
duchy of 
Tuscany. 

Cosmo 
de' Medici 
declared 
grand duke 
of Tuscany 
by Pius V. 




1568. Sweden:— John III. 
becomes king. 

1569. Poland and Lithua- 
nia united by the Diet of 
Lublin. 






1570. War 0: 


Venice with 


1570. Peaceof Stettin, be- 






the Porte. 




tween Denmark and 
Sweden. 






1571. Cypru 


; reduced by 


1571. Russia raided by 






the Turks 


Battle of 


the khan of Crimea. 






Lepanto. 












Moscow burnt. 






1572.Gregory 




1572. Extinction of the Ja- 






XIII., pope. 




gellonian dynasty in 
Poland with Sigismund 
Augustus. The crown 
becomes elective. 






1573. Cyprus 


1573. Peace 


1573. Japan:— Fall of the 






yielded to 


with Ven- 


Ashikaga shoguns; No- 






the Porte 


ice. 


bunaga supreme. 






by Venice. 










1574. Flor- 


1574. Amu- 


1574. Poland: — Henry of 






ence: Fran- 


rath III. 


Valois chosen king; he 






cesco Maria 




escapes to France. 






succ eeds 






1575 


Maximilian II. seeks the 
Polish throne. 


Cosmo. 




1575. Poland: — Stephen 
Bathori chosen king; he 
strengthens the Jesuits. 


1576 


Rudolph II., emperor, 
king of Bohemia and 
Hungary. 

The Catholic reaction 
makes rapid progress in 
the Austrian dominions. 









138 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1578 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


England, Scotland, etc, 


France. 


Spain and 
Portugal. 










1578. Sebas- 










ti an in- 










vades Mor- 










occo and 










perishes in 










the battle 










of Alcazar- 










quivir. 










Port.:— 










Henry I. 










1579. Union 






1579. Marriage negotiations 




of Utrecht , 






between Elizabeth and 




beginning 






the Duke of Anjou. 


1580. The 


of Dutch 
in dep en - 
dence. 

1580. Portu- 
gal falls un- 






1581. Levant Company 


seventh 


der Spanish 


1582 


Gregorian reformation of 
the calendar. 

Tycho Brahe, astronomer. 


chartered. 

1585. Raleigh's colony in 
Virginia. 

War with Spain. 


war. 

1584. The 
Catholic 
League re- 
organized. 

1585. Eighth 
war , the 
war of the 
three 
Henries. 


dominion. 


1586 


Tobacco brought to Eng- 
land. 


1586. Earl of Leicester 
lands in Holland with 
an English army. Sir 
Philip Sidney killed at 
Zutphen. 

1587. Execution of Mary 
Stuart. 










1588. The Spanish Armada 


1588. Revolt 


1588. Defeat 






destroyed. 


of Paris 
against 
Henry III. 
and for the 
Guises. 
1589. Assass- 
ination of 
Henry III ; 
H u s e of 
Bourbon 
Henry IV. 
He wins 
the battle 
of Arques. 


of the 
Spanish 
armada. 

1589. English 
volunteers 
under 
Drake and 
Norris, re- 
pulsed 
from Lis- 
bon. 


1590 


Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia. 

Spenser. 

The Carracci, celebrated 

painters of Bologna. 
Kepler, astronomer. 




1590. Battle 
of Ivry. 





I5QO A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



139 









Ottoman 




A.D. 


Germany. 


Italy. 


Empire. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1579 


Duke William, of Bavaria, 




1579. English 


1579. Commencement of 




friend of the Jesuits. 




e omm er- 


the Dutch Republic by 




The imperial authority 




cial repre- 


the Union of Utrecht: 




disregarded by the 




sentatives 


William, prince of 




princes of the empire, 




in Constan- 


Orange, stadtholder. 




who wage war among 




tinople. 






themselves. 


1580. Charles 
Emmanuel 
duke of Sa- 
voy. 

1585. Sixtus 
V., pope, 
active and 
energetic — 
co rre ct s 
abuses in 
the church 


1581. First 
trade with 
England. 

1583. English 
ambassador 
sent to Con- 
stantinople. 


1584. William of Orange 
assassinated. 

1585. North America: — 
First English colony 
founded in Virginia, by 
Sir W. Raleigh. 

Persia acquires power 
under Abbas the Great. 


1586 


Struggle in Saxony be- 


erects 




1586. Battle of Zutphen: 




tween Lutherans and 


building 




death of Sir Philip 




Calvinists. 


for Vatican 
library. 

1590. Urban 

VII., pope. 

Gregory 

XIV., pope. 




Sidney. 

1587. Poland: — Sigismund 
III., king. 

1588. Denmark: — Christian 
IV. 



140 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1591 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



England, Scotland, etc. 



France. 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



1591. Troops sent to 
France to aid Henry IV. 



1593. Act for religious con- 
formity. 



1596. Cadiz attacked and 
the Spanish fleet burnt 
by the earl of Essex. 

1598. Revolt of O'Neill, 
earl of Tyrone. 



1593. Henry 
abjures 
Protestan- 
tism. 



1594. Paris 
submits to 
Henry. 

Jesuits 
banished. 

1595. War 

with Spain. 



1598. Peace 
of Vervins 

Edict of 
Nantes — 
granting 
toleration 
to Protes- 
tants. 

Ministry 
of Sully. 



1598. Philip 
III., king 
of Spain. 



1598 A -D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



141 



A.D. 


Germany. 


Italy. 


Ottoman 
Empire. 


The World, elsewhere. 






1591. Inno- 










cent IX., 










pope. 










1592. Clement 




1592. Japanese under 


1593 


War with Turkey. 


VIII., pope. 


1593. War 

with the 
empire in 
Hungary. 

1594. The 
grand vi- 
zier takes 
Raab. 

1595.Moham- 
med III. 

Turkish 
power in 
Hungary 
decl ines ; 
defeated 
at Gran — 
revolt of 
Wallachia. 


Hideyoshi invade Corea. 
Sweden: — Sigismund 
III., of Poland, succeeds 
to the Swedish crown. 

1595. The regent Charles 
assumes independent 
authority. 


1596 


Imperialists defeated by 
the Turks in the battle 
of Keresztes. 




1596. Mo- 
ll am m ed 
leads his 
troops, and 
defeats the 
Germans 
at Keresz- 
tes. 


1598. Russia:— The house 
of Rurik becomes ex- 
tinct in the person of 
Feodor I. 

Boris Godunov suc- 
ceeds. 

Sigismund lands in 
Sweden, to re-establish 
his power — but is de- 
feated and returns to 
Poland. 



142 



TABULAR VIEWS 



160O A.D.- 









England, Scotland, 




A.D. 


Progress of Society. 


America. 


etc. 


France. 


1600 


Shakespeare, Fletcher. Ben 




1600. The Cowrie con- 


1600. Henry 




Jonson. — Napier inven- 




spiracy in Scotland. 


IV. mar- 




tor of logarithms. 




1601. Earl of Essex 


ries Marie 
de' Medici. 




Lord Bacon, celebrated 




beheaded. 






philosopher. 




1603. James I. — Union 


1603. The 




Lope de Vega, Spanish 




of the English and 


Jesuits 




dramatist. 




Scotch crowns. 


re-enter 
France. 




English East India Com- 










pany chartered. 










William Gilbert publishes 










his work on magnetism. 








1604 


Conference at Hampton 

Court. 
New translation of the 

Bible begun (published 

1611). 


1604. Port Royal, 
Acadia, colo- 
nized by the 
French (De 
Monts and 
Poutrincourt). 






1605 


Cervantes's Don Quixote 
(first part) appears. 


1607. English 
settlement at 
Jamestown 
(first perma- 
nent one in 
North Amer- 
ica). 

1608. Quebec 
founded. 

1609. Hudson in 


1605. The Gunpowder 
Plot. 

1609. The charter of 




1610 


(1608?) Telescope invented 


New York Bay. 


the East India Com- 


1610. Henry 




in Holland. 


1612. The tobac- 
co plant intro- 
duced into Vir- 
ginia. 


pany renewed. 

1611. Colonization of 
Ulster in Ireland by 
English and Scotch. 


IV., with 
England 
and Hol- 
land, plans 
the down- 
fall of the 
Hapsburg 
power. 

Assassi- 
nation of 
Henry IV. 
by Ravail- 
lac. 

Louis 
XIII ., 

king, Marie 
de' Medici, 
regent. 



1613 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



143 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1605 



Leo XI., pope. 
Paul V., pope. 



1609 



Tuscany: — Cosmo 1 1 . 

Expulsion of the 
Moors. 

Leghorn, the empo- 
rium of the Levant 
trade. 



1606. Peace be- 
tween the em- 
pire and the 
Turks. 



1608. Protestant 
Union, under 
Frederick, the 
elector pala- 
tine. 

1609. The Catho- 
lic League, un- 
der the Duke 
of Bavaria. 

Bohemia re- 
ceives a royal 
charter. 



1612. Matthias 
emperor. 



1601. Shah 
Abbas of 
Persia be- 
gins the re- 
conquest 
of lost pro- 
vinces. 



1605. Shah 
Abbas wins 
the battle 
of Basso- 
rah. 



1603. Japan: — Tokugawa 
Iyeyasu makes himself 
shogun ; his descendants 
retain power till 1868. 



1613. Sinope 
on the Black 
Seaplunder- 
ed by the 
Cossacks. 



1604. Sweden: Charles IX. 



1605. India: — Jehangir, 
Mogul emperor. 

Russia:Death of Boris 
Godunoff ; appearance of 
the false Demetrius; 
anarchy. 



1609. India:— Arrival of 
Hawkins, first English 
envoy from the East In- 
dia Company. 

1611. Sweden: — Gustavus 
Adolphus, king. — War 
with Denmark. — Axel 
Oxenstiern, minister. 

1612. Russia: — A national 
uprising under Minin 
and Pozharski leads to 
the expulsion of the 
Poles. 

1613. Russia: — Michael 
Romanoff, czar, founder 
of the present ruling 
line. 



i 4 4 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1614 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



America. 



England, Scotland. 
etc. 



France. 



1616 



1619 



1620 



1622 



1627 



Death of Shakespeare and 
Cervantes. 



Negro slavery introduced 
into Virginia. 



Bacon's Novum Organum. 
Thermometers invented by 

Drebbel. 
Inigo Jones, celebrated 

architect. 
Martin Opitz, German poet. 

First newspaper (weekly) 

in England. 
Peter Paul Rubens, painter. 
Massinger, the dramatist. 



The Parian marbles 
brought to England by 
the earl of Arundel. 

Harvey publishes his work 
on the circulation of the 
blood. 

Edward Coke, the great 
jurist. 



1614. Manhattan 1614. King resorts to 
Island settled! Benevolences, 
by the Dutch 



1619. Negro 

slaves first im 
ported to Vir- 
ginia. 



1620. Emigration 
of Pilgrims to 
New England 
and founding 
of Plymouth 

1621. John Car- 
ver, 1st Gover- 
nor of Ply 
mouth. 



1623. New Hamp 
shire settled. 



1625. Maine set 
tied. 



1618. Francis Bacon 
lord chancellor. 

Sir Walter Ra 
leigh executed. 



1614. Last as- 
sembly of 
the States- 
General be- 
foretheRe- 
volution. 

1615. The 
king mar- 
ries Anne, 
of Austria. 
Civil War: 
Cond6 
heads the 
H u g u e- 
nots. 

1617. Ascen- 
dency of 
Luynes be- 
gins. 



1620. Rising 
of the Hu- 
guenots. 



1621. Bacon 

peached. 



1624. Minis- 
try of Car- 
dinal Rich- 
elieu. 
1625. Charles I. 

1627. War with France in support of 
the Huguenots. 



1627 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



H5 





Italy, Spain, and 




Ottoman 




A.D. 


Portugal. 


Germany. 


Empire. 


The World, elsewhere. 










1616. India: — Sir Thomas 










Roe, ambassador from 










James I., of England. 










Manchus invade China. 








1617. Musta- 


1617. Sweden predomi- 








pha I. 


nates in the north. 


1618 


Conspiracy of Bed- 


1618. The Thirty 


1618. Oth- 


1618. Netherlands:— T h e 




mar, the Spanish 


Years' War be- 


man II. 


Synod of Dort. Armin- 




envoy, to reduce 


gins. 




ianism condemned. 




Venice under sub- 










jection to Spain. 


1619. Ferdinand 
II., emperor. 

Fer dinan d 
deposed by the 
Bohemians, 
who chose as 
king the elector 
palatine. 

1620. Victory of 
the White 
Mountain near 
Prague gained 
by the imper- 
ial forces over 


1620. War 

with Po- 
land, and 
victory at 
Jassy. 




1621 


Spain supports the 


the palatine 




1621. Dutch West India 




emperor in Ger- 


king of Bo- 




Company incorporated. 




many. 


hemia. 








Philip IV. 










Italy: — Gregory XV. 










pope. 










Tuscany: — F erdi- 










nand II. 






1622. Persia:— Or muz 


1623 


Italy: — The famous 




1623. Amu- 


gained from the Portu- 




library of the Pala- 




rath (Mu- 


guese by the help of the 




tine at Heidelberg 




rad) IV. ; 


English. 




sent to Rome. 




restores 






Urban VIII., pope. 




tranquilli- 




1625 


Spain: — Naval war 




ty. 


1625. Netherlands :— Breda 




with England. 


1626. Victory of 
Wallens t ein 
over Mansfeld 
at Dessau, and 
victory of Til- 
ly over Chris- 
tian IV., of 
Denmark, at 
Lutter. 




taken by Spinola. 



146 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1628 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


America. 


England, Scotland, 
etc. 


France. 






1628. John Endi- 




1628. La Ro- 






cott at Salem. 




chelle re- 
duced by 
the royal 
troops; end 
of Hugue- 






1629. Quebec 


1629. Parliament dis- 


not am- 






taken by Eng- 


solved and no Parlia- 


bitions. 






lish under 


ment for eleven 








Kirke. 


years. 

Peace with France 








1630. Boston 


1630. and with Spain. 








founded by 










Winthrop. 




1631. Treaty 
with Swe- 
den against 
the em- 
peror. 






1632. Maryland 










settled by a 










colony sent out 










by Lord Balti- 










more. 






1633 


Galileo before the Inquisi- 
tion. 




1633.Wentworth made 
lord-deputy of Ire- 
land and Laud, arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. 
The king visits 
Scotland . — Is 
crowned at Edin- 
burgh. 

1634. Writs for ship- 
money issued. 


1634. Bern- 
h a r d of 
Saxe-Wei- 
mar in the 
French ser- 
vice. 


1635 


French Academy founded. 


1635. Connecticut 




1635. Alli- 




Death of Lope de Vega, 


settled from 




ance with 




Spanish dramatist. 


Massachusetts ; 




Holl and 




Pedro Calderon de la 


Guada loupe 




against 




Barca, Spanish dramat- 


and Martini- 




Spain, for 




ist. 


que, by the 
French. 




the parti- 
tion of the 
Spanish 
Nether- 
lands. 

Alliance 
with Swe- 
den against 
Austria. 



1635 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



147 





Italy, Spain, and 




Ottoman 




A.D. 




Germany. 






The World, elsewhere. 




Portugal. 




Empire. 




1628 


Italy: — General 


1628. Wallenstein 






1628. Persia: — Death of 




Italian war on the 


recovers all the 






Shah Abbas and succes- 




death of the duke 


shores of the 






sion of Shah Soofi I. 




of Mantua. 


Baltic, except 
Stralsund. 

1629. The Edict 
of Restitution 
published. 






1629. Peace of Lubeck 
between the empire and 
Christian IV., of Den- 
mark. 


1630 


Spain : — Peace with 
England. 


1630. Gustavus 
Adolphus lands 
in Germany. — 
Diet of Ratis- 
bon. — Wallen- 
stein dismissed, 
succeeded by 
Tilly. 








1631 


Italy: — Peace of 
C h e r a s c o, — The 
influence of France 
increases. 


1631. Sack of 
Magdeburg, by 
Tilly. — Gusta- 
vus Adolphus 
wins the battle 
of Breitenfeld 
(Leipzig). 












1632. Defeat and 


1632. 


Revolt 


1632. Sweden: — Christina 






death of Tilly, 


of 


Spahis 


queen. — Oxenstiern, re- 






at the Lech. — 


and 


Tanis- 


gent. 






Gustavus takes 


saries sup- 


P 1 a n d: — Vladislav 






Munich. — Wal- 


pressed. 


IV., king. 






lenstein again 






Russia: — War with 






in command. — 






Poland; siege of Smol- 






Battle of Liit- 






ensk. 






zen. — Victory 












and death of 






1633. Union of Heilbronn, 






Gustavus Adol- 






between Sweden and the 






phus. 






German Protestants. 






1634. Wallen- 






1634. Peace of Wiasma, 






stein assassi- 






disadvantageous to 






nated. — Bern- 






Russia. 






hard of Wei- 












mar defeated 












at Nordlingen. 












1635. Peace of 












Prague be- 












tween the em- 












peror and 












Saxony. 









148 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1635 A.D.- 









England, Scotland, 


- 


A.D. 


Progress op Society, etc. 


America. 


etc. 


France. 










1635. Inva- 


1636 


Comeille's Cid, the be- 


1636. Rhode Is- 




sionof Gas- 




ginning of the French 


land settled. 




conybythe 




classical drama. 






Spaniards, 
and of 




Van _ Dyke, Rembrandt, 






P ica r d y, 




painters. 






by the. im- 
perialists, 
who threat- 
en Paris. 






1636. Harvard 


1637. Hampden op- 


1637. The 






College found- 


poses ship-money. 


French 






ed. 


Troubles in Scot- 
land caused by 
Charles's plan to 
overthrow the 


occupy 
Artois. 






1638. Delaware 


Scotch Presbyterian 








settled. 


church and to en- 
force episcopacy. 




1639 


First printing-press in the 


1639. First print- 


1639. Episcopacy abol- 






United States at Cam- 


ing ornce in 


ished in Scotland. 






bridge. 


America, at 


First Bishops' war. 






The Connecticut Constitu- 


Cambridge, by 








tion. 


Stephen Daye. 

Saybrook, 

Conn., founded. 






1640 


The Jansenists, followers 




1640. Parliament as- 


1640. Turin 




of Jansenius, bishop of 




sembled — dissolved 


taken by 




Ypres. 




without effecting 


the French; 




Claude Lorraine, French 




anything. 


Alsace 




painter. 




The Scotch invade 


occupied. 




Death of Rubens. 




England, take pos- 






Thomas Hobbes, philoso- 




session of Newcastle. 






phical writer. 




The Long Parlia- 
ment, Nov. 3. 

Impeachment of 
Strafford and Laud. 








1641. Montreal 


1641. Strafford be- 


1641-42. Al- 






founded. 


headed. — Courts of 
Star Chamber and 
High Commission 
abolished. 

The Grand Remon - 
strance. 

1642. Civil War and 

Revolution. — Battle 
of Edgehill, inde- 
cisive. 


liance with 
P ortugal 
against 
S p a i n. — 
Catalonia 
and Rous- 
sillonrevolt 
and submit 
to France. 

1642. Cinq 
Mars and 
de Thou 
beheaded. 

Death of 
Richelieu. 



1642 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



149 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1640 



Portugal regains her 
independence 
under John IV., of 
Braganza. 



1635. Amu- 
rath takes 
Erivan. 



1638. Bagdad 
taken by 
the Turks. 



1636. Swedes vic- 
torious at Witt- 
stock over the 
Saxons. 



1637. Ferdinand 
III., emperor. 

Gallas suc- 
cessful against 
the Swedes. 

1638. Bernhard 
of Saxe-Wei 
mar, defeats 
the imperial 
ists at Rhein 
feld — takes 
Breisach. 

1639. Battle of 

Chemnitz gain- 
ed by the Swe- 
dish general, 
BaneY. 



1640. Branden- 1640. Ibra 
burg: — Fred- him, sultan 
derick William, I 
the Great Elec 
tor. 



1642. The Swedes 
under Torsten- 
son defeat the 
Austrians at 
Leipzig. 



1639. Holland :— G r e a t 
naval victory by Van 
Tromp, over the Spanish 
fleet in the Downs. 

India:--Madras found- 
ed by the English. 



i5o 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1643 A.D. 



A.D. 


Progress op Society, etc. 


. [England. Scotland, 
America. 

etc. 


France. 


1643 


Torricelli invents the ba- 


1643 Confedera- 


1643. Royalists vic- 


1643. Louis 




rometer. 


tion of the col- 


torious at Chalgrove 


XIV. (the 






onies of New 


and other places ; 


Great), 






England, for 


battle of Newbury. 


Anne, of 






mutual de- 


Solemn League and 


A ust ria , 






f enc e. 


covenant between 
the Scotch and Eng- 
lish parliaments. 


regent. 

Victory 
of Rocroi 
over the 


1644 


Milton's Areopagitica. 


1644. Union of 


1644. Battle of Marston 


Spaniards, 






Providenceand 


Moor— royalists de- 


bytheduke 






Rhode Island. 


feated. 


of Enghien. 
Ministry 
of Cardinal 
Mazarin. 


1645 


Death of Grotius. 




1645. Battle of Naseby. 


1645. The 
French win 






1646. The Jesuit 


1646. The king seeks 


the battle 






missionary Jo- 


refuge in the Scot- 


of Nord- 






gues killed by 


tish camp. 


lingen. 






the Mohawks. 










John Eliot be- 










gins his work 










among the In- 










dians. 






1647 


George Fox begins public 


1647. Peter Stuy- 


1647. — is delivered up 






work. 


vesant, gover- 
nor of New 
Amsterdam. 


to parliament. 




1648 


Pascal's experiments in 


1648. Cambridge 


1648. Cromwell routs 


1648. Fac- 




air pressure. 


platform adop- 


the Scotch. — The 


tion of the 






ted in Massa ■ 


Presbyterians ex- 


Fronde; 






chusetts 


pelled from parlia- 
ment, which receives 
the name of " tne 
Rump." 


dissensions 
f mented 
byCardinal 
de Retz. 

— The 
Peace of 
Westphalia 
gives to 
F r a nee, 
Metz.Toul, 
Verdun , 
Alsace, 
and Brei- 
sach. 






1649. Act of Tol- 


1649. Trial and execu- 


1649. Court 






eration passed 


tion of the king. 


removes to 






in Maryland. 


The Commonwealth. 
Cromwell subdues 
Ireland. Sack of 
Drogheda. 


St. Ger- 
main. 



1649 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



151 





Italy, Spain, and 1 




Ottoman 




A.D. 


Portugal. | 


Germany. 


Empire. 


The World, elsewhere. 






1643. Negotia- 










tions begun at 










Munster lead- 










ing to the Peace 










of Westphalia. 






1644 


Innocent X., pope. 


1644-45. Upris- 
ing in Hungary 
under Rakoczy 
— the emperor 
forced to yield 
to the demands 
of the Protes- 




1644. China:— Establish- 
ment of the Manchu dy- 
nasty. 

Naval victory of the 
Swedes over the Danish 
fleet. 






tants. 


1645. War 
with Ven- 
ice. Crete 
the theatre 
of war. 


1645. Sweden: — Peace of 
Bromsebro with Den- 
mark. 

Russia: — Alexis, czar. 


1647 


Revolt of Naples, 
under Masaniello. 






1647. Netherlands:— Wil- 
liam II. 






1648. Peace of 


1648. Moham- 


1648. Poland:— The 






Westphal a 


med IV. 


Ukraine Cossacks revolt 






signed at Mini- 


The khan 


under Bogdan Chmiel- 






ster. — Theprin- 


of Crimea 


nicki and defeat the 






ciple of a bal- 


raids Rus- 


Poles. 






ance of power 


sia and 


John Casimir, king. 






in Europe first 


P 1 and 








recognized. 


carrying off 








— Switzerland 


40,000 








and the Dutch 


prisoners. 








Netherlands 


The Turks 








declared inde- 


begin a 








pendent. 


twenty 








Prague taken 


years' siege 








by the Swedes. 


of Candia. 

1649. Naval 
defeat by 
the Vene- 
tians in 
the Archi- 
pelago. 


• 



r 



152 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1650 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



America. 



England, Scotland, 
etc. 



France. 



1650 



1651 



Milton's controversy with 
Salmasius.- — Death of 
Descartes. 

Hobbes's Leviathan. 

Jeremy Taylor, Algernon 

Sidney, English writers. 



Lebrun, French painter. 



1653 



1651. Navigation 
Act passed. 



1650. Cromwell defeats 
the Scots at Dunbar. 

The Scots proclaim 
Charles II. He en- 

1651. ters England — 
is defeated at Wor-j 
cester, and escapes 
to France. 

The Navigation Act 
passed. 



1652. Maine 1652. Naval war with! 



towns as far 
east as Casco 
joined to Mas- 
sachusetts. 



1654 



Walton's Compleat Angler 
appears. 



Air pump invented by 
von Guericke. 



1663. Settlement 
of North Caro 
lina under 
royal patent. 



1655. Stuyvesant 
conquers New 
Sweden (Dela 
ware). 



Holland. — Blake 
defeated by Tromp 



1653. Long Parliament 
dissolved by Crom-i 
well. — " Barebone's 
Parliament" sum- 
moned. 

Oliver Cromwell 
Lord Protector. 

Milton private 

secretary to Crom- 
well. 

1654. Peace of West 
minster. — Alliance 
with Holland. 

1655. War with Spain 
— Jamaica conquered 
by Penn. 



1657. Cromwell refuses 
the crown. 



1650. Peace 
concluded 
bet we en 
the Court 
and Parlia- 
m e n t . — 
C o n d 6 , 
Conti, and 
Longue- 
ville im- 
prisoned. — 
Turenne 
flees to the 
Spaniards. 

1652. Maza- 
rin retires 
to Sedan. 
Conde flies 
to Spain. 
War be- 
tween Tur- 
enne and 
Conde; the 
latter de- 
feated at 
Bleneau 
and at 

1653. Maza- 
rin enters 
Paris in 
triumph. 



1654. By the 

treaty of 
Basle, 
France se- 
cures Al- 
sace. 



1656. Strife 
between 
Jansenists 
and Jesuits. 



1657 A.D 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



153 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1654 



1655 



1655 
-56 



1651. Formation 
of Catholic 
and Protestant 
Leagues. 



Brazil recovered by 

Portugal from the 

Dutch. 

Italy : — Alexander 

VII., pope. 
War between Eng 

land and Spain. 



1656. The elector 
of Brandenburg 
allies himself 
with Sweden 
against Poland. 

1657. By the 
treaty of Weh- 
lau, Poland 
cedes Prussia 
to the elector. 



1656. Mo- 
hamm e d 
Kioprili, 
grand vi- 
zier. 

1657.Lemnos 
and Tene- 
dos taken 
from the 
Venetians. 



1653. Holland: — John de 
Witt, grand pensionary; 
De Ruyter, admiral. 



1653. Defeat and death 
of Tromp off Portland 
in the English Channel. 

Swede n: — Christina 
resigns. Charles X. 

first of the House of 
Zweibrucken. 

Poland : — War with 
Russia ; Smolensk 
taken by the Russians. 

The Cossacks place 
thems elves under 
Russian suzerainty. 
1655. Charles X. of Sweden 
invades Poland. 



1658. Denmark : — W a r 
against the Swedes, who 
overrun Denmark, and 
menace Copenhagen. 



r 



i54 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1658 A.D.- 



Progressof Society, etc 



1660 



1662 



1665 



1666 



1667 



About this time flourish 
Corneille, La Fontaine 
La Rochefoucauld, Ma 
dame de Scvigne, Moliete 
Racine, Boileau, and 
Pascal in France. 

Royal Society at London 
founded. 

Velasquez and Murillo 
Spanish painters. 

Bernini, Italian sculptor. 



Canal of Languedoc, from 
the Mediterranean 
the Atlantic, begun. 

Gobelin tapestry manu 
factory in Paris, found 
ed by Louis XIV. 

Salvator Rosa, landscape 
painter. 

Huygens, Dutch astrono 
mer. 



Persecution of Jansenists 
in France. 



Foundation of the Aca 
demy of Sciences, at 
Paris. 

Paradise Lost published. 
Cassini, Italian astrono- 
mer and mathematician. 
D'Herbelot, Bourdaloue 
LaBruyere.Malebranche 
French writeis. 



1668 Reflecting telescope made 
by Sir Isaac Newton. 



America. 



England, Scotland, 
etc. 



1659. Laval 

Montmorency 
made bishop 
of New France. 



1662. Charter ob 
tained from 
Charles II. fo: 
Connec ticut 
and New Ha 
ven. 

1663. Carolina 
granted to 
Lord Claren 
don and others 

Mason and 
Dixon's line 
begun. 

Eliot's In 
dian Bible 
printed. 

1664. New Am 
sterdam occu 
pied by the 
English. 

1665. Union of 
C onne c ticut 
and New Ha- 
ven. 



1667. Acadia 
ceded to France 
by the peace of 
Breda. 



1658. Death of Crom- 
w e 1 1. — R i c h a r d 
Cromwell, Protector 

1659. Richard Crom- 
well resigns. — Rump 
parliament called 
but soon expelled. 

General Monk sup 
ports parliament 
against the army. 

1660. Charles II. Hyde, 
earl of Clarendon 
chancellor. 

Military tenures 

abolished. 

166.1. New parliament. 

Episcopacy re 

established in Scot 

land. 



1662. Marriage of 

Charles II. to Cathe 

rine of Portugal. 

Act of Uniformity 

Dunkirk sold to 

France. 



1664. War with Hoi 
land. 



1665. Naval victory by 
the duke of York at 
Solebay. 

Great Plague in 
London 

1666. Great Fire in 
London. 



1667. Peace of Breda 
New Netherlands 
ceded to England 

Fall and banish- 
ment of the earl of 
Clarendon. 



France. 



1659. Peace 
of the Pyr- 
enees. 



1660. Mar- 
riage of 
Louis XIV. 
to Maria 
Theresa, of 
Spain. 

1661. Death 
of Mazarin. 

Colbert, 
intendant 
of finance. 

Lyonne, 
Le Tellier. 

1662. Dis- 
putes with 
the pope. 
—6000 
troops sent 
against the 
Turks in 
Hungary. 



1664. French 
East India 
and West 
India Com- 
panies 

1665. Colbert 
becomes 
controller- 
general of 
finance. 



1667. War 
with Spain. 
Louis 
claims 
Fl a n d e r s 
for his 

w i f e — i n- 
vades the 
Spanish 
Nether' 
lands. 
1668. Triple alliance— 1 1668. Peace 
England, Sweden, of Aix-la- 
and Holland, against Chapelle 
France. I with Spain. 



i668 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



155 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1663 



1665 



1667 



1668 



Victory of the Por- 
tuguese over the 
Spaniards at 
Estremoz. 



Spain: — CharlesII. 
The victory of 
Villa Viciosa es- 
tablishes Portu- 
guese indepen- 
dence. 



clement IX., pope, 
Portugal: — Re 
volution at Lis- 
bon. King de- 
posed. Pedro II 



Peace of Lisbon 
with Spain. 



1658. Leopold I, 



1660. In the 
peace of Oiiva , 
Poland recog- 
nizes the inde- 
pendence of 
East Prussia 
under the 
elector of 
Brandenburg. 



1663. The diet 
permanent at 
Ratisbon. 



1664. Montecu- 
culi victorious 
over the Turks 
at St. Gotthard 



1663. Inva 
sion of 

Hungary 
under 
A c h m e t 
Kioprili; 
Germany 
threatened ; 
Turks de- 
feated at 
St. Gott 
hard (1664) 
sign treaty 
of Vasvar 
giving the 
sultan su- 
zerainty 
over Tran 
sylvania. 

Crete tak- 
e n from 
Venice by 
Kioprili. 



1658. Denmark: — Naval 
victory over the Swedes. 

Peace of Roskilde. 

India: — Aurungzeb 
makes himself emperor. 



1660. Denmark: — Peace of 
Copenhagen. 

Revolution in Den- 
mark; absolute mon- 
archy established. 

Sweden:— Charles XI. 

Peace of Oliva gives 
Livonia and Esthonia to 
Sweden. 

Prussia acknowledged 
independent. 



1664. Rise of the Mahratta 
power in India: Sivaji 
takes and sacks Surat. 



1667. Poland:— Great 

victory of Marshal John 
Sobieski over the Tar- 
tars. 

Holland: — Peace of 
Breda: loss of New 
Netherlands. 

Peace of Andrussovo 
between Poland and 
Russia. 



156 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1669 A.D.- 







. England. SroTr.ANn 




A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


America. 


etc. 


France. 


166£ 


Phosphorus discovered. 


1670. Conclusion 
of the "Ameri- 
can treaty" 
(Madrid) be- 
tween England 
and Spain. 


1670. The Cabal min- 
istry. — Secret treaty 
with France against 
Holland. — C h a r 1 e s 
the pensionary of 
Louis XIV. 

1672. War with Hol- 


1672. War 






Charleston 


land in conjunction 


with Hol- 






founded. 


with France. 

1673. Test Act passed. 
Ministry of Danby. 

1674. Peace with Hol- 
land. 


land. 

1673. French 

amb ass a- 
dor at Is- 
pahan. 

1674. The 
Imperialists 
defeated at 
the battle 
of Sins- 
h e i m . — - 
Tur enne 
ravages 
the Pala- 
t i n a t e . — ■ 
Battle of 
Seneffe be- 
t w e e n 
Conde and 
William of 
Orange. 


1675 


Christopher "Wren, archi- 


1675-76. King 




1675. Death 




tect, commences bt. 


Philip's War in 




of Turenne 




Paul's. 


New England. 




at S a 1 z - 




Ruysdael, celebrated 


Bacon's Re- 




bach. 




Dutch painter. 


bellion in Vir- 








William Temple, historian. 


ginia. 








Butler, Waller, and Dry- 


1677. Maine pur- 








den, English poets; Henry 


chased by 




1677. Victory 




More, Leighton, Baxter, 


Massachusetts . 




over the 




Boyle. 






Prince of 




Mansart, architect. 






Orange at 

Mont-Cas- 

sel. 


1678 


John Bunyan ; Pilgrim's 




1678. The " Popish 


1678. Peace 




Progress. 




Plot" excitement. 

Rise of the names 

of Whigs and Tories. 


of Nime- 
guen with 
Holland 
and Spain 
— restores 
tranquil - 
lity to Eu- 
rope. — 
France 
wins Fran- 
che-Comte. 
France the 
most form- 
i d a b 1 e 
power i n 
Europe. 



1678 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



157 



■ 


Italy, Spain, and 




Ottoman 




A.D. 


Portugal. 


Germany. 


Empire. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1669 


Nithard, the Jesuit, 
driven from 
Spain. 








1670 


Cosmo III., grand 
duke of Tuscany. 
Clement X., 
pope. 






1670. Denmark:— Chris- 
tian V. 


1671 


Spain Alliance with 
Holland. 












1672. The em- 


1672. The 


1672. Sea fight between 






peror and 


sultan in- 


the Dutch fleet, under 






elector of 


vades Po- 


De Witt and De Ruyter, 






Brandenburg 


land. 


and the English and 






ally themselves 




French fleets — Dutch de- 






with Holland 




feated. 






against France. 




Holland: William III., 






1673. War of the 


1673. —de- 


stadtholder. 






empire and 


feated by 








France. 


Sobieski at 








1673. Treaty of 


Choczim. 




1674 


Revolt of Messina 


The Hague 




1674. Poland:— John So- 




in favor of 


against France 




bieski. 




France. 


1675. Turenne 




1675. The Swedes invade 


1676 


Messina blockaded 


and Monte- 


1676. Peace 


Brandenburg and are 




by the Dutch 


cuculi opposed 


of Zurawno 


defeated at Fehrbellin. 




and Spanish 


on the Rhine. 


with Po- 






fleets. 


The elector of 


land. 






Death of De 


Brandenburg 








Ruyter. 


defeats the 








Innocent XI., 


Swedes at 




1677. Battle of the Lund, 




pope. 


Fehrbellin and 
gains Pomer- 
ania. 

1678. Hungarian 
revolt under 
Tokolyi. 


1678. First 
war with 
Russia be- 
gins. 


between the Swedes and 
Danes; the latter de- 
feated. 



r 



158 



TABULAR VIEWS 



168O A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



America. 



Great Britain. 



France. 



1680 



1681 



1684 



1687 



(about) Tramways w i t hj 

wooden rails near New 

castle. 
Penny post established in 

London. 
Lully, from Florence, 

founder of French opera. 
John Dryden's Absalom 

and Achitophel. 
Increase Mather, American 

theologian. 
Molinos, founder of Quiet 

i6m. 



1682. Founding 
of Philadel 
phia by Wil 
liam Penn. 



(about) Telegraphs invent- 1684. Massachu 
ed. setts deprived 

of its charter 



Newton's Principia pub- 
lished. 



1686. Sir Ed 

mund Andros 
governor of 
New England. 



1688. General 
suppression of 
charter govern 
ments. 



1683. "Ryehouse 
Plot." 

Execution of Lord 
Russell and Algernon 
Sidney. 

Mutiny at Bom- 
bay. 



1685. James II. 
Rebellion of Mon 

mouth, in England 
and Argyle, in Scot 
land; both defeated 
and executed. 
Judge Jeffreys. 

1686. The king favors 
the Catholics; 
establishes the 
Court of High Com 
mission. 



1687. Declaration of 
Indulgence pub 
lished. 

1688. "Revolution of 
1688."— The Whigs 
apply to the princel 
of Orange, who lands 
in England with an 
army — the king flees 
to France. 



1681. The 
French 
seize 

Strassburg. 
1683. Inva- 
sion of the, 
Sp an is h 
N ether- 
lands. 



1684. Truce 
of Ratis- 
bon for 
twenty 
years with 
Spain. 

1685. Revo- 
cation of 
the Edict 
of Nantes. 



1689. Beginning 1689. William III. and 
of King Wil-j Mary II. I 

Ham's War.l The Bill of Rights,! 

Leisler i n Toleration Act, and 
New York. Mutiny Bill passed. 

War with France. 
James II. lands in 
Ireland — besieges 
Londonderry. 



1688. War of 
Spain, 
the League 
of Augs- 
burg, the 
empire, 
Holland, 
Savoy, and 
England 
agai ns t 
France. 

1689. Grand 
alii ance 
against 
France 
headed by 
William 
III. 



1689 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



159 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, el&ewhere. 



16S0 



Duke of Medina 
Coeli first minis- 
ter in Spain- 



16S4 



1686 



1689 



Genoa bombarded 
by the French. 



The duke of Savoy 
persecutes the 
Vaudois. 



Revolt of Cata- 
lonia in favor of 
France. 

Alexan d er 
VIII., pope. 



1680. Great part 
of Alsace seiz- 
ed by France 



1683. Turkish 
war; siege of 
Vienna by the 
Turk s — v i c - 
toryof the Ger- 
mans and Poles 
under Charles 
of Lorraine 
and John So 
bieski. 



1686. League of 
Augsburg or- 
ganized against 
France. 

Buda taken 
after being held 
by the Turks 
145 years. 



1687. D'ecisive 
victory of Mo- 
hacz: Croatia 
and Transyl- 
vania subdued. 
Joseph I. 
crowned king 
of Hungary. 



1689. Grand al- 
liance ratified 
at Vienna. 

The Palati- 
nate desolated 
by the French. 



1682. War 

with the 
empire. 

1683. Total 
rout b e 
fore V i 
enna. The 
vizier 
Kara Mus- 
tapha put 
to death 

1684. Alliance 
of Venice 
with I 
land and 
the em 
pire against 
the Porte 



1686. Russia 
dec lares 
war. 

Venice 
conquers 
the Morea; 
Buda taken 
by the 
Imperia- 
lists. 

1687. Revolu- 
t i o n in 
Constan- 
tinople; 
Moham- 
med de- 
throned 

Solyman II. 

1687. Athens 
bombarded 
by the Ve- 
netians. 



1680. Sweden:— Diet of 
Stockholm. The king 
becomes absolute. 



1682. Russia: — Ivan and 
Peter rule, their sister 
Sophia, regent. 

1683. Denmark: — The 
Code of King Christian 
published. 



1686. India:— The Dekkan 
conquered by Aurung- 
zeb. 



1688. Prussia: — Frederick 
III. 



689. Russia:— Peter the 

Great begins personal 
rule after overthrowing 
his sister Sophia and 
repressing the Streltsi. 

First trade with China. 

India: — Height of the 
Mogul power under Au- 
rungzeb. 

China: — Great in- 
fluence of Jesuits. 



i6o 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1690 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



America. 



Great Britain. 



France. 



1690 



1692 



1693 
1694 



Leibnitz, German philoso 

pher. 
Bossuet, French pulpit 

orator; La Bruycre 

critic. 
Purcell, English musician. 



1690. The Eng 
1 is h settle- 
ments of 
Schenectady, 
Casco, Me, 
and Salmon 
Falls, N. H, 
destroyed by 
the French. 

Port Royal, 
Nova Scotia . 
reduced by 

Sir William 
Phipps. 
Expedition 
against Quebec 
unsuccessful. 

1691. Schuyler 
defeat s the 
French at La 
Prairie. 
Leisler execut 
ed. 

1692. Maryland a 
royal province. 



Witchcraft superstition in New England. 
John Locke and Sir Isaac 

Newton in England. 
Boileau, Fenelon, and 

Bayle, in France. 



1690. Wil'iam in Ire- 
land. — Battle of the 
Boyne. James de 
feated, returns to 
France. 



National debt of England 

begins. 
Bank of England founded. 

Publication of the diction 
ary of the French Acad 
emy. 



1693. N. York: 
Ep iscopacy 
introduced 
William and 
Mary's College 
founded. 



1697. Acadia re- 
stored to the 
French by the 
Treaty of 
Ryswick. 



1699. French 
colony 
Louisiana at 
Biloxi. 



1691. Limerick taken, 
and William acknow- 
ledged. 



1692. Invasion of Eng- 
land undertaken by 
the French in favor 
of James . — N aval 
victorybythe Dutch 
and English. — The 
Glencoe massacre. 



1694. Bank of England 
incorporated. Death 
of Queen Mary. 



1690. Naval 
victory 
over the 
Dutch and 
English at 
B e a c h y 
Head. 
Victory of 
Lux em - 
bourg, at 
Fleurus. 



1692. The 

Frenchfleet 
defeated at 
La Hog.ue. 
Marshal 
L u x e m - 
bourg de 
feats Wil 
liam at Ste 
enkirk, and 

1693. — at 
Neerwin- 
den. 



1697. General peace of Ryswick — 
between 

1698. First partition France and 
treaty, between the allies. 
Louis XIV. and 
William III., 
to dispose of the 
crown and posses- 
sions of Spain. 

1698. Visit of Peter 
the Great. 



1699 A - D « 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



I6l 



A.D. 


Italy, Spain, and 


Germany. 


Ottoman 


The World, elsewhere. 




Portugal. 




Empire. 








1690. Joseph I. 


1690. Musta- 








elected king of 


pha Kio- 








the Romans by 


prili drives 








the Diet of 


the Austri- 








Augsburg. — 


ans across 








Victories of 


the Danube 








the Turks at 


— recovers 








Nissa, Belgrade 


Belgrade. 








Widdin, and 










other places. 






1691 


Incursion of the 
French into Ara- 
gon. 

Innocent XII., 
pope. 




1691. Ahmed 
I I .— D e - 

feat and 
death of 
K io pril i 
at Szelan- 
kemen. 




1693 


Battle of Marsag- 
lia — the allies in 






1693. Sweden:— The king 
formally declared abso- 




Italy defeated by 




1694. Chios 


lute. 




the Marshal 




taken by 






Catinat. 




the Vene- 
tians. 

1695. Musta- 
pha II. 

1696. —leads 
his own ar- 
my. 


1695 .Holland :— Bombard - 
ment of Brussels by the 
French, under Villeroi. 

1696. Poland:— Death of 
Sobieski — succeeded by 


1697 


Peace of Rysw 


ck 


1697. Defeat - 


1697. Frederick Augustus I. 




Spain: — ■ Intrigues 


1697. Victory 


edat Zenta. 


Sweden: — Charles XII. 




for the success- 


over the Sultan 




(15 years old) becomes 




ion. 


Mu=tapha at 
Zenta, by the 
Prince Eugene. 


1699. Peace 
of Carlo - 
witz. 

The Ot- 
toman 
power 
broken. 


king. 

Russia: — I ntroduc- 
tion of various manufac- 
tures — equipment of a 
fleet, etc. 

1699. Denmark: — F r e d - 
ericklV. becomes king. 
Alliance of Denmark, 
Russia, and Poland 
against Charles XII. of 
Sweden. 



1 62 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I700 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



America. 



Great Britain. 



.France. 



1700, 



1702 



1703 



1705 



1707 



Academy of Sciences at 
Berlin founded. 



Massillon, pulpit orator, in 

France. 
Godfrey Kneller, English! 

painter. [ 1701. Yale Col 

Cotton Mather's Magnalia: lege founded 

Clarendon's History of 

the Grand Rebellion. 



Incorporation of the 
United British East 
India Company. 



St. Petersburg founded. 

Swift's Tale of a Tub pub- 
lished. 

Flourishing period of 
French literature. — 
Great splendor in the 
French court. 



Death of Spener, founder 
of Pietism. 



Isaac Watt's Hymns. 



1700. A British fleet 
sent to assist Charles j 
XII., of Sweden. 



1701. War of the Spanish succession. 



1702. Beginning 1702. The French invade Holland 
of Queen Anne'si under BoufHers — repulsed by 
War. Marlborough. 

Anne becomes queen.! 



1703. Appalachian 
Indians sub 
dued in the 
Carolinas. 

Maine rava; 
ed by French 
and Indians. 

1704. Deerfield 
attacked by 
the French. 
Boston News- 
Letter, fi r s t 
Am erican 
periodical. 

1706. Carolina 
threatened by 
the French and 
Spanish. 



1703. Methuen treaty 
of commerce with 
Portugal. 



1703. Revolt 
of the 

Camisards 
suppressed 
by Mar- 
shal Villars, 



1704. Marlborough enters Germany, 
gains the battle of Blenheim. 

Gibraltar taken by 
Rooke. 



1706. Battle of Ramillies, Villeroi 
defeated by Marlborough. 






1707. Unsuccess- 1707. Treaty of union 
ful expedition with Scotland, 
against PortJ Victory of Almanza over the 

Royal. English and Portuguese by the 

French under Berwick. 

The first united 
parliament of Great 
Britain meets. 



1708. The Say 
brook platform 
formed. 



170S. Battle of Oudenarde, — French 
defeated. 

Sardinia and Minorca captured 
by the English. 

Unsuccessful at- 
tempt of the Preten- 
der to land in Scot- 
land. 



1708 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



163 



Italy, Spain, and! 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Clement XI., pope. 
Death of Char- 
les II., of Spain, 
who names the 
duke of Anjou 
as his successor 

Spain:- -Philip V. 



Victory of Luzzara 
gained by the 
French over the 
imperialists. 



The archduke 
Charles enters 
Spain and is pro- 
claimed king. 

Barcelona taken by 
the allies. 

French driven 
from Italy by 
Prince Eugene 
after the battle 
of Turin. 

Portugal : — 
John V. 

English and 
Portuguese enter 
Madrid. 

All the Spanish 
possessions in 
Italy abandoned 
to the allies. 

Spain: — Battle of 
Almanza is fol- 
lowed by the 
downfall of the 
archduke. 



1701. Prussia is 
erected into a 
kingdom under 
Frederick I. 

Grand alii 
ance of The 
Hague, be- 

tween England, 
Holland, and 
the empire, to 
prevent the 
union of 
France and 
Spain. 

1703. The Hun 
garians rise 
under Ragot 
sky and threat 
en Vienna. 



1705. Joseph I. 



170S. Hungarians 
under Ragot - 
sky defeated 
by the im- 
perial forces. 



1703. Ahmed 
III. 



1700. Russia: — Peter the 
Great invades Ingria — 
defeated by Charles XII., 
at Narva. 

War of the Northern 
Powers. 

1701. Charles XII. invades 
Poland — is victorious at 
Riga. 



1702. — enters Warsaw — - 
takes Cracow. ■ 

Victory of Pultusk. 



1703. Charles wins 
battle of Clissow. 



1704. Poland:— The throne 
declared vacant and 
Stanislas Leszczynski 
elected king. 



1706. The Swedes victor- 
ious over the Saxons and 
Russians at Frauen- 
staat. 



1707. Charles XII. con- 
cludes peace of Altran- 
stadt in which Augustus 
abandons his claims to 
the Polish crown. 

1708. Russia. — Revolt of 
the Cossack Mazeppa. 



1708. Charles invades 
Russia, crosses the 
Dnieper, and is 



164 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1709 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



America. 



Great Britain. 



France. 



1710 



1717 



Berkely's Principles 
Human Knowledge. 



1709. First paper 
money in New 
York. 
of 1710. First post- 
office at New 
York. 

Fruitless ex - 
pedition against 
Canada. 



The famous bull Unigeni- 
tus against the French 
Jansenists. 



1713. Queen 

Anne's War 
closed by 

the treaty of 
Utrecht which 
gives Acadia 
to the English 



The monastery of Mafra 
"the wonder of Portu 
gal," built. 

Prior, Steele, De Foe 
Addison, Pope, nourish 
in England. Le Sage 
publishes his Gil Bias 



1709. The French un- 
der Villars defeated 
at Malplaquet. 

1710. Victory of Vendome at Villa- 
viciosa. 

Dr. Sacheverell's' 
trial. — Collision of 
Whig and Tory prin- 
ciples. 



1713. Peace of Utrecht. 

P erpetual separation of the 
crowns of France and Spain. 
England acquires Newfoundland, 
Acadia, and Hudson's Bay, also 
Minorca and Gibraltar. Spanish 
Netherlands ceded to Aus- 
tria; Dutch to hold Barrier 
forts against France; England ob- 
tains assiento from Spain; begin- 
ning of English naval and colonial 
supremacy. 

1714. Factions at court 
— disgrace of Harley, 
chancellor of the ex- 
chequer. 

Deathof the queen. 

House of Han 
over: — George I. 

Townshend, pre- 
mier. 



1715. Indian war 
in South 

Carolina. 



1714. Peace 
of Ra- 

stadt: the 
em peror 
a c k n o w - 
ledges 
Philip V- 
king of 

Spain on 
the cession 
of Lombar- 
dy, Naples, 
and Sar- 
dinia. 
Insurrection of 1715. Louis 
XV. 



715 

Jacobites. — ■ Battles^ 
of Sheriffmuir and 
Preston. 

War against Swe 
den. 



Duke of 
Orleans re- 
gent. — Du- 
bois, minis- 
ter. 



17 1 7 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



I6 5 



Italy, Sp«.in, and i 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1711 



1714 



C h a r 1 e s leaves 
Spain on be- 
coming emperor. 



Barcelona taken by 
Berwick. Alber- 
oni prime minis- 
ter of Spain. 



1710. Treaty 
of The Hague 
between Eng- 
land, Holland 
and the empire 

1711. Charles VI 
Ministry of 
Count Zin- 
zendorf. 

1713. Pragmatic 
Sanction, vest- 
ing the sue - 
cession to 
Austria in the 
daughters of 
Charles. 



1714. Peace of 

Rastadt and 
Baden with 
France. 



1709. Charles 
XII. takes 
refuge at 
Bender — 
hence war 
with Rus- 



1714. War of 
Venice 
with the 
Porte. 



1715. Corinth 
taken by 
the Turks 
— the em- 
peror joins 
V e n i c e — 
siege of 
Corfu rais- 
ed on the 
news of 
their 

1716.defeatat 
the battle 
of Peter- 
ward ein. 

1717. Prince 
Eugene 
takes Bel- 
grade. 



1709. defeated at Pultowa. 

Sweden at war with 
Denmark. 

Poland : — Frederick 
Augustus reascends the 
throne. 



1713. Prussia- 
William I. 



-Frederick 



1714. Russia: — Naval vic- 
tory over the Swedes. 
Aland and Finland con- 
quered. 



1715. Netherlands: — Bar- 
rier treaty with Austria. 
Sweden: — Return of 
Charles — Prussia and 
England join the alliance 
against him. 



IOO 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1 718 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 1 



America. 



Great Britain. 



France. 



1718 



1719 



The "Appellants" 
France, headed by the 
Cardinal de Noailles 
appeal from the bull 
Unigenitus to a gen 
eral council; but without 
effect. 

Robinson Crusoe, 



1718. New Or 
leans settled by 
the French. 



1719. First Phil 
adelphia news 
paper. 



1718. Quadruple alliance: the em- 
peror, England, Holland, and 
France against the designs of 
Spain. 



1719. Unsuccessful 
attempt to invade 
Scotland by the 
Spaniards. 
"The South Sea 
Scheme." 



iyig a.Do 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



167 



Italy, Spain, and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World elsewhere. 



1718. Quadruple 
alliance against 
Spain. 



1719. Italy:- Sicily 

invaded by the 

Spanish. 

Spain : — A 1 b e r - 

oni falls from 

power. 



1718. Peace 
of Passaro- 
witz, be- 
tween the 
Porte, Ve- 
nice, and 
the empire. 
Hungary 
lost to the 
Turks. 



17 IS. Charles XII. invades 
Norway; is killed at the 
siege of Fredericshall. 



1719. Sweden:— Ulrica 
Eleonora becomes 
queen. 



1 68 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I720 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



America. 



England. 



1725 



1728 



1731 
1732 



1735 



1739 



Inoculation introduced by 
Lady Montague. The 
same year introduced 
into Boston by Dr. 
Boylston. 

The Moravian establish- 
ment at Herrnhut under 
the protection of Count 
Zinzendorf. 



Giovanni Battista Vico's 
Scienza Nuova. 



Behring's Strait discovered. 



In England: 
Pope, Swift, 
Young, 
Thompson, 
Watts, Lord 
Bolingbroke, 
Doddridg e, 
Chesterfield 



In France: 

J. B. Rous 
seau, Le 

Sage, Roll in 

Montes- 
quieu. 



1720. Bursting of the 
"South Sea bubble." 

1721. Sir Robert Walpole's 
ministry begins. 



1723. Increase 

died. 



Mather 



1724. War against the 
Abenaki Indians in 
Maine; Father Rale 
killed. 

Fort Dummer in 
Vermont built. 

1725. First New York 
newspaper. 



1727. Great earthquake in 
New England. 

1728. Cotton Mather died. 
Discovery of diamond 

mines in Brazil. 



1724. Swift's Drapier's 
Letters. 



1725. League of Hanover 
or Herrenhausen by 
England, France, and 
Prussia against Spain 
and Austria. 

1727. George I. dies at 
Osnaburg. 

George II. king. 

1728. Peace of Pardo with 
Spain. 



1729. The Carolinas sepa- 1729. Treaty of Seville, be- 
rated, tween France, Spain, 
England, and Holland. 



Halley, astronomer. 

First lodge of Freemasons in America, at Philadelphia. 



Birth of Washington. 



Linnaeus publishes his 
Systema Natures. 



Hume's Treatise on Human 
Nature. 



1732. Birth of Washington. 
1733. Savannah founded. 



1734. Beginning of the 
Great Awakening in 
New England. — Arrest 
of the printer Zenger in 
New York. 



1731. Treaty of Vienna 
with Spain and the 
empire. 



1738 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



169 



France. 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1720 



John Law, controller' 
general of the fi- 
nances. 



1723 



1724 
-25 



1726 



172^ 
-29 



Louis XV. assumes 
the government 
and the Regency 
comes to an end 

Duke de Bourbon 
minister. 

Congress of Cambray 
to consider claims 
of Spain and Aus 
tria. 



Ministry of Cardinal 
' Fleury. 



Congress of Soisson 
including all the 
great powers ex- 
cepting Russia 
meets, and is dis- 
solved, without 
effecting anything. 



1733 



1734 
1735 



War of the Polish 
succession: France 
Spain, and Sardinia 
against Austria. 



Conquestof Lorraine 

Preliminaries of 

peace at Vienna 

not concluded till 

1738. 



1720. Austria ob- 
tains Sicily in 
exchange for 
Sardinia which 
is ceded to 
Savoy. 



1722. Charles VI 
establishes the 
Ostend Com 
pany. 



1724. Spain:— 
Philip V. ab 
dicates but 
resumes pow 
er after some 
months. 



1725. Treaty of 
Vienna, alliance 
between Spain 
and Austria 



1734. Conquest 
of Naples 
and Sicily by 
Don Carlos 



1731. Charles VI 
abandons the 
Ostend Com 
pany. 

1733. War of the 
Polish succes- 
sion. 



1735. Prelimina 
ries of Vienna 
final peace not 
concluded till 
1738. 



1720. Sweden:-The queen 
abdicates in favor of her 
husband, Frederick I. 

1721. Italy: — Innocent 
XIII., pope. 

Peace of Nystadt between 
Sweden and Russia. 

Russia: — Peter as- 
sumes the title "Empe- 
ror of all the Russias 

The Danes re-enter 
Greenland. 

1723. Italy: — John Gaston 
(de' Medici), grand duke 
of Tuscany. 

Turkey: — The Turks 
and Russians attempt to 
dismember Persia. 

1724. Italy: — Benedict 
XIII., pope. 



1725. Russia: — Catherine 
I., widow of Peter. 

Turkey: — Invasion of 
Persia. 

1726. Russia: — Alliance 
with Austria. 

Peter II 

1727. Turkey:— Peace of 
Bagdad with Persia. 



1730. Denmark: — Chris- 
tian VI. 

Italy: — Clement XII. 
pope. 

Russia : — Anne. 



1733. Poland:— Frederick 
Augustus II. The diet 
elects Stanislaus, but is 
compelled by the Rus- 
sian army to elect 
Frederick. 

1734. Stanislaus besieged 
in Dantzic, escapes to 
Konigsberg. 

Turkey: — Turks dri- 
ven from Persia by 
Nadir Shah. 

1736. — war with Russia 
and Austria. 

1737. Italy: — Francis of 
Lorraine, grand duke of 
Tuscany. 



170 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1739 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, et 



America. 



1747 



L. Holberg, Danish dra 
matist. 

Frederick the Great makes 

great improvements in 

military tactics. 
Durante, Handel, and Seb. 

Bach, musical compos 

ers. 



Indigo first produced in 
Carolina. 

Swedenborg, philosopher 
and theologian. 

Mosheim, ecclesiastical his' 
torian. 



1742. Invasion of Florida 
by Indians and Span- 
iards — repul sed . 



1745. Louisburg and Cape 
Breton taken from 
France by the English. 



1746. College of New Jer- 
sey at Princeton found- 
ed. 



1748. Peace of Aix-la- 
Chapelle restores Louis- 
burg to France; Ohio 
Company founded. 

1749. English settlement 
in Nova Scotia Halifax 
founded. 



1739. War with Spain 
(War of Jenkin's Ear). 
Porto Bello taken by 
Admiral Vernon. 



1740. Anson's voyage 
round the world, and 
canture of the Manila 
galleon. 



1744. English fleet defeated 
near Toulon. 



1745. Scotch rebellion- 
Charles Edward lands in 
Scotland. 



1746. He is defeated at 
Culloden. 



1747. Victories over the 
French off Belle-Isle and 
Cape Finisterre. 



1748. Peace of Aix-la- 
restitution of conquests. 



175 I A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



171 



France. 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1743 



1744 



1745 



1746 



1747 



War of the Austrian 
succession. 



French defeated by 
the allies at Det- 
tingen. 



War declared against 
England and Aus- 
tria. 

Battle of Fontenoy, 
allies defeated. 



The French under 
Marshal Saxe over- 
run the Austrian 
Netherlands; Mad- 
ras taken from the 
English. 

Marshal Saxe defeats 
the duke of Cum- 
berland at Law- 
feld. 

French fleet defeated 
by Hawke off 
Belle-Isle. 

Chapelle. — m u t u a 1 



1739. War 
with Enj^ 
land, for in 
fractions of 
the assiento 
treaty. 



1746. Ferd 
nand VI., in 
Spain. 



1740. War of the 
Austrian suc- 
cession.— Maria 
Theresa suc- 
ceeds to the 
hereditary 
States. 

Frederick 
II. invades 
Silesia. 

1741. The French 
and Bavarians 
overrun Aus- 
tria, take Pra- 
gue, and 

1742.crownChar- 
les VI I emperor 

Treaty of 
Berlin between 
Prussia and 
Austria gives 
greater part of 
Silesia to for- 
mer. 

The French 
driven across 
the Rhine. 



1745. Charles VII. 
dies. 

House of 
Lorraine: 

Franci s I., 
h usband of 
Maria Theresa, 
becomes em- 
peror; 

Prussian 
vict ories 
at Hohenfried- 
berg, Henners- 
dorf, and 
•vess elsdorf. 
End of second 
Silesian war. 



1748. Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle; 
Spain and Prussia the only 
gainers by the war. 



1739. India: — Invaded by 
Nadir Shah who takes 
and plunders Delhi. 

Turkey: — Turks vic- 
torious at Krotzka and 
conclude advantageous 
peace of Belgrade. 

1740. Italy: — Benedict 
XIV., pope. 

Russia: — Ivan VI. 
under regency of Biron. 



1741. Sweden: — War with 
Russia. Swedes driven 
out of Finland. 

Russia : — Elizabeth. 



1743. — Peace of Abo with 
Sweden gives to Russia 
southern Finland. 

Turkey: — War with 
Persia. Defeat near 
Erivan. 

1744. India: — Hostilities 
between French and 
English. 

Italy: — Northern 
Italy occupied by 
French and Spaniards, 
who take 
1745. — Parma, Milan, and 
Piacenza. Genoa bom- 
barded by the English. 



1746. ■ — French and Span- 
iards driven from Lom- 
bard y. 

Denmark: — Fred- 
erick V. 

1747. Netherlands:— Wil- 
liam IV., stadtholder. 

Persia: — Nadir Shah 
assassinated. 



1751. Netherlands:— Wil- 
liam V., stadtholder. 

Denmark : — Ministry 
of Count Bernstorff. 

Sweden : — House of 
Holstein-Gottorp: Adol- 
phus Frederick. 



172 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1752 A,D. 



a.d. Progress op Society, etc. 



America. 



Great Britain. 



1752 



1753 



Franklin's discoveries 

electricity. 
England introduces the 

"New Style" Calendar. 
British Museum founded. 



British: French: 
Alan Ram- Helvetius, 
sa y> J- J- Rous- 
seau. 
Germany: 

Gellert, 

Winck- 

elmann. 

Wilson, and 
Joshua Reynolds, paint- 
ers. 



Shenstone, 

Gray, 

Collins, 

Akenside, 

Churchill. 

Hogarth, 



1761 



1765 



1752. Hostilities between 



1753. Washington's mis 
sion to the French ai 
Fort Le Bceuf. 

1754. Washington builds 
Fort Necessity. — King's 
College (Columbia) 
founded. 

1755. Defeat of Braddock 



1756. Oswego taken by the 
French. 



England and France over 
1752. The new style intro- 
duced; the year hereafter 
commences Jan. 1. 



Niebuhr's travels in Ara- 
bia. Wesley and Whitefield 
preachers. 



1756. "Seven Years' 
Subsidiary alliance 

with Prussia. 

Ministry of William 

Pitt, the elder. 



1757. Fort Wm. Henry 1757. Victory of Plassey, 
captured by the French. in India, won by Clive. 



1758. Repulse of Aber- 
crombie at Ticonderoga 

Fort Du Quesne 
taken by the English , 
Louisburg captured by 
Gen. Amherst. 

1759. Invasion of Canada 
—death of Wolfe- 
Quebec taken. 

Capture of Niagara. 
Crown Point, and Ticon- 
deroga. 



1759. Naval victories over 
Lagos, and in Quiberon 

Surat, in India, taken. 

1760. George III. 



1761. Earl of Bute, 
mier. 



1762. War with Spain. 
Conquest of Havana, 
Trinidad, and Manila. 
1763. End of the Old 1763 - Peace of Paris, be- 
French War. ar >d England; Canada 

Britain. 



Philadephia Medical 1765. Stamp Act resisted! 1765. Bengal ceded to the 
School, first in America. in Massachusetts and! liast India Company by 

Appearance of Black- | Virginia. the treaty of Allahabad, 

stone's Commentaries. Stamp Act Congress 

at New York. I 



1765 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



173 



France 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



the Ohio country. 



1754 



The loss of Dupleix's 
conquests in India. 



1758 



War." 



Invasion of Hanover 
by the French 
victorious at 

Hastenbeck, de 
feated at Ross- 
bach. 



Defeat at Crefeldt 
on the Rhine. 



the French off Cape 
Bay. 



1760 Loss of all Canada. 



1761 The Bourbon Fam 
ily Compact. 
Capture of Belle-Isle 
by the English 



tween France, Spain. 

ceded to Great 

1764| Expulsion of the 

Jesuits. 



1755. Earth- 
quake at 
Lisbon. 



1759. Charles 
III. in Spain 



1756. Seven 
Years' War be 
tween Austria 
and Prussia. 

Invasion 
and conquest 
of Saxony, by 
Frederick II 
Battle of Lo- 
bositz won. 

Alliance with 
France. 

1757. Prussians 
victorious 
Prague, Ross- 
bach, and 
Leuthen; de 
feated at Kol 
lin and Gross 
jagerndorf. 

1758. French de 
feated at Cre 
feldt. 



1759. and at Min 
den. 

Russians and 
Austrians de 
feat Frederick 
at Kunersdorf. 
Dresden retak 
en. 

1760. Frederick 
defeated at 
Landshut, vic- 
torious at Lieg- 
nitz and Tor 
gau. 

1762. Prussians 
victorious at 
Burkersdorf. 

1763. Peace of 
Hubertsburg. 



1765. Joseph II 
emperor. 



1754. Turkey:— Othman 
III. 



1755. Italy: — TheCorsi- 
cans under Paoli, revolt 
against Genoa. 

1756. India: — Calcutta 
taken by Surajah Dow- 
lah of Bengal ; the Black 
Hole. 



1757. Turkey:- 
III. 



-Mustapha 



1758. Italy : — Clement 
XIII., pope. 



1761. India: — Siege and 
capture of Pondicherry, 
by the English. 

1762. Kingdom of Mysore 
founded by Hyder Ali. 

Russia: — Peter III. 
Catherine II. 



-Stanislaus 
elected 



of 



1764. Poland:- 
Poniatowski 
king. 

1765. India: — Treaty 
Allahabad. 

Establishment of a 
British Empire. 

Italy : ■ — Peter Leopold, 
grand duke of Tuscany. 



'74 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1766 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress op Society, etc. 



America. 



Great Britain. 



1766 Wallis and Carteret's voy- 
age of discovery in the 
South Seas. 

1767 Spinning-jenny invented 
by Hargreaves in Eng- 
land. 

1768 Cook's first voyage of dis 
covery. 

Bruce begins exploration 
of the Nile. 

Royal Academy of Arts 
in England; Joshua 
Reynolds first president 

1769 Letters of Junius. — Ark 
Wright's spinning frame 
Watt's steam engine. 

770 Whitefield dies at New 
bury port. 



1771 



1774 



First edition of the Ency 
clopaedia Britannica. 



1766. Stamp Act repealed 
The Declaratory Act. 



1766. Stamp Act repealed. 
New ministry under the 
earl of Chatham . 

1767. First war with Hyder 
Ali in Mysore begins. 



1768. British troops in 1768. The Wilkes agita- 
Boston. tion. 



1769. Daniel Boone ex 
plores Kentucky. 



1770. Boston Massacre. 



1772. Hancock, S. Adams 
and Patrick Henry pro> 
mote the Revolution. 



1773. Tea destroyed at 
Boston. 



1769. Hyder Ali plunders 
the Carnatic. 



1770. Lord North, prime 
minister. 



1772. Warren Hastings 
head of government in 
Bengal. 

The Boston Port Bill 
passed. 

Warren Hastings gov- 
ernor-general of India. 



Priestley discovers oxygen.; 1774. Boston Port Bill. 
Continental Congress at 
Philadelphia. 



1775. American Revolutionary War. 

April 19, skirmish at 1775. Lord North's "con- 
Lexington, ciliatory measures" re- 
Second Continental jected by the colonies. 
Congress. 

June 17, battle of 
Bunker Hill. 

Washington, com- 

mander-in-chief. 

Montgomery takes St. John's and Montreal, and 
falls at Quebec. 



1775 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



175 



France. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



176S Lorraine annexed to 
France on the death of 
Stanislaus Leszczynski 



1768 



170? 



1770 



1773 



1774 



Genoa cedes Corsica to 
France. 



Paoli defeated and Corsica 
subdued. 



Marriage of the dauphin 
with Marie Antoinette. 
Fall of Choiseul ; attack 
on the parlement; Ma 
dame DuBarry rules the 
king. 



Avignon ceded to the pope 
after the suppression of 
the Jesuits. 



Louis XVI. becomes 
king; Marie Antoinette, 
queen. — Maurepas, 
prime minister; Turgot, 
minister of finance. 

Malesherbes, minister of 
the interior. 



1772. Joseph II. takes part 
in the first partition of 
Poland, the territory 
acquired being made in- 
to the kingdom of Gali 
cia. 



1766. Denmark:- 
tian VII. 



-Chris- 



1774. Austrians occupy 
Bukovina. 



1767. Spain: — Jesuits ex- 
pelled. 

India: — Hyder Ali re- 
sists the English. 

1768. War between Russia 
and the Ottoman Em- 
pire. 

Ali Bey, ruler of 
Egypt, rebels against 
Turkey. 

1769. Pope Clement XIV. 
The Russian army oc- 
cupies Wallachia and 
Moldavia. 



1771. Sweden: — Gustavus 
III- succeeds. 

The Russians overrun 
the Crimea. 

1772. First partition of 
Poland, among Russia, 
Prussia, and Austria. 



1773. Ottoman Empire: — 
The Russians are re- 
pulsed at Varna and 
Silistria. 

Pope Clement abol- 
ishes the order of Jesuits. 

Russia: — Revolt of the 
Cossack Pugatcheff, 

calling himself Czar 
Peter. 

Ottoman Empire: — 
Abdul Hamid succeeds. 



1774. India: — Warren 
Hastings, first British 
governor-general. 

Peace of Kutchuk- 
Kainarji between Russia 
and Turkey. 

1775. Pope Pius VI. 
Bassora taken by the 

Persians. 

1776. India: — Lord Pigot, 
governor of Madras, im- 
prisoned by his own 
council. 



176 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I776 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1776 



Appearance of Adam 
Smith's Wealth of Na- 
tions and the first vol- 
ume of Gibbon's Rome. 

In England: France: 
Voltaire 



1776. The British troops 
evacuate Boston. 



1776. The city of London 
remonstrates against the 
American war. 
Moultrie defeats the English at Sullivan's Island. 



Goldsmith, 

Warburton, 

Johnson, 

Lowth, 

Garrick, 

Hume, 

Robertson, 

Blackstone, 

Adam Smith, 

Home Tooke 

Priestley, 

Horsley, 

Burke, 

Pitt, 

Fox, 

Cooper, 

Sheridan, 

McPherson, 

Burns, 

Karnes 

Reid. 



1778 



Rousseau, 
Diderot, 
Condillac, 
Jussieu, 
Lavoisier, 
La Harpe, 
Barthelemy, 
Buff on. 

Germany: 
Mosheim, 
Zimmermann 
Kant, 
Klopstock, 
Lessing, 
Wieland, 
Herder, 
Goethe, 
Sw: Linnaeus, 
It:Metastasio 

Russia: 
Kheraskov, 
Derzhavin, 
Bogdanovich 
Khemnitzer. 
Death of Voltaire and 
Rousseau. — Discovery 
of the Sandwich Islands 
by Captain Cook. 



1780 



1781 



1783 



1784 



Sunday Schools established 
in England, by Robert 
Raikes. 



Herschel's discovery of 

Uranus. 
Appearance of Kant's 

Kritik der reinen Ver- 

nunft. 



Air balloon of Montgolfier. 



First American daily 
newspaper in Philadel 
phia. 



The British army takes 
possession of New York. 
Hessians hired for 
service in America. 



Declaration of Inde 
pendence, July 4. 

Americans under Put- 
nam and Sullivan de- 
feated on Long Island, 
Aug. 27. 

Battle of White Plains 
Oct. 28. 

Battle of Trenton, 
Dec. 26. 
1777. Arrival of Lafayette. 

Capture of Ticonderoga by the British. 

Battles of Princeton, January 3; Bennington, 
Aug. 16; Brandywine, September 11, and Still- 
water, September 19. 

Philadelphia taken by the English. — Battle of 
Germantown, Oct. 4; Battle of Saratoga, Oct. 7; 
Gates receives Burgoyne's surrender, Oct. 17. 

Articles of confedera- 
tion, adopted Nov. 15. 



1778. Capture of Pondi- 
cherry in India. 



1778 . Alliance with F ranee. 
Battle of Monmouth, 

June 28. 

Arrival of the French 
fleet under D'Estaing. 

Massacre of Wyoming. 

Savannah taken by 
the English. 

1779. Wayne recovers 
Stony Point. 

Paul Jones's victory 
off Flamborough Head, 
England. 

1780. British take Charles- 
ton; battle of Camden; 
De Kalb killed. 

Treason of Arnold. 
Battle of King's Moun- 
tain. 

1781. Battle of Cowpens 
gained by Morgan; bat- 
tles of Guilford Court 
House, Hobkirk's Hill, 
and Eutaw Springs. 

Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Oct. 19. 

1782. Rodney destroys De 
Grasse's fleet at Domini- 



1783. Peace of Versailles: 

Independence of the United States acknowledged 
by Great Britain. 

1783. Pitt, the younger, 



1780. War with Hyder Ali, 
who conquers the Car- 
natic. 

War with Holland. 
Gordon "No-Popery" 
riots in London. 

1781. Naval victory off the 
Doggerbank. 



1784. First ordinance for 
government of North- 
west Territory, 



premier. 
1784. Peace with Tippoo 
Sahib. 



I784 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



177 



France. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1776 Necker, director of finance 
Silas Deane in Paris ob- 
tains help for the Ameri 
can cause. 



1777 



1778 



1779 



1780 



1781 



1782 



1783 



Franklin in France. 
Lafayette sails for America. 



Alliance with America. 



St. Vincent and Grenada 
taken by D'Estaing. 



Rochambeau 
America. 



Necker resigns. 



Defeat of De Grasse in the 
West Indies, by Rodney. 



Peace of Versailles. 



1778. " Wars of the Bava- 
varian succession " re- 
sulting from Joseph II. 's 
attempt to acquire ter- 
ritory in Bavaria. 



1779. Congress and Peace 
of Teschen settles the 
differences arising from 
the Bavarian question. 



1781. Joseph II. proclaims 
freedom of religion in 
his territories. 



1782. Reforms of Joseph II. 
Punishment of death 
abolished. Monasteries 
suppressed. 

The pope visits the 
emperor, to dissuade 
him from hostilities 
against the church. 

1784. Joseph II. attempts 
to open the Scheldt to 
navigation. 



1777. Portugal : — Maria, 
queen. 

Spain: — Florida Blanca, 
foreign minister. 



1778. India: — War between 
the English and the 

Mahrattas. 



1779. Spain : — Alliance 
with the American colo- 
nists. 



1780. Declaration of the 
armed neutrality by 
Russia, Denmark, and 
Sweden to protect neu- 
tral flags from the right 
of search claimed by 
Britain. 

Hyder AH overruns 
the Carnatic. 



1782. Gibraltar held against 
Spanish and French. 

India : — Rise of chief 
of Mahrattas. 
Tippoo sultan of Mysore. 

1783. — alliance with the 
French. 

Crimea united to 
Russia. 

1784. Pitt's India Bill: In- 
dian affair-, placed under 
the Board of Control. 



i;8 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1785 A.D.- 



a.d. | Progress op Society, etc. 


United States. 


Great Britain. 


1785 


La PeVouse begins voyage 


1785. John Adams, first 






of exploration in the 


minister from the United 






South Pacific. 


States of America to 
Great Britain; Jeflerson 
minister to France. 




1786 


Burns's Poems published. 


1786. Shays's Rebellion in 


1786. Warren Hastings 






Massachusetts. 


succeeded by Cornwallis. 






1787. General Convention 


1787. Warren Hastings 






at Philadelphia. 


impeached. 






Federal Constitution 


First convicts trans- 






of the United States, ported to Australia 






adopted. 


(Botany Bay). 


1788 


Appearance of the London 


1788. Marietta in Ohio set- 


1788. The king insane. 




Times. 


tled. 


Death of Charles Edward 
the last pretender. 


1789 


Herschel's telescope. 


1789. George Washington 


Trial of Warren Hast- 




Talma, the celebrated 


president: 


ings. 




tragedian. 


Jefferson, Hamilton, 
Knox, Randolph, and 






Tom Paine, 


Jay form the cabinet. 






Fisher Ames. 








Hannah More, 








Gainsborough, 








Morland. 








Boguslawski, 








Krasicki, Polish authors. 








Alfieri, Italian poet. 








Gluck, 








Haydn, 








Mozart, 








Beethoven. 










1791. First United States 


1791. Death of John 






Bank. 


Wesley. 






Vermont admitted to 








the Union. 








1792. Kentucky admitted 








to the Union. 








United States Mint 








established. 





1792 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



179 



France. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1785 



17S9 



1790 



1791 



1792 



The affair of the Diamond 
Necklace increases the 
unpopularity of Marie 

Antoinette. 



Financial difficulties. — 
New taxation; Calonne, 
Brienne, and Necker, 
ministers successively. 

Second meeting of the 
Notables. 

French Revolution. July 
14, the Bastile stormed ; 
August 4, the Constitu- 
ent Assembly resolveson 
the abolition of feudal 
privileges; Oct. 5-6, 
the Paris mob marches 
on Versailles and brings 
the king to the Tuileries; 
Nov. 2, the property of 
the church confiscated. 

July 14, the Feast of Fed- 
eration, the king accepts 
the newly drafted con- 
stitution; Aug. 31, 
military uprising at 
Nancy suppressed by 
Bouille. 

April 2, death of Mirabeau , 
the radical element gain 
control of the revolu- 
tion; June 20, the royal 
family flee to Varennes ; 
they are brought back. 
Sept. 14, the king swears 
to the perfected con 
stitution; Oct. 1, the 
Legislative Assembly 
convenes. 

April 20, war declared 
against Prussia and 
Austria; June 20, the 
mob invades the Tuil 
eries; Aug. 10, the 
Tuileries stormed and 
the royal family lodged 
in the Temple; Sept 2 
the Paris mob massacres 
the royalists in the 
prisons; Sept. 20, the 
cannonade of Valmy, i 
Republican success 

Sept. 21, France de 
clared a Republic by the 
Convention ; Nov. 6 , 
Dumouriez defeats the 
Austrians at Jemappes. 



1785. Joseph's plan to ac- 
quire Bavaria frustrated 
by Frederick II., who 
form= Lhe " Fiirsten- 
bund." 

1786. Prussia:— Death of 
Frederick the Great. — 
Frederick William II. 



1788. War against Turkey 
The Austrian Nether' 
lands revolt. 



1790. Leopold II. 
peror. 



1791. Conference of Pilnitz 
between Leopold II. and 
Frederick William II. of 
Prussia who issue 
warning to the revolu- 
tionary party in France. 



1792. Francis II., emperor 

French take Spires, 

Mainz, and Longwy 

Lafayette imprisoned at 

Olmutz. 



17S7. Russia: 
the Porte. 



-War with 



1788. Spain:— Charles IV. 
War between Sweden 

and Russia. 
17S9. Ottoman Empire: — 

Selim III. 



1790. Tuscany;— Ferdi- 
nand III. 



1792. Sweden: — Gustavus 
IV. 



i So 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1793 A.D.- 



1793 



1794 



1795 



1796 



Whitney's cotton gin. 



Ecole Polytechnique 
Paris founded. 



Pestalozzi, educator. 
Mungo Park, African 

traveller. 
Institute of Francefounded. 



Jenner 
tion. 



nns vaccina- 



1799 Voltaic pile invented. 



1793. Washington re-elec- 
ted. 

Neutrality in regard 
to France. 



1793. First coalitionagainst 
France, directed by Eng- 
land — Austria, the em- 
pire, Prussia, Sardinia, 
Spain, and Holland. 



1794. Jay's treaty with England. 
Commencement of the 
navy — 6 frigates built. — French 

Whiskey Insurrection in Corsica. 
Pennsylvania. 



1795. Wayne's treaty with 
the Western Indies. 



1796. Washington declines 
a re-election. 

Tennessee admitted to 
the Union. 

1797. John Adams, second 
president. 

The X Y Z papers. 



1798. War with France. 
Washington commander 
in-chief. The Alien and 
Sedition Laws; the Vir- 
ginia and Kentucky 
Resolutions. 



1799. Death of Washington. 



driven from 



1795. War with Holland. 
Cape of Good Hope 

taken. 

Warren Hastings ac- 
quitted. 

1796. Outbreak of Irish 
rebellion. 



1798. Irish rebellion — 
Nelson's victory at the 
battle of the Nile. 



1799. Second coalition 
against France. — Serin- 
gapatam taken by the 
English and Tippoo 
Sahib killed. 



1800. Seat of government 1S00. Union of England 
tiansf erred to Washing- and Ireland effected, 
ton, D. C. Malta taken. 



ISOO A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



ISI 



France. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1793 



1794 



Jan. 21, execution of 1793. First coalition against 
Louis XVI.; March 18, France 
Dumouriez defeated at 
Neerwinden; April, 

Committee of Public 
Safety under Danton 
wields supreme power 
July 13, assassination of 
Marat by Charlotte 
Corday; Oct. 16, Jour 
dan victorious at Watti 
gnies;Nov. 10, the wor 
ship of Reason at Notre- 
Dame. 

March 24, execution of 
Hebert and his followers ; 
April 5, execution of the 
Dantonists; June 8, Fes- 
tival of the Supreme 
Being; June 26, Jourdan 
victorious at Fleurus, 
Belgium conquered; July 
27-28, fall and death of 
Robespierre, end of the 
Reign of Terror. 

Oct. 5, popular insurrec- 
tion suppressed by Bar- 
ras and Napoleon Bona- 
parte; Oct. 26, Conven- 
tion succeeded by Di- 
rectory. 

War in Italy. 

Battles of Lodi, Castigli- 
one, and Arcole. 

Hoche and Moreau's cele- 
brated passage of the 
Rhine. 

Revolution of 18th Fructi- 
dor. 

Peace of Campo Formio in which Austria cedes 
Belgium and Lombardy receiving Venetia 



1798 Bonaparte's expedition to 1799. Second coalition 
Egypt. French fleet against France, 

defeated by Nelson at 
Aboukir, Aug. 1-2. 



1795 



1796 



1797 



1795. Prussia concludes 
Peace of Basel with 
France, recognizing 

French conquests on the 
left bank of the Rhine 



1799 



1800 



The French enter Switzer- 
land under Massena 
and Jourdan. Return 
of Bonaparte. Revolu 
tion of the 18th Bru- 
maire. Bonaparte, first 
consul. 

Battle of Marengo, Bonaparte defeats the Austrians 
under Melas. — Moreau's victory of Hohenlinden 
over the Austrians under the Archduke John. 



1793. Second partition of 
Poland by Russia and 
Prussia. 

In Hayti freedom for 
negroes proclaimed by 
French Convention. 



1794. Poland :— Revolt 
under Kosciuszko who is 
defeated at Maciejowice. 
— P r a g a (Warsaw) 
stormed by Suvoroff. 



1795. Final partition of 
Poland — extinction of 
the kingdom. 

Holland conquered 
and the Batavian Re- 
public proclaimed. 

1796. Russia:— Paul I. 

1797. Venetian Republic 
extinguished by the 
peace of Campo Formio. 



1798. Switzerland: — 
General revolution — ■ 
The French erect the 
Helvetian Republic. 

Prussi a: — Frederick 
William III. 

India: ■ — Marquis 
Wellesley, governor- 

general. 

1799. Russians, under 
Suvorofl , win the battles 
of Cassano and Novi, but 
(under Korsakoff) are 
defeated at Zurich by 
Massena. 

1800. Armed neutrality of 
the north. 

Pope Pius VII. 



r 



182 



TABULAR VIEWS 



l80I A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Great Britain. 



1801 



Piazzi discovers the aster- 
oid Ceres. 



1804 



1804 
-06 



1806 
-11 



1807 



1809 



First locomotive steam 
engine used on the 
Merthyr Tydvil road in 
Wales. 

The Code NapolSon pro 
mulgated in France. 

Lewis and Clark's expedi 
tion to the Rocky Moun 
tains. 



General University (Uni 
versity of France) es 
tablished by Napoleon 
to superintend national 
education. 

Fulton's first successful 
trial of steamboats 



University of Berlin found- 
ed. 



1801. Thomas Jefferson, 
third president. 



1801 Battle of Alexandria. 
French defeated by 
Abercromby. Pitt re- 
signs, succeeded by Ad- 
dington. 

1802. Ohio enters the 1802. Peace of Amiens. 

Union. 



1803. Purchase of Louisi 
ana. 

U. States frigate 
Philadelphia taken by 
the Tripolitans. 

1804. Decatur destroys 
the Philadelphia. 

Preble bombards 
Tripoli. 

Burr kills Hamilton. 

The Lewis and Clark 
expedition sets out. 

1805. Jefferson re-elected 
president. 



1806. British Orders 
Council and Napoleon's 
decrees seriously impair 
American commerce. 

1807. Embargo on all the 
ports of the United 
States. 

Trial of Aaron Burr 
for treason. 

The attack on the 
Chesapeake by the 

Leopard. 



1808. Importation of 
slaves abolished. 



1803'. Emmett's insurrec- 
tion in Ireland. 



1804. Pitt again premier. 



1805. Third coalition . 
Nelson defeats the 

French and Spanish 
fleets off Trafalgar. 

1806. Fourth coalition 
against France. 



1807. Bill for the abolition 
of the slave trade, passed. 



1808. The English, under 
Wellesley, enter Portu- 
gal as allies and win the 
battle of Vimeiro. 



1809. James Madison, 1809. Fifth coalition, 
fourth president. Walcheren expedition. 

Embargo repealed;! Battles of Corunna 

the non-intercourse actl and Talavera in the 
passed. Peninsula. 



1809 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



I8 3 



France. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1801; Peace of Luneville; Germany west of the Rhine in the 
possession of France. 



1802 Bonaparte elected presi- 
dent of the Italian Re 
public. 

Peace of Amiens. 

Legion of Honor instituted 

1803 Bank of France. 
War with England. 



1S04 



1805 



1806 



1807 



1S08 



1809 



Duke D'Enghien shot. 

Bonaparte crowned as Na- 
poleon I., emperor of 
the French. 



1804. The German em 
peror assumes the title 
of emperor of Austria 

End of the Holy 
Roman Empire. 



Austrian campaign, battle of Austerlitz. 
Peace of Presburg. 



Formation of the Confederation of the Rhine. 
Victories of Auerstadt and Jena over the Prussians. 
Berlin decree against Brit- 
ish commerce. 

Victories of Eylau over 
the Prussians and Rus- 
sians and of Friedland 
over the latter are fol- 
lowed by the peace of 
Tilsit in which Prussia 
loses her Polish terri- 
tories and her possessions 
west of the Elbe. — The 
duchy of Warsaw 
created for the king of 
Saxony and the king- 
dom of Westphalia for 
Jerome Bonaparte. 
Invasion of Portugal. 



Conference at Erfurt be 
tween Napoleon, Alex- 
ander I., and the Ger 
man princes. 



Battles of Eckmuhl, Aspern, andWagram — Peace 
of Vienna. — Austria cedes territory to Russia 
Bavaria, and France; the Adriatic territories erected 
into the Illyrian Provinces. 



1801. Russia:- — Alexander 
I. 

The kingdom of 
Etruria erected. Danish 
fleet at Copenhagen de- 
feated by Nelson. 

1S02. Italian Republic:— 
Bonaparte president. 



1803. India: — Great Mah- 
ratta war. 

French driven from 
Hayti. 

1804. Russia: — War with 
Persia breaks out. 

India: — War between 
the English and Holkar. 



1806. Holland: — Louis Bo- 
naparte, king. 



1807. Ottoman Empire: 
Mustapha IV. 



1808. Spain: — Ferdinand 
VII. and Charles IV. 
compelled to renounce 
their claims; Joseph Bo- 
naparte made king. 

Naples: — Murat king. 

Denmark: — Frederick 
VI. 

Ottoman Empire:' — ■ 
Mahmud II. 

1809. Sweden: — C h a r 1 e s 
XIII.; Bernadotte be- 
comes prince royal. 



TABULAR VIEWS 



18(0 A.D.- 



Progressop Society, etc 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1811 



1812 



Appearance of Niebuhr's 
History of Rome. 



American Board of Com 
missioners for Foreign 
Missions, founded. 



1813 



1814 



1815 



Shelley's Queen Mab. 



The Jesuits re-established 
by Pius VII. Words- 
worth's Excursion; 
Scott's Waverley. 



The North American Re- 
view established. 

Safety lamp invented by 
Sir Humphrey Davy. 

In England: 

Keats, Reg. Heber, Shelley, 
Crabbe,Sir WalterScott, 
Byron, Coleridge, Lamb, 
Montgomery, Hogg. 

In France: 

Mad. de Stael, Mad. de 
Genlis, Chateaubriand, 
Cuvier. 

Melendez Valdez, Spanish 
poet, 

Bilderdyk, Dutch. 

In Germany: 

W. Schlegel, F. Schlegel, 
Richter, Kotzebue 

Weber and Spohr. 



18 1 1 . Engagement between 
the President and the 
Little Belt. 

Indians on the Wa- 
bash, defeated by Gov 
Harrison at Tippecanoe 



1810. George III. insane; 
battles of Ciudad Rod- 
rigo and Busaco. 



1811. George, prince of 
Wales, prince Regent, 
(the king being insane). 
Battles of Fuentes de 
Onoro and Albuera in 
the peninsula. 



1812. War with Great Britain 

Invasion of Canada under Gen. Hull. 
Gen. Hull surrenders Detroit to the British. 
The Constitution captures the Guerriere. 

1 1812. Lord Liverpool pre- 
I mier. 
Wool victorious at Queenstown. Oct. 13. 
Captain Jones, in the Wasp captures the Frolic, 
Oct. 18. 

The United States, Captain Decatur, captures 
the British frigate Macedonian. 

The Constitution, Captain Bainbridge, captures 
the British frigate Java. 



Louisiana admitted into 
the Union. 

1813. Perry's victory on 
Lake Erie. 

Battle of the Thames 
Tecumseh killed. 



1814. American victories 
atChippewa and Lundy's 
Lane; McDonough's vic- 
tory on LakeChamplain ; 
British repulsed from 
Baltimore; Hartford 
Convention. 

City of Washington 
burnt by the British. 

Peace of Ghent signed, Dec. 3 



Ciudad Rodrigo and 
Badajoz stormed by 
Wellington. Battle of 
Salamanca. 

1813. Battle of Vittoria 
and English invasion of 
France. 

Sixth coal i t ion 
against France — Prussia 
Russia, Sweden, Great 
Britain, and Austria. 

1814. Treaty of Chaumont 
between Austria, Prus- 
sia, Russia, and Great 
Britain. 



1815. Battle of New Or- 
leans; British defeated 
by General Jackson, Jan 
8. 

War against Algiers. 

Fight between the 

Penguin and the Hornet 



1815. Wellington victorious 
at Waterloo, June 18. 

Oppressive Corn Law 
enacted. 



1 8 1 5 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



I8 5 



France. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1810 



1811 



1812 



1813 



1814 



1815 



Napoleon marries Maria 
Louisa . — Continental 
peace except with Spain, 



Birth of the emperor's 
son; created king of 
Rome. 

Soult victorious in Spain — 
takes Badajoz: is de- 
feated by the English 
at Albuera. 

Russian campaign. 

Battles of Smolensk and 
Borodino. 

Moscow entered by Na- 
poleon's army — and 
burned by the Russians. 



1812. Austria in 
with France 
Russia. 



alliance 
against 



Victories of Lutzen, Baut- 1813. War of German inde 

zen, and Dresden, over pendence. 

the allies. Austria joins the co- 

alition. 
Battle of Leipsic — Bonaparte driven to the Rhine. 



The allies enter Paris. 
Napoleon abdicates, and 

retires to Elba. 
House of Bourbon 

6tored: Louis XVIII. 



Bonaparte returns from 
Elba. The Hundred 
Days. Napoleon vic- 
torious at Ligny. Bat 
tie of Waterloo. The 
allies enter Paris. Bona 
parte banished to St 
Helena. 



1815. Congress of Vienna 
effects the political re- 
construction of Europe. 
Germanic Confedera- 
tion organized. 



1810. South America: — 
Revolt of the Spanish 
colonies; uprisings in 
Venezuela, Uruguay, 
Paraguay, Chile, Buenos 
Ayres, and Mexico. 

1811. Revolution in Peru. 



1812. Invasion of Russia 
by Napoleon. — Burning 
of Moscow. 

Kutusoff pursues the 
retreating French. 

Peace of Bucharest 
closes six years' war 
with Turkey and results 
in acquisition of part of 
Bessarabia and Mol- 
davia by Russia. 



1813. South America: — Bol- 
ivar drives the Spaniards 
from Caracas. — Mexico 
declares its indepen- 
dence. 



1814. Union of Holland 
and Belgium. — -Peace of 
Kiel, between Denmark, 
Sweden, and England. 

Union of Sweden and 
Norway as two king- 
doms underone monarch. 



1815. Netherlands: —Wil- 
liam I. 

The "Holy Alliance" 
— Russia, Prussia, and 
Austria, later joined by 
France. 



i86 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1815 A.D.- 



1S1G 



1817 



1818 



1819 



1822 



1S23 



1825 



Progress op Society. etc. 



United States. 



1815. Abolition of the slave 
trade by the Congress 
of Vienna. 



Second United States Bank 
chartered for 20 years, 
capital $35,000,000. 

Invention of the kaleido- 
scope. 



Invention of the stetho- 
scope. — Appearance of 
Hallam's Europe During 
the Middle Ages. — Uni- 
versity of Bonn founded. 



1816. United States Bank 
incorporated. 

Indiana admitted. 



1817. James Monroe, 5th 
president. 

Mississippi admitted. 

First Seminole War 
begins. 



1818. Illinois admitted. 
Jackson seizes Pensa- 
cola. 



First passage of the Atlantic by steam, by the Savan- 



Scott's Ivanhoe. 
Oersted discovers electro- 
magnetism. 



Hieroglyphics deciphered 
by Champollion. 



Huskisson's free trade sys- 
tem in England. 



nah — New York to 
Liverpool. 

1819. Cession of Florida 
by Spam. 

Alabama admitted. 

1820. Missouri Compro- 
mise. Maine admitted. 

1821. Monroe re-elected. 
Missouri admitted. 



Inland navigation of the 
United States: the Erie 
Canal opened. 

Publication of P e p y s ' s 
Diary. 



1823. The enunciation of 
the Monroe Doctrine. 



1824-25. Lafayette's visit. 



1825. Erie Canal opened. 
J. Q. Adams, 6th 
president. 



Great Britain. 



1816. Bombardment of 
Algiers. — Rise of popu- 
lar agitation. — The Spa- 
Fields riots. 

1817. Continued rioting 
and suspension of 
Habeas Corpus Act. 



1819. The Peterloo mas- 
sacre and the Six Acts . 



1820. George IV. 

Trial of Queen Caro- 
line. 



1822. Canning, 
minister. 



foreign 






1823. Canning opposes the 
Holy Alliance and fur- 
thers the independence 
of the South American 
colonies of Spain. 

1824. Burmese war. 



1825. Commercial treaty 
with Colombia and 
Mexico. 



1825 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



I8 7 



France. 



Austria, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1816 



The Chambre Introuvable 
enters on a course of 
royalist reaction. 



1818 



Congress of Aix-la-Chap- 
elle decides on the evac- 
uation of France by the 
foreign troops. — France 
joins the "Holy Al- 
liance." 



1821 Death of Napoleon at St 
Helena. 



1822 



1823 



1824 



1825 



Laws against the freedom 
of the press. 



A. French army enters 
Spain and restores Fer- 
dinand VII. 



Charles X. 



An indemnity of 1,000,000- 
000 francs granted to 
the emigres. 



1816. The diet of the Ger- 
man Confederation as- 
sembles at Frankfort. 



1817. Rise of the Burschen- 
schaft in Germany and 
liberal celebration at 
the Wartburg in con- 
nection with the ter- 
centennary of Luther's 
birth. 



1819. Assassination of 
Kotzebue leads to the 
repressive Karlsbad De- 
crees against the liberal 
movement. 

1820. Congress of Troppau 
decides to intervene in 
Naples. 

1821. Congress of mon- 
archs at Laybach. — 
Greek insurrection in 
Moldavia under the 
leadership of Alexander 
Ypsilanti who is speedily 
overthrown. 

1822. Congress of Verona 
declares itself against 
the Greek and Spanish 
uprisings. 



1815. The Servians rise 
against Turkey under 
Milosh Obrenovitch. 



1816. Portugal:— John VI. 
in Brazil. 

Union of Naples and 
Sicilv under Ferdinand 
I. (IV.). 

1817. Republic of the 
Ionian Islands. 



1818. Sweden :— Charles 
XIV. (Bernadotte). 

India: — The Mahratta 
power completely over- 
thrown. 
South America: — Chilean 
independence established 
by battle of Maypu. 

1819. Republic of Colom- 
bia, Bolivar, president. 



1821. Greek revolt in the 
Morea. 

South America: — ■ 
Peru and Guatemala 
independent. 



1822. Brazil declared an 
independent empire. 

Mexico: — Iturbide, 
emperor. 

Greek declaration of 
independence. 

Massacre of Scio and 
capture of Acropolis of 
Athens by patriots. 

1823. Italy:— Leo XII. 
pope. 



1824. Death of Lord Byron 
at Missolonghi. 

The Spaniards over- 
whelmed by General 
Sucre at Ayacucho in 
Peru. 

1825. Russia: — Nicholas I. 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1826 A.D. 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


United States. 


Great Britain. 


1826 


Foundation of London 


1826. Death of Jefferson 


1826. England annexes 




University. 


and John Adams, July 


Assam at the conclusion 




Alexander Volta dies, dis- 


4 The Panama Con- 


of the Burmese war. 




coverer of the Voltaic 


gress. 






battery. 








In England: 


France: 








Jeremy Ben- 


Talma, tra- 








tham, 


gedian, 








Thomas 


Segur, 








Chalmers, 


La Place, 








W. Kirby, 


Beranger, 








Hallam, 


Lamartine. 








Lingard, 










Wordsworth, 










Southey, 


Germany: 








Campbell, 


Meyerbeer, 








Moore, 


Gall, 








Leigh Hunt, 


Spurzheim. 








Mrs. Hemans, 










Bulwer, 










"Barry Corn- 


Sweden: 








wall." 


Tegner, 
Dahlgren. 








Russia: 










Karamsin, 










Pushkin, 


Italy: 








Lermontoff, 


Rossini, 








Krilov. 


Paganini. 








U. S. A.: 








N. Webster, Wheaton, 








Irving, Kent, 






Cooper, Story, 






Garrison, Gallatin, 








Wirt, Livingston, 








Marshall, Channing. 










1827. Completion of first 


1827. Canning as prime 






railway in America at 


minister furthers the 






Quincy, Mass. 


cause of Greece. 

Treaty of London, 
between England, Rus- 
sia, and France, pre- 
pares way for Greek in- 
dependence. 






1828. Enactment of a high 


1828. Wellington ministry. 






protective tariff — the 


Disturbances in Ireland. 






Tariff of Abominations. 








1829. General Jackson, 7th 


1829. Catholic emancipa- 






president of the United 


tion. 






States. 


England, Russia, and 






Beginning of the 


Spain decide upon Greek 






Spoils System. 


independence. 


1830 


Liverpool and Manchester 


1830. The Webster-Hayne 


1830. William IV.— Earl 




Railroad opened. 


debate in Congress con- 


Grey, minister. 




The two Landers succeed 


cerning States Rights. 






in tracing the Niger 








from Lake Tchad to the 








ocean. 









183O A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



189 



France. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1826. Russia: — War with Persia. 

Portugal: — Maria da Gloria, queen. 
Greece: — Missolonghi and Athens (1827) taken 
by the Turks. 



1S27 



182S 



Disbanding of the National 
Guard — creation of a 
new chamber of Peers. 



Villele ministry succeeded 
by one under Marti- 
gnac. 



1829 Polignac ministry. 



1830 



The French enter Algeria; 

Algiers taken. 
Three Days' Revolution, 

July 27, 28, and 29. 
Lafayette, commander of 

the National Guard. 
Charles X. abdicates. 
Louis Philippe I. (House 

of Orleans). 



1827. Treaty of London concluded by Russia, France 
and Great Britain in relation to Greece. 

Greece: — Battle of Navarino. 

The Russians take Erivan and Tabriz. 
The Turkish fleet is destroyed at Navarino by the 
allies; Greek independence practically accomplish- 
ed. 

1828. Portugal: — Dom Miguel usurps the throne. 
Russia: — War declared against Turkey. By the 

peace of Turkmantchai Persian Armenia is 
acquired. 



1829. Italy:— Pius VIII., pope. 

The Russians cross the Balkans and entef 
Adrianople. Turkey recognizes independence of 
Greece and protectorate of Russia over Moldavia 
and Wallachia. 

Venezuela separates from Colombia under the 
leadership of General Paez. 

1830. Greek independence declared by the Great 
Powers. 

Belgium revolts from Holland, and is declared 
independent by the Great Powers. 

Polish struggle for nationality begins, November. 



190 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1831 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1831 



1S32 



1833 



1834 



1835 



1836 



The Factory Bill in Eng- 
land, limiting the hours 
of labor for children. 



Reform Bill in England — 
Extension of suffrage. 

Trade unions in England, 
France, Germany, Swit- 
zorland, etc. 



Slavery abolished in the 
British colonies. 

Girard College, at Phila- 
delphia, commenced. 



Inquisition abolished in 
Spain. 



De Tocqueville's History of 
Democracy in America. 

James Smithson's bequest 
of £100,000 totheUnited 
States for the establish- 
ment of an institution 
"for the increase and 
diffusion of knowledge 
among men," becomes 
operative. 

The Luxor obelisk erected 
at Paris. 



1831. The king of the Netherlands makes his award 
on the northeastern boundary between the United 
States and the British provinces. 
The publication of the 1831. Lord John Russell's 



Liberator begun by Gar- 
rison. 



Reform Bill introduced. 

Cholera first appears 
in England. 

London Conference 
settles affairs of Belgium 
and Holland. 

1832. Nullification in South 1832. Reform Bill passed. 
Carolina. — General Jack- 
son's celebrated procla- 
mation. — Organization 
of the New England 
Anti -Slavery Society — 
General Jackson enters 
upon second term in the 
Presidency. 

1833. Clay's Compromise 
Tariff. 

Removal of the de- 
posits of the United 
States from the U. S. 
Bank. 



1837 



S. F. B. Morse takes out a 
patent for his electro- 
magnetic telegraph (in- 
vented 1832). 

Appearance of Carlyle's 
French Revolution and 
Dickens's Pickwick Pa- 
pers. 



1833. Captain Ross returns 
from his voyage of dis- 
covery in search of a 
Northwest Passage. 



1834. Sir Robert Peel, 
premier. 



1834. The president cen- 
sured by the Senate for 
removing the deposits. 

1835. Great Fire in New 
York. 

Beginning of the sec- 
ond Seminole war. 



1836. The national debt of 1836. England takes part 
the United States being in the suppression of 
paid, the surplus revenue the Carlists in Spain, 
is divided among the 
States. 

Massacre of the Ala- 
mo and the defeat of the 
Mexicans by the Texans 
at San Jacinto. 

The independence of 
Texas acknowledged. 

Arkansas admitted. 

1837. Martin Van Buren, 1837. Victoria queen. 
8th president. _ 

Financial crisis. 
Insurrection in Canada 
headed by Papineau. 
Michigan admitted. 



1S38. _ Congress refuses to 
receive anti-slavery pe- 
titions. 



1838 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



I 9 I 



France. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1832 Republican uprising in 
Paris during funeral of 
General Lamarque. 

Ministry of Marshal Soult. 

French enter Belgium to 
enforce decision of Lon- 
don Conference; they 
take Antwerp. 



1833 



1834 



1836 



1837 



1838 



Guizot organizes common 
school education. 



Death of Lafayette. 



Insurrection attempted by 
Louis Napoleon at Stras- 
burg. 



Constantine in Algeria 
taken. 



Talleyrand dies. 
Difficulty with Mexico: 

capture of San Juan 

d'Ulloa. 



1S31. Brazil: — Revolution; Dom Pedro II., emperor. 
Belgium: — Leopold I., king. 

The Poles defeated at Ostrolenka; Warsaw 
capitulates. 

Italy: — Gregory XVI., pope. 



1832. The kingdom of Greece founded; Otho I., 
Poland: — The insurrection crushed and Poland 
incorporated with Russia; thousands of families 
sent to Siberia. 



1S33. Spain: — Isabella II., queen; Don Carlos claims 
the throne. 

Portugal: — Dom Pedro overthrown and a con- 
stitutional monarchy restored. 

Egypt: — Mehemet Ali receives Syria from the 
Sultan. 

Mexico: — Santa Anna, president. 

1834. Quadruple alliance — England, France, Spain, 
and Portugal, against Dom Miguel and Don Carlos. 



1835. Austria: — Ferdinand I., emperor. 



1S36. Spain: — The queen regent adopts the consti- 
tution of 1812. 



1838. Mexico: — The castle of San Juan d'Ulloa taken 
by the French. 



r 



192 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1839 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1839 



1840 



1841 



1842 



1844 



1845 



1846 



The daguerreotype 
vented in Paris. 



Penny postage system in 
England. 

Wheatstone's improve- 
ment of the electric 
telegraph in England. 



Appearance of Emerson's 
Essays. 



The old Croton Aqueduct 
in New York completed. 

Bain's electro - magnetic 
telegraph patented in 
London. 

Gutta percha in use. 

First use of ether as an- 
aesthetic by Dr. Long of 
Danielsville, Ga. 



A great defection from the 
Roman Catholic Church 
under Ronge, in Ger- 
many, who founds the 
German Catholic Church. 

Lord Rosse's telescope. 



Discovery of the planet 
Neptune, predicted by 
Leverrier and Adams. 



1839. Disturbances in the 1839. The British take 



"disputed territory," 
between Maine and New 
Brunswick. — The Liber- 
ty Party formed. 

Begininning of Anti- 
Rentism in New York. 

1840. Establishment of In- 
dependent Treasury. 



possession ofGhuzniand 
Cabul in Afghanistan. — ■ 
Outbreak of opium war 
with China. 

The rise of the Chart- 
ist agitation. 

1S40. The uniform penny 
postage system estab- 
lished. 

Marriage of Queen 
Victoria to Prince Al- 
bert of Saxe-Coburg. 

War in Syria: Great 
Britain taking part with 
Austria and Turkey 
against Mehemet Ali of 
Egypt. Lord Palmer- 
ston's foreign policy 
excites the ill-will of 
France, Chartist riots. 

1841. W. H. Harrison, 
9th president. 

He dies April 4. 

John Tyler succeeds 
him, as 10th president. 

Failure of the attempt 
to restore the United 
States Bank owing to 
the opposition of the 
president. 

1842. The Dorr Insur- 1842. The war with China 
rection in Rhode Island. ended: Hong-Kong 

ceded to Great Britain; 
Chinese ports opened to 
trade. 

British disasters in 
Afghanistan. 
Webster-Ashburton Treaty between the U. S. 
and England, settling the northeastern boundary. 
End of the Seminole 



1843. Great "Repeal" 
agitation in Ireland. 
The giant meeting on 
Tara Hill and the arrest 
of O'Connell. 

The British gain pos- 
session of Scinde. 

1844. Daniel O Connell's 
trial and imprisonment 
— the sentence reversed 
by the House of Lords. 



1845. Texas annexed to 
the United States. 

Anti-rent riots in New 
York. 

James K. Polk, 11th 
president. 

Florida admitted. 



1846. War with Mexico. 

Hostilities commence 
on the RioGrande, April 24. 
Battle of Palo Alto, 
May S. 

Battle of Resaca de la 
Palma, May 9. 



1845. Sir John Franklin 
sails in search of the 
Northwest Passage. 

The outbreak of the 
Sikh war. 

1846. Famine in Ireland; 
the repeal of the Corn 
Laws. 



I846 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



193 



France. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1840 



Prince Louis Napoleon at- 
tempts a hostile descent 
on the coast of France, 
near Boulogne — is taken 
prisoner, and imprisoned 
at Ham. 

Thiers retires : Guizot 
minister for foreign 
affairs. 

The remains of Napoleon 
removed from St. Hele- 
na, and deposited with 
great honours at the 
Invalides, in Paris. 



1842 



The duke of Orleans, heir 
to the throne, killed by a 
fall from his carriage. 



1844 



Successful 
Morocco. 



1846 



Louis Napoleon escapes 
from Ham, May 25. 



1839. Peace between France and Mexico. 
China: — The opium trade forbidden. 

Turkey at war with Egypt. The Turks crushed 
by Ibrahim Pasha at Nisib. Mahmud II. suc- 
ceeded by Abdul Medjid who formulates reforms 
in the Hatji-sherif of Gulhane. 

India: — Ghuzni taken by the British. 

Denmark: — Christian VIII. succeeds. 

1840. China: — Canton blockaded by the English, to 
compel the renewal of the opium trade. 

Holland: — William I. abdicates. William II. 
succeeds. 

Syria: — Acre taken by the English, Austrians, 
and Turks. 

Spain: — Carlist insurrection suppressed. 



1841. China: — Canton taken by the British. 

Mexico: — Santa Anna enters the capital and 
places himself at the head of the government. 

Spain: — Espartero made regent. 

Turkey: — Mehemet Ali recognized as hereditary 
ruler of Egypt. 



1842. India: — British withdraw from Afghanistan. 
Natal taken by the British. 

China: — Peace with Great Britain; Hong-Kong 
ceded. 



1843. Spain: — The Regent Espartero overthrown by 
Narvaez. Personal rule of Isabella II. 

Greece: — King Otho compelled to accept 
constitution, Sept. 15. 

India: — Scinde annexed to the British Empire. 



1846. Poland: — An unsuccessful insurrection at 
Cracow. The city deprived of its independence 
and annexed to Austria. 

Rome: — Pius IX., pope; he inaugurates a 
liberal era. 



194 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1846 A.D.- 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1846 



The planet Neptune dis- 
covered. — Grote's His 
lory of Greece begun. 



1848 



Appearance of Thackeray's 
Vanity Fair, Lowell 
Biglow Papers,a.nd Mill 
Political Economy. Gold 
discovered in California 



Formation of the Free 
Soil Party. 

Extensive emigration from Europe to America during 
this year, particularly from Ireland. 

Wisconsin admitted. 



1846. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain, settling 
the Northwestern Boundary, signed at London, 
June 18. 

Commodore Sloat 
takes possession of Cali 
fornia, July 6. 

New tariff bill passed 
establishing ad valorem 
duties. 

Capture of Monterey. 
September 24. 

Tampico occupied No- 
vember 14. 

Iowa admitted. 

1847. Battle of Buena 
Vista, February 23. 

Vera Cruz surrenders 
March 29. 

Battle of Cerro Gordo, 
April 18. 

Battle of Contreras 
August 20. 

Battle of Molinos del 
Rey, September 8. 

Battle of Chapultepec 
September 13. 

Mexico surrenders, 
September 14. 

1848. Treaty of Peace with 1848. Disorders in Ireland. 
Mexico signed at Guada- Chartist meeting 

loupe Hildalgo, Feb. 2. London, April 10. 

John Mitchell tried 
and condemned to trans- 
portation, May. 
Postal convention between the United States and 
Great Britain. 



1847. Severe famine con- 
tinues in Ireland. Large 
supplies of food sent from 
the United States; ex- 
tensive emigration. 
Death of O'Connell. 



Habeas Corpus Act 
suspended in Ireland, 
July. 

Smith O'Brien arrest- 
ed and condemned, Aug. 
5. 



1848 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



195 



France. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1847 Reform banquets in Stras- 

burg, Chartres, etc. 
Michelet's lectures inter 

rupted by the ministers. 

Dec. 
Abd-el-Kader surrenders 

Dec. 22. 



1848 



Debate on the Reform 

Bill, Feb. 8. 
Proposed banquet at Pa 

ris, abandoned, Feb. 21. 
Revolution commenced 

Feb. 22. 
Barricades erected, Feb 

23. Guizot dismissed 
Louis Philippe abdicates 

and flies, Feb. 24. 
Provisional government 

established. 
Lamartine, provisional 

president, Feb. 24. 
French Republic pro 

claimed, Feb. 27. 
Meeting of the National 

Assembly, May 4. 
Socialist insurrection, May 

15. 
Bloody insurrection in 

Paris, June 23-26. 
Cavaignac, military dicta- 
tor, June 24. 
Paris in a state of siege. 
New Constitution adopted, 

Nov. 4. 
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte 

elected president, Dec. 

10. 



1846. Austria takes 
possession of Cra- 
cow. 



1847 .Prussia : — Fred 
erick William as 
sembles the United 
Diet. 



1848. Revolution in 
Vienna and fall of 
Metternich, March 
13; revolution in 
Buda-Pesth, Mar. 
15-17 ; insurrection 
in Berlin, Mar. 18- 
19 ; German Vor- 
parlament meets at 
Frankfort Mar. 3 1 , 
Prussia at war 
with Denmark , 
April; Emperor 
flees from Vienna, 
May 17; insurrec- 
tion at Prague ; 
meeting of Hun- 
garian N a t i o n a 1 
assembly, July 5 ; 
Hungarians pre- 
pare for war against 
Austria, Sept . : 
They defeat the 
Croatian Ban 

Jellachich, Sept. 
29. 

Insurrection at 
Vienna, Oct. 6. 

The emperor 
leaves the city . 
The Hungarian 
army advances 
within 6 miles of 
Vienna, Oct. 11. 
Windischgratz ap- 
pointed comman- 
der of the imperial 
army. 



1847. Hayti: — Soulouque, presi- 
dent, March 2. 

Sardinia: — Charles Albert 
initiates reforms. 

Algiers: — Abd-el-Kader 
made a prisoner, Dec. 22. 



1848. Italy: — Sicily in revolu- 
tion- — Constitutions granted in 
Sardinia, Tuscany, and Rome; 
Northern Italy rises against 
Austria — Charles Albert of 
Sardinia declares war against 
Austria in March; the Sar- 
dinians defeated at Custozza 
in July and Austrians occupy 
Milan. Insurrection in 

Rome against the pope, and 
assassination of his chief 
minister, Rossi, Nov. 

Bavaria: — Disturbances on 
account of Lola Montez — the 
king abdicates in favor of his 
son, Maximilian II, March 20. 

Denmark: — Frederick VII., 
king; revolt of Schleswig- 
Holstein, March. 

Poland : — Unsuccessful re- 
volt at Cracow, April. 

Sicily declares itself inde- 
pendent, April. 

Holland receives a constitu- 
tion, April. 

Sicily: — The duke of Genoa 
elected king, July 10. 

Armistice signed between 
Denmark, Prussia, and Swe- 
den, Aug. 26. 

Sicily : — Messina bombarded 
and taken, by the royal forces 
Sept. 7. 



r 



196 



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1848 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. United States 



Great Britain. 



1849 



Emigration from Europe to America during this year 
at the rate of 1000 a day. 

1849. Zachary Taylor, 12th 
president. 



1850 



Great agitation on the 
Slavery Question in the 
United States Congress 

A University founded at 
Sydney, New South 
Wales . 

Deaths in 1850: 

U. S. A. EUROPE. 

A. Judson, Wordsworth 
S. M. Fuller, Jeffrey, 
John C. Neander, 

Calhoun, Louis 
Zachary Philippe, 

Taylor. Balzac, 

Rob't Peel, 
Woman's Rights Conven 

tion, held at Worcester 

Mass., Oct. 23. 



1850. Death of President 
Taylor. 

Millard Fillmore, 13th 
president. 

California admitted 
Texas boundary settled 
by the payment of 
10,000,000 dollars to 
Texas. 

New Mexico and Utah 
organized as Territories 

Bill for the arrest of 
fugitive slaves passed by 
Congress. 

Slave trade in the 
District of Columbia 
abolished. 



1849. Moultan, in India, 
taken Jan. 2; battle of 
Gujerat ends Sikh war; 
the Punjab is annexed. 



1850. A British fleet block- 
ades the ports of Greece, 
to enforce the alleged 
claims of British sub- 
jects. 

Haynau, ' ' the Aus- 
trian butcher, ' ' chastised 
by the draymen in Lon- 
don, Sept. 



1850 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



197 



France. 



Austria, Prussia, 
etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1848. The emperor 
issues a proclama- 
tion against Vien- 
na. Hungarians 
driven from Vien- 
na, October 30. 

The Imperialists 
under Windisch- 
gratz storm Vienna, 
Oct. 31. 

Ferdinand abdi- 
cates, Dec. 2. 

Francis Joseph 
becomes emperor. 

The Prussian 
king promulgates 
a constitution. 

1849. The Frankfort 
Parliament offers 
the imperial crown 
of Germany to the 
Prussian king who 
declines. Insur- 
rections in Dresden 
and Baden sup - 
pressed ; National 
Assembly ends 
June 18; armistice 
between Denmark 
and Prussia, July 
10. Russia brings 
aid to Austria 
against the Hunga- 
rians, Feb.; Hun- 
garians defeated at 
Kapolna, Feb. 26- 
27 ; Hungary de 
clares its indepen 
dence, April 14 . 
Haynau crushes 
the Hungarians at 
Temesvar; Gorgey 
capitulates to the 
Russians at Vila- 
gos, Aug. 13; the 
Hungarian revo 
lution is crushed. 



1850 L° u i s Philippe dies in Eng- 
land. 

French ambassador re- 
called from London, in 
consequence of a diffi- 
culty connected with an 
English claim on Greece 
May 16. 

New electoral law, re- 
stricting the right of 
suffrage, passed, May 31 

Arrangement with Eng 
land on the Greek dis- 
pute, June 21. 

Dotation Bill, giving the 
president 2 , 16 0,000 
francs ($405,000) per 
annum, passed, June 24. 



1849. Italy:— Republic pro- 
claimed at Rome under Maz- 
zini and others, Feb. 8. 

The grand duke of Tuscany 
flies. Provisional govern- 
ment proclaimed, Feb. 9. 

Charles Albert of Sardinia 
defeated by Radetsky, March 
21 — again totally defeated at 
Novara, March 23, he abdi- 
cates the throne in favor of his 
son, Victor Emanuel I. 

Insurrection in Genoa, 
April 1. 

Rome: — The French army, 
despatched to the aid of the 
pope, arrives under the walls 
of "Rome, April 29. 

Rome surrenders to the 
French, July 2. Garibaldi 
leaves the city, July 3. _ 

The government placed in 
the hands of the pope's com- 
missioners, Aug. 3. 

Venice capitulates to Rad- 
etsky, Aug. 22. 

Austrian power in Northern 
Italy re-established. 



1850. Prussia: — The 
king takes the oath 
required by the 
Constitution, Feb. 
6. Attempt _ to 
assassinate him, 
May 22. 

Treaty signed at 
Munich between 
Austria, Bavaria, 
Saxony, and Wur- 
temberg, to main- 
tain the German 
Union, Feb. 27. 



1850. Rome:— The pope returns, 
April, and revokes liberal 
constitution. 

Greece disputes the claims 
of Great Britain for losses of 
British subjects: is forced to 
submit. „ . .. 

China: — Outbreak of the 
Taiping rebellion. 



198 



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1850 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1850 



1851 



Northwest Passage dis 
covered by Capt._ Mc- 
Clure in the Investigator 
Oct. 26. Imprisoned in 
the ice and does not 
reach England till 1854 

The British consul at 
Charleston calls the at 
tention of the governor 
of South Carolina to a 
law of that State, under 
which British seamen 
(colored) are imprisoned 
when they enter her 
ports for trade or in dis- 
tress, Dec. 

Appearance of Tennyson's 
In Memoriam; Dickens's 
David Copperficld; Wag- 
ner's Lohengrin. 



Jas. Richardson, the Afri- 
can traveller, dies at the 
village of Ungouratona, 
six days distant from 
Kuka, the capital of 
Bornou, March 4. 

According to the evi- 
dence of Mr. Baines be- 
fore a Committee of the 
House of Commons 
there were in Great 
Britain 13,193 places of 
worship dissenting from 
the tenets of the Es- 
tablished Church, to 
which ■ may be added 
Roman Catholic chap- 
els, 597, minor sects and 
Tews, 550; total non-con- 
formist churches, 14,340. 

Exhibition of the 
Works of Industry of all 
Nations, inaugurated by 
Queen Victoria, May 1, 
at the Crystal Palace. 



L850. The Clayton-Bulwer 
treaty with England in 
regard to an inter 
oceanic canal. 

Disunion Meetings 
held at Natchez (many 
present opposed to dis- 
union) ; at Yazoo City 
(resolutions proposed 
voted down), Oct. 7; at 
Nashville (this conven 
tion passed resolutions 
recommending a con 
gress of slaveholding 
States), Nov. 19. 

The Advance and 
Rescue, American ves- 
sels in search of Sir 
J. Franklin, completely 
fastened in the ice, Sept. 
13. In their northerly 
drift reach lat. 75° 23', 
Oct. 1. 

Conventions held to 
amend the Constitutions 
of the States of Indiana 
(Oct. 7), Virginia (Oct, 
14), Maryland (Nov. 4) 
New Hampshire (Nov 
6). 

Narcisso Lopez and 
others tried at New Or 
leans for engaging in an 
expedition against Cuba 
Dec. 17. 

Webster replies_ to 
Hulsemann on the rights 
of neutral nations, Dec 
21. 



1851. Lopez lands in Cuba 
at the head of a filibus 
tering expedition; is 
captured and executed. 

General Quitman of 
Mississippi arrested for 
alleged violation of the 
neutrality law of 1818, 
by setting on foot a 
military expedition 
against Cuba. He resigns 
his office of governor, 
Feb. 3. 

Initial point of the 
boundary between the 
United States and Mexi- 
co established on the 
right bank of the Rio 
Grande del Norte, in 32° 
22' north latitude, and 
219.4 meters from the 
centre of the bed of the 
river, April 24. 



1S50. Searches for Sir J. 
Franklin — the North 
Star returns to Spithead 
unsuccessful, Sept. 28. 
The Prince Albert ar- 
rives at Aberdeen with 
the intelligence that 
traces of his party had 
been found at Cape 
Reilly and Beechy Isl- 
and, at the entrance to 
Wellington Channel, Oct. 
1. 

Appointment by the 
pope of several Roman 
Catholic bishops and 
archbishops in England 
causes great excitement, 
and an indignant letter 
from Lord Russell, the 
premier, Nov. 



1851. A strong force of 
Kaffirs attacks Fort 
White, Cape of Good 
Hope, and are repulsed. 
The Kaffir chief, Her- 
manus, attacks Fort 
Beaufort, but is re- 
pulsed, he and his son 
killed, his band com- 
pletely routed. 3000 
Kaffirs attack the colo- 
nists and their allies near 
Fort Hare; driven back 
with the loss of 100 killed, 
Jan. Col. Somerset 
captures and burns Fort 
Armstrong, Feb. 23. 
Tne Hottentots of the 
Theopolis Mission Sta- 
tionin Lower Albany join 
in the insurrection, May 
31. They are defeated 
in actions with the Eng- 
lish troops on the 3d and 
5th of June. 



l8U A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



199 



France. 



Austria, Prussia, etc. The World, elsewhere. 



1851 



Presidential Dotation Bill, 
proposing an additional 
grant of 1 , 8 , (I 
francs, rejected in the 
Assembly, Feb. 18. 



The Sub-Committee of the 
Assembly, appointed by 
the Committee of Re- 
vision of the Constitu- 
tion to authenticate 
petitions, reports that 
up to July 1 the petitions 
had been signed by 
1,123,165 persons thus 
classfied: For revision, 
741,011 ; for revision and 
pT^ongation of powers, 
370,511; for prolonga- 
tion of powers, 12,103— 
July 5. 



1850. Turkey: — Insurrec- 
tion in Bosnia. 



1850.Wurtemberg denoun- 
ces the ambition of the 
king of Prussia, and 
announces a league be- 
tween Wurtemberg, Ba- 
varia, and Saxony, un- 
der the sanction of 
Austria, March 15. The 
Union Parliament 
meets at Erfurt in 
M rch and April. 

Treaty of peace between Prussia and Denmark, 
July 2. 
Prussia refuses to join 



Denmark: — Bloody bat- 
tle of Idstedt, be- 
tween the Danes and 
Schleswig-Holsteiners, 
July 25. - 



the restricted Diet of 
Frankfort, Aug. 25, 

Difficulties occurring 
in Hesse-Cassel, between 
the elector and his peo 
pie, in regard to the 
mode of taxation, Aus- 
tria and Prussia 
spectively send armies 
to the Electorate to take 
opposite parts in the 
struggle, Sept. -Nov. 

Austrian ultimatum 
delivered at Berlin, di 
recting that Prussia 
evacuate Hesse in eight 
days, dissolve the Er- 
furt League, and recog- 
nize the Diet, etc., re- 
plied to by the Prussian 
king's signing the order 
calling out the whole 
military force of the 
monarchy, Nov. 6, 

Prussian prestige 
overthrown by Austria 
at the conference of 
Olmutz.Nov. 29. 

1851. Denmark: — Schles- 
wig-Holstein yields to 
the Commissioners 
of the Germanic Con- 
federation, Jan. 10. 
1851. The Austriangovernment and the Ottoman Porte 
come to the following settlement respecting the 
Hungarian refugees: Full and entire amnesty con- 
ditioned on their not attempting to enter Hungary. 
Eight excepted, among them Kossuth and Bat- 
thyany, Feb. 17. 



Charles L. Brace, an 
American, arrested and 
imprisoned in Hungary 
on a charge of fomenting 
revolution, May 23. 

Unveiling of Rauch's 
colossal statue of Fred- 
erick the Great, at Ber- 
lin, May 31. 



Australia : — Discovery 
of large gold fields near 
Bathurst, Feb. 

East Indies: — Fort of 
the celebrated pirate 
sultan of Sulu destroyed 
by the Spanish govern- 
ment of Manilla, Feb. 28. 



200 



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1 85 I A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc 



United States. 



Great Britain 



1S51 



Wyld's monster globe 
erected in London; em- 
ployed 300 men nearly 
30 days in fitting up the 
interior. 

The lord mayor of London, 
with several of the alder- 
men and common coun- 
cilmen, the royal com- 
missioners of the Expo- 
sition of Industry, etc., 
and the executive com- 
mittee of the royal com- 
missioners, leave Eng- 
land for France, by 
invitation of the prefect 
of the Seine. — Aug. 1. 

The inauguration of the rail- 
way between St. Peters- 
burg and Moscow, in 
Russia, takes place Sept. 
1. 

The town of Lagos, on the 
coast of Africa, destroy- 
ed by an English force, 
because the native chief 
refused to sign a treaty 
for the effectual sup- 
pression of the slave 
trade in his dominions. 
The chief is deposed, 
and another substituted 
in his place, Dec. 26-27. 

Deaths in 1851. . 
U. S. Europe. 

J. J. Audu- LordBexley 

bon, Joanna 

S. Olin, Baillie, 

J. F. Cooper, Codrington, 
T. H. Gal- Sheil, 

laudet, Lingard, 

S. G. Morton. Daguerre, 
Soult, 
Oersted, 
Jacobi, 
Turner. 
Ruskin begins publication 
of Stoi.es of Venice; 
Helmholtz invents the 
ophthalmoscope. 



1851. Presidentissuesapro- 
clamation, warning all 
persons within the juris- 
diction of the United 
States - not to aid or en- 
gage in any expedition 
against the Island of 
Cuba, April 25. 

Convention of dele- 
gates from the Southern 
Rights Associations of 
South Carolina meets at 
Charleston, May 5; and 
adjourns after resolving 
that, "with or without 
co-operation, they are for 
a dissolution of the 
Union, "May 8. 

Erie Railroad opened 
from New York City to 
Dunkirk, 469 miles, by 
President Fillmore, 
Daniel Webster, etc., 
May 15. 

Serious conflagrations 
in California. San Fran- 
cisco alone suffers by 
them in May and June 
to the amount of 
$12,000,000. 
"Vigilance commit 
tee" at San Francisco 
enforces order by sum- 
mary execution. 

Nicaragua route, be- 
tween New York a -id 
San Francisco, opened, 
Aug. 12. 

Great riot in New 
Orleans, growing out of 
the Cuban expedition 
Houses of Spanish resi- 
dents attacked. The 
Spanish consul is obliged 
to ask protection, and is 
placed in the city prison 
for safety, Aug. 21. 

Riot, with loss of life 
at Christiana, Pa., upon 
an attempt to arrest a 
fugitive slave, Sept. 11. 

U. S. brig Dolphin 
sails on an expedition to 
run a line of soundings 
for telegraphic purposes 
across the Atlantic, Oct. 

U. S. steam frigate 
Mississippi sent to Tur- 
key for Kossut h , receives 
him on board in the 
Dardanelles. The 
French government re- 
fuses to allow Kossuth 
to pass through France. 



lS51.The Russell Ministry 
resign, Feb. 22 ; but after- 
wards resume otlice, the 
Earl of Derby not hav- 
ing succeeded in forming 
a Cabinet. 

Hostilities with the 
Burmese. 
1851. "The great aggregate 
meeting" of Roman 
Catholics, from all parts 
of the United Kingdom, 
for the inauguration or 
the Catholic defence as- 
sociation, is held at 
Dublin, Aug. 19. 

The American yacht 
"America," at the re- 
gatta at Cowes, wins 
"The cup of all nations," 
Aug. 22. 

Kossuth arrives by 
English steamer from 
Gibraltar, at Southamp- 
ton, Eng. Ovations are 
offered him in various 
parts of the country. 
He leaves for the United 
States, Nov. 

The submarine tele- 
graph between Dover 
and Calais completed 
Oct. 17. Opened for 
public use, Nov. 13. 



185 1 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



20I 



France. 



Austria, Prussia, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Revolution: Louis Napo- 
leon by a coup d'etat 
seizes the reins of gov- 
ernment; dissolves the 
National Assembly; de- 
clares a state of siege; 
arrests the leaders of the 
opposition; consti- 
tutes an entire new 
ministry. The president 
orders the restoration of 
universal suffrage; an 
immediate election by 
people and army of a 
president to hold office 
for ten years, to be sup- 
ported by a Council of 
State and two houses of 
Legislature. The vote of 
the army shows a large 
majority for Napoleon. 
Resistance to the usur- 
pation is shown in 
various parts of France, 
but the overwhelming 
power of the army and 
a "state of siege" in 33 
departments crushes all 
opposition. The election, 
under various controll- 
ing influences, results in 
the confirmation of Na- 
poleon as president for 
ten years, by a vote of 
about seven out of eight 
millions. — Dec. 2-21. 



1851. The Germanic Diet 
in answer to ' Lord 
Palmerston's protest 
against annexing the 
non-Germanic provin- 
ces of Austria to the 
Germanic Federation, 
says, "That no foreign 
interference should be 
allowed in a purely 
German question." — 
July 17. 

Marshal Radetzky, 
by proclamation from 
Monza, declares the Lom- 
bardo-Venetian king- 
dom to be in a state of 
siege, July 19. 

The emperor of 
Austria urges the minis- 
ter president to take 
"into ripe and serious 
consideration the possi- 
bility of carrying out the 
Constitution of March 
4, 1349." — Aug. 20. 

Louis Kossuth and 35 
of his countrymen sen- 
tenced to death in con- 
tumaciam, at Pesth, for 
not appearing after cita- 
tion, Sept. 22. 



1851. Hawaii:— The diffi- 
culties between the Ha- 
waiian and French 
governments are ar- 
ranged according to the 
terms of a "mutual de- 
claration," published at 
Honolulu, March 25. 

New Granada: — Con- 
gress abolishes slavery 
in the republic, to take 
effect January 1, 1852. 
— May 29. 

Italy: — A n e a r t fa- 
quake destroys Melfi, a 
city of 10,000 inhabi- 
tants, about 100 miles 
S. E. of Naples, and 
other towns in its vi- 
cinity. Seven shocks 
occurred within 24 
hours. Melfi was sepa- 
rated by a ravine from 
Mount Vulture, upon 
which are many extinct 
craters. Not less than 
3000 persons supposed 
to have perished. — July 
14. 

Russia: — Her troops 
repeatedly defeated by 
the Circassians. — June. 

Nicaragua : — G e n . 
Munoz, ex-minister of 
war, deposes President 
Pineda, and sends him 
and most of his cabinet 
prisoners to Tigre Isl- 
ands and makes Albau- 
naz president. The 

Senate assembles at 
Grenada, and elects 
Montenegro, president 
Aug. 4. 

West Indies: — Volca- 
nic eruptions from eight 
craters in the mountains 
of Martinique, Aug. 5. 



202 



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185 I A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1852 Immigration into Cali- 
fornia, from Asia 
is so large as + o require 
special legislation. — April 

Telegraphs across the Eng 
lish Channel. 

First national agricultural 
convention assembles 
at Washington, D. C, 
consisting of 151 mem 
bers, representing 2\ 
States, and the District 
of Columbia; organized 
by the choice of Marshal 
P. Wilder, of Mass. 
president. June 24. 

At Stafford House in Lon 
don, some English ladies, 
headed by the Duchess of 
Sutherland, adopt an 
address to the women of 
America on the subject 
of negro slavery. It 
subsequently receives 
576,000 signatures. Nov 
26. 

Punishment of death re 
stored in Tuscany. 



1851. Kossuth arrives 
New York in December. 
Ovations are offered hiai 
in the principal cities of 
the Union. He has an 
interview with the presi- 
dent and addre ;ses 
Congress. 

Principal room of 
the library of Congress 
destroyed by fire, to 
gether with paintings 
statuary, models, and 
about 35,000 volumes of 
books, Dec. 24. 

Immigration, June 1, 
1850, to Dec. 31, 1851, 
55S.000. 



1852. Deputations from 
the various States, in 
behalf of the Irish exiles , 
wait upon President 
Fillmore — Jan. 23. 

The Ohio State House 
entirely consumed by 
fire. 

Gold medal presented 
to Henry Clay by citi- 
zens of New York, Feb 
10. 

Memorial presented to 
House of Representa 
fives of California, from 
1218 citizens of South 
Carolina and Florida 
asking permission "to 
colonize a rural district 
with a population of 
not less than 2000 
slaves." Feb. 10. 

Southern Rights con 
vention at Montgomery 
Ala., passes resolutions 
against making resist 
ance to the compromise 
measures an issue of 
their party, and against 
intervention, March 5. 



1852. Lord Granville, in 
relation to the firing on 
the American steamer 
Prometheus by the Brit- 
ish man-of-war Express, 
states to Mr. Lawrence, 
for the information of 
his government, that 
her majesty's govern- 
ment entirely disavow 
the act. Jan. 10. 

Dr. Rae returns un- 
successful from his 
search for Sir John 
Franklin, down the 
Mackenzie River, and 
from its mouth eastward 
500 miles. He was sent 
out in the spring of 1851 
by the Hudson's Bay 
Company. Feb. 

British troops occupy 
Rangoon in Burmah, 
April 14. 



1852 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



203 



France. 



Austria, Prussia, etc. ] The World, elsewhere. 



1852 President Bonaparte or- 
ders the confiscation of 
the Orleans property 
Jan. 22. 
President Bonaparte com 
mences his tour through 
Southern France, Sept 
16. Visits the Chateau 
D'Amboise, and releases 
Abd-el-Ivader, who had 
been a prisoner for five 
years, Oct. 10. Returns 
to Paris, making a pom 
pous entry into the city, 
Oct. 16. 
A decree of the president 
convokes the Senate for 
Nov. 4, for the purpose 
of deliberating on the 
restoration of the em 
pire. Oct. 19. 



1852. The emperor 
Russia visits the 
peror of Austria 
Vienna, May 8. 



of| 
em 



1851. Cuba: — Expedition 
against Cuba under Gen- 
eral Narcisso Lopez, 500 
strong, sails from New 
Orleans, Aug. 3, and 
Key West, 10th; effects 
a landing at Cubanos, 
11th; is routed on the 
20th. Lopez is taken, 
29th, and publicly gar- 
rotted, Sep. 1. His fol- 
lowers shot or condemn- 
ed to ten years' labor in 
Spain. The funeral 
obsequies of the Span- 
iards and Cubans who 
fell in the contest with 
Lopez are celebrated 
with great pomp at the 
Cathedral in Havana. 
$70,000 are subscribed 
by the inhabitants of 
Havana, for the benefit 
of their widows and 
children, Sept. 9. 

Mexico: — General 
Mariana Arista inaugu- 
rated president, Jan. 15; 
Canales, Carvajal, and 
others issue pronuncia- 
mentos against the 
general government. 
Some fighting follows 
with varied success, 
Sept.-Oct.-Nov. 

1852. Argentine Confedera- 
tion: — General Urquiza 
completes the passage of 
the Parana and prepares 
to approach Buenos Ay- 
res, Jan. 8. Battle of 
Santos Lugares, (Mon- 
te Caseros.) between 
Urquiza and Rosas, re- 
sults in the total defeat 
of Rosas and his flight to 
England, Feb. 3. During 
the night the city is 
saved from pillage by 
detachments from the 
various ships of war of 
all nations in the harbor. 
The allied army enters 
Buenos Ayres, Feb. 18. 

— Urquiza, director 
of the Argentine Con- 
federation, deposed, 
Sept. 1 1 . — B u e n o s 
Ayres leaves the Argen- 
tine Confederation. 

— The Chamber of 
Representatives of 
Buenos Ayres declares 
the river Parana open to 
the navigation of all 
nations, Oct. 13. 



204 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1852 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1852 Deaths in 1852. 



U.S. 
H. Clay. 
D. Webster, 
3. Nott, 
M. Stuart, 
D. Drake, 
J. H. Paine, 
H.Greenough 
Amos Law' 

rence, 
P. Milledoler, 
J. Vanderlyn, 
J.L.Kingsley, 
J.P.Norton, 
HoseaBallou. 
Appearance of Uncle 

Tom's Cabin. 



Europe. 
Thos.Moore, 
Schwart- 

zenberg, 
Pradier, 
Wellington, 
Dr.Mantell, 
D'Orsay, 
Lee, 
Gioberti. 



1S52. Kossuth continues to 
be_ feted in different 
cities, and finally quits 
the country under the 
name of Alexander 
Smith, July 16. 

Henry Clay dies, June 
29. Obsequies cele 
brated at New York 
July 20. 

Daniel Webster dies, 
Oct. 24. Funeral solem- 
nities celebrated at Bos' 
ton, Nov. 15. 

The United State; 
declines _ the tri -partite! 
convention respecting 
Cuba proposed by En_ 
land and France, Dec. 1. 

Immigration, 375,000. 



1852. Submarine telegraph- 
wires coated with gutta 
percha laid across St. 
George's Channel from 
Holyhead, a distance of 
eighty miles, completing 
the communication be- 
tween London and Dub- 
lin. June 1. 

Queen Victoria issues 
her proclamation against 
" Roman Catholic eccles- 
iastics, wearing the habit 
of their order, exercising 
the rites and ceremonies 
of the Roman Catholic 
religion in highways anc! 
places of public resort." 
June 15. 

Duke of Wellington 
dies, Sept. 14. His ob- 
sequies take place in 
London, Nov. 18. 

Fall of the Protection- 
ist ministry of Lord 
Derby and Mr. D' Israeli, 
after an existence of 
nine months, Dec. 17. 

By a decree of thegov- 
vernor general of British 
India, the province of 
Pegu (Burmai,) is an- 
nexed to tne British 
dominions. Dec. 



1852 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



205 



France. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1852 



The Senate decrees the re- 
establishment of the em 
pire, subject to the rati- 
fication of the people, 
Nov. 7. The vote is 
taken throughout France 
and Algeria., Nov. 21 
and 22; result— 7,824, 
129 in favor of re-estab 
lishing the empire 
against 253,149 negative 
and 63,1-6 void ballots. 

At the Hotel de Ville, in 
Paris, Louis Napoleon is 
publicly proclaimed Em- 
peror of the French, un 
der the name of Napo 
leon III., Dec. 2. 



1852. Greece: — Signing of a convention in London by 
England, France, Prussia, Bavaria, and Greece in 
reference to the affairs of Greece. Nov. 18. 

Hawaii: — Eruption of Mauna Loa; lasts several 
weeks. Feb. 

India: — The British take Prome in Burmah, 
October 9. 

Italy: — The punishment of death is re-established 
in Tuscany, for treason, crimes against religion, 
murder, and robbery with violence, Nov. 10. 

— The pope addresses a letter to the king of 
Sardinia, strongly adverse to the bill under con- 
sideration in the Piedmontese parliament, per- 
mitting marriages without religious ceremonies; 
it is consequently withdrawn by the ministry, 
Dec. 20. 

— At Rome, Bishop Ives, of North Carolina, U.S., 
formerly an Episcopalian, is received into the 
Catholic Church by the pope, Dec. 26. 

Liberia: — President Roberts attacks and gains 
possession of the native chief Boyer's principal 
town, Jan. 15. 

Mexico: — Carvajal attacks Camargo and is 
defeated, Feb. 21. 

A French filibustering expedition under Raous- 
set de Boulbon in Sonora is defeated at Her- 
mosillo, Nov. 1. 

Spain: — Murderous assault on the queen by a 
priest, Feb. 2. 

Switzerland: — The Canton of Ticino suppresses 
the order of Capuchin monks, and expels all of that 
order under 65 years of age, Nov. 

Turkey: — War breaks out between the Turks 
and Montenegrins, Dec. 15. 



206 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1853 A.D. 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1853 



Firmans accorded to all 
subjects of the Porte 
(not Mussulmans)_ con- 
firming their religious 
rights, June. 
The first Norwegian rail- 
way opened, July 4. 
The American expedition 
under Com. Matthew 
Galbraith Perry arrives 
in Japan, July 8. On the 
14th he lands and deliv- 
ers to the imperial com- 
missionersthe letterfrom 
the American president. 
The first Presbyterian 
Chinese church organ- 
ized at San Francisco, 
U. S., Nov. 
Cholera prevails in Europe. 
Several new asteroids dis- 
covered. 

Deaths in 1853: 
U. S. I Europe. 

C.B.Adams, Tieck, 
Junius Smith, Arago, 
W. R. King, Von Buch, 
B. Bates, Mrs. Opie, 

Sim. Green- Ralph 
leaf. ' Wardlaw. 



1853. Adverse decision of 
Napoleonlll., arbiter be- 
tween the United States 
and Portugal, in case of 
the General Armstrong, 
read at Washington, Jan. 
17. 

Franklin Pierce and 
William R. King de- 
clared duly elected 
president and vice- 
president for four years 
from 4th, March next, 
Feb. 9. 

Departure of Kane's 
Expedition in search of 
Franklin, May 31. 

Important amend- 
ments to the city charter 
of New York, restraining 
the power of municipal 
officers in money matters 
adopted, June 7. 

The Koszta affair, in- 
volving the United 
States and Austria, 
July-Sept. 

Crystal Palace at New 
York opened in the pres- 
ence of the president of 
the United States July 14. 

Remaining portion 
of "Table Rock," at the 
Falls of Niagara, breaks 
off, Sept. 9. 

Great Republic, clipper 
of 4,000 tons, largest 
merchantman in the 
world, launched at East 
Boston, Mass., Oct. 4. 

Captain Gunnison and 
party massacred by the 
Indians in Utah, Oct. 26. 

Yellow fever epidemic 
in the States bordering 
on Gulf of Mexico, 
carries off from 12,000 to 
15,000 persons. 

Bedini, the papal 
nuncio, tries to influence 
the Roman Catholic 
laity to give up their 
church property to the 
bishops, but does not 
succeed. He quits the 
country. 

The Gadsden Pur- 
chase concluded with 
Mexico, Dec. 30. 

Immigration, 368,000. 



1853. Kaffir chiefs send 
in their submission to 
General Cathcart, there- 
by closing the war in 
South Africa, Feb. 10. 
Peace concluded, March 
9. 

Doncaster church, 
built in 1070, destroyed 
by fire, Feb. 28. 

Warlike stores, sup- 
posed to be for Kossuth, 
seized, April 14. 

Mrs. H. B. Stowe, 
authoress of Uncle 
Tom s Cabin received at 
Stafford House by many 
of the nobility and 
statesmen of England, 
May 7. 

Dublin Industrial Ex- 
hibition opened, May 12. 

The English and 
French fleet co-operate 
in the East. 

The " strike" at 
Stockport ceases, and 
20,000 men resume labor, 
h a v i n g accomplished 
their object, an advance 
of ten per cent, in their 
wages, August 8. Sim- 
ilar strikes occur at 
Leeds, Kidderminster, 
and other cities. 

Queen Victoria visits 
Ireland, Aug. 

Captain Inglefield, of 
the Phanix, arrives 
from the Arctic regions 
with the news of the 
discovery of the North- 
west Passage, by Cap- 
tain McClure of the 
Investigator, Oct., 1850. 

The first stone of a 
Roman Catholic cathe- 
dral laid at Shrewsbury, 
by Bishop Brown, Dec. 
12. 

The Dublin Exhibi- 
tion building is formally 
opened as a winter gar- 
den, by the Lord Lieu- 
tenant and the Countess 
St. Germains, Dec. 15. 



1853 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



207 



France. 



Austria, 
Prussia, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1853 Russia, Austria, and Prus- 
sia at last acknowledge 
Napoleon III. emperor 
of the French, Jan. 

Marriage of the emperor 
and Eugenie de Montijo, 
countess de Teba, cele- 
brated at Cathedral of 
Notre Dame, Paris, 
Jan. 29. 

General St. Priest, and 
many other legitimists, 
secretly arrested in 
Paris, on the charge of 
political communication 
with the count of Cham- 
bord, and some of having 
sent false intelligence 
to foreign journals, Feb. 

Application is made by the 
French government to 
the English for Napo- 
leon's will, Feb. Sub- 
sequently granted. 

Funeral of Mme. Raspail 
at Paris, the occasion 
of a formidable socialist 
demonstration. 40,000 
persons march in pro- 
cession to Pere la Chaise, 
March. 

Preparations to oppose 
Russia in her preten- 
sions in the East. 

Fleet sent to Turkish 
waters, March. 

A peace address, signed by 
4000 English merchants, 
bankers, and traders, is 
presented to Napoleon 
III., at the Tuileries. 
March. 

A bill restoring capital 
punishment forattempts 
on the life of the em- 
peror, or to subvert the 
imperial government, is 
passed, May. 

Plot to assassinate the 
emperor, while on his 
way to the Opera Com- 
ique, discovered at 
Paris, July 7. 

The duke de Nemours, on 
behalf of the entire 
Orleans family, effects a 
reconciliation with the 
count de Chambord, 
Nov. 

A plebiscite declares in 
favor of the empire by 
a large majority, Nov. 

Unveiling of the statue of 
Marshal Ney, on the spot 
where he was shot, and 
the anniversary of his 
execution, Dec. 7. 



1853. Austria 
offers herself 
as a mediator 
between the 
Turks and 
Montene- 
grins, Feb. 1. 

Attempt 
on the life of 
emperor of 
Austria at 
the ramparts 
of Vienna, 
Feb. 18. 

Baden : — 
Prof. Gervi- 
nus tried for 
high treason 
in publishing 
his Introduc- 
tion to the 
History of 
19th Century . 
Sentence, ten 
months' im- 
prisonment, 
and book to 
be destroyed 
March 5. 

Prussia: — 
Democratic 
conspiracy 
discovered at 
Berlin, Mar. 
29. 



1853 Belgium: — Marriage of the duke 
of Brabant, heir -apparent of the 
throne, and the Archduchess Maria, 
Aug. 22. 

Canada: — Gavazzi lectures at 
Quebec and Montreal; riots ensue; 
military called out; June 6-9. 

— The first sod of the European 
and North American Railroad 
turned at St. Johns, Sept. 14. 

China: — Nankin taken by the 
Taipings, March 21. Amoy cap- 
tured, May. 

Denmark: — P a r 1 i a m e n t pro- 
rogued and a "fundamental" law 
issued, by which the government 
becomes hereafter an absolute one, 
July. 

Holland : — The first chamber 
adopts the much-disputed law on 
religious liberty, Sept. 

India: — Battle of Donabew, in 
Burmah: Sir J. Cheape conquers 
Pegu, March. 

Italy: — An insurrection breaks 
out at Milan, but is vigorously sup- 
pressed by Radetsky, Feb. 6. The 
property of the Lombardo -Venetian 
refugees sequestered till they can 
prove they are not implicated in 
this outbreak, and 10,000 Ticinese 
expelled from Austrian Italy, Feb. 
26. Protracted diplomatic contro- 
versies between Austria and both 
Sardinia and Switzerland follow— 
Sardinia solemnly protesting, April 
16. 

— The pope prohibits the circula- 
tion of Uncle Tom's Cabin in his 
dominions, May 10. 

Guerazzi tried at Florence _ for 
high treason, and found guilty, 
June 11. 

— New church, built for the Wal- 
denses, opened and consecrated at 
Turin, Dec. 15. 

Mexico: — New revolution; Arista 
resigns the presidency, Jan. 

— Santa Anna, having been elect- 
ed president, is received in Mexico 
with great enthusiasm, April. 



208 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1853 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1854 



Deputation of "Friends" 
presents to the emperor 
of Russia a peace me- 
morial, Feb. 

Complete equality before 
the law secured to all 
subjects of the Porte, 
without distinction of 
creed, by treaty, March. 

Commercial treaty con- 
cluded between the U. 
S. and Japan, March; 
this is the opening of the 
modern era in Japan. 

The first railway is opened 
in Brazil, the emperor 
and empress being 
present at the inaugura- 
tion, April. 



1854. The steamer San- 
Francisco founders at 
sea; 240 U. S. troops 
washed overboard; the 
rest of 700 rescued by 
the Three Bells, Kilby, 
and Antarctic, Jan. 5. 

Astor Library opened 
for use of the public, in 
New York City, Jan. 9. 

Massachusetts Emi- 
grant Society organized 
and incorporated by 
Eli Thayer, April 20. 

Mass meetings at 
Boston, Feb. 23; New- 
market, N. H., Feb." 27; 
New York, May 13, 
against the Kansas-Ne- 
braska bill, which, how- 
ever, becomes a law, 
May 30. 

Leavenworth, Kansas, 
founded, June 13. 



1854. Parliament opened 
by queen, who expresses 
a desire that exertions 
for an amicable settle- 
ment of the Eastern 
difficulties should be 
persevered in, Jan. 31. 

The queen reviews 
the fleet on its departure 
for the Baltic, March 11. 

Treaty of alliance be- 
tween England, France, 
and Turkey, March 12. 

War declared against 
Russia, March 28. 

A day of humiliation 
and prayer observed, 
April 26. 

Launch of the Royal 
Albert, the queen chris- 
tening the vessel, May 
13. 

Crystal Palace at Sy- 
denham opened by the 
queen, June 10. 






1854 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



209 



Austria, Prussia, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1854 



Alliance, offensive and de- 
fensive, between Aus- 
tria and Prussia, signed 
April 20, for the exclu- 
sion of Russia from 
the permanent occupa- 
tion of the Danubean 
principalities. 

By agreement with 
Turkey, Austria occupies 
the Danubian princi- 
palities, June. 



1853. Spain: — New and stringent law against liberty 
of the press published, Jan. 2. 

Switzerland: — Insurrection in Fribourg by the 
Jesuit party speedily suppressed, April. 

Persia: — Earthquakes at Shiraz (.12,000 lives 
lost), May 9; and Teheran, July 11. 

Venezuela: — Earthquake at Cumana; 600 per- 
sons killed, July 15. 

Peru: — Difficulty at Chincha Islands between 
Peruvian commandant and American shipmasters, 
Aug. 17. 

China: — -Shanghai taken by Taipings, Sept. 7. 

Portugal: — Maria II. (queen) dies, Nov. 10. 
Succeeded by Pedro V. 

Eastern Affairs: — War between Turkey and 
Russia. — Prince Menschikoff sent by the emperor 
of Russia with demands which are rejected by the 
Porte and he leaves Constantinople, May 21. The 
Russians cross the Pruth, July 2. The Porte ad- 
dresses a protest to the Russian cabinet against 
the occupation of the Principalities, July 14. The 
Conference of Vienna draw up the celebrated 
"Vienna Note," for the joint acceptance of Russia 
and Turkey, July 26. Russia at once accepts; 
Turkey requires modifications, Aug. 19; which 
Russia will not accede to, Sept. 14. Military con- 
gress at Olmutz, Sept. 20. The note is dropped, 
Sept. 30. Turkey declares war against Russia, 
Oct. 23. The allied French and English fleet 
enter the Bosporus, Oct. 25. Hostilities commenced 
on the Danube, Oct. 30. Turks capture Fort St. 
Nicholas in the Black Sea, Oct. 31. Turks defeat 
Russians at Oltenitza, Nov. 4. Turkish fleet de- 
stroyed at Sinope by Russians, Nov. 30. The 
Vienna Conference continues its efforts to effect 
an arrangement between the belligerents, Dec. 
Decided manifestation of the people of Constanti- 
nople in favor of war, Dec. 21. The religious 
fanaticism of both parties is aroused. 



1854. Brazil: — San Salvador destroyed by an earth- 
quake, causing a loss of 200 lives, and $4,000,000 
of property, April 16. 

Canada: — Parliament House at Quebec burnt, 
including government library and philosophical 
apparatus, Feb. 1. 

India: — The Ganges Canal, a work of great 
magnitude, opened, April 8. 

Mexico: — Battle of Guayamas, between a 
filibustering expedition under count de Boulbon 
and the Mexicans, July 13" The count is defeated, 
taken prisoner, and, Aug. 12, shot. 

Spain: — The insurrection of the people at Ma- 
drid against the Regent Maria Christina (July 17) 
triumphs, and the Rivas ministry resign,_ July 19. 
Espartero enters the city, and is received with 
great enthusiasm, July 29. 

— Maria Christina, the queen mother, leaves Ma- 
drid for Portugal. 

Venezuela: — Slaves emancipated, April 25. 

Saxony: — King Frederick Augustus II. killed 
in the Tyrol by a fall from his carriage, Aug. 9. 



2IO 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1854 A.D. 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1854 



Deaths in 1854: 

U. S.:— 

N. B. Blunt, Jacob Bur- 
nett, John Davis, Com. 
Downes, J. Harrington, 
last survivor of battle 
of Lexington, Mrs. E. 
Judson, Bishop Wain- 
wright. 

Europe: — 

Anglesey, Cockburn, E. 
Forbes, Jameson, Mait- 
land, Melloni, Mont- 
gomery, Paixhans, Pel- 
lico, Plunkett, Rubini, 
Schelling, Mme. Sontag, 
Mrs. C. Southey, Tal- 
fourd, Wilson, St. Ar- 
naud, Denman, Lock- 
hart. 

"Immaculate Conception 
of the Virgin " proclaimed 
as a dogma by the 
pope, Dec. 8. 



1854. San Juan, Nicaragua, 
bombarded and burnt 
by the U. S. sloop-of- 
war, Cyane, July 13. 

Lawrence, Kansas, 
settled by anti-slavery 
men, July 30. 

Giulia Grisi and Giu- 
seppe Mario, the two 
most renowned lyric 
artists of Europe, arrive 
at New York, Aug. 19. 

Cholera prevails June- 
Nov. ; yellow fever pre- 
vails, Aug. -Nov. 

Immigration about 
500,000. 

Ostend Manifesto by 
the American ministers 
in Europe, Buchanan, 
Mason, and Soule, call- 
ing for the purchase of 
Cuba by the United 
States. 



1854. Treaty between Ja- 
pan and Great Britain. 

England consents to 
the establishment of the 
Orange River republic, 
Feb. 23. 

Law passed for the 
enlistment of foreigners 
in the British service, 
Dec. 22. 



I 854 A - D - OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



211 



Eastern Affairs. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1854 



The Anglo-French fleet en- 
ters the Black Sea, Jan. 
5. Turks defeat Rus- 
sians at Citate, Jan. 6. 
Negotations for peace 
continue through the 
Vienna Conference, Jan. 
Russian ambassadors 
quit London, Paris, Feb. 
7. English and French 
ambassadors dismissed 
St. Petersburg, Feb. 16. 
England and France re- 
solve to summon Russia 
to evacuate the Princi- 
palities by the 30th 
April, Feb. 28. Russians 
crossthe Danube, March. 
Treaty of alliance con- 
cluded between England, 
France, and the Porte, 
March 12. Anglo-French 
ultimatum forwarded to 
St. Petersburg. Russia 
refuses a reply. Eng- 
land and France declare 
war against Russia, 
March 28. Counter dec- 
laration of war by Rus- 
sia against England and 
France, April 12. Con- 
vention between Eng- 
land and France, April 
18. Odessa bombarded, 
April 22. Anglo-French 
fleet scours the Baltic, 
May, June. Austro- 
Turkish Convention, 
June 4. Russians raise 
the siege of Silistria, 
June 22, and re-cross the 
Danube, July 7. Rus- 
sians defeated by 
Turks at Rutschuk, July 
12 and 13. Are com- 
pelled to evacuate the 
Principalities and re- 
cross the Pruth, Aug. 16. 
Bomarsund capitulates 
to the allied fleet and 
French army, Aug. 16. 
Austrian armies enter 
the Principalities, Aug. 
23. Allies land in the 
Crimea, Sept. 14. De- 
feat the Russians at the 
Alma, Sept. 20. Com- 
mence the siege of Se- 
bastopol, Sept. 28. Fire 
opened, Oct. 17. Battle 
of Balaklava, Russians 
repulsed, Oct. 25. Bat- 
tle of Inkermann, Rus- 
sians again repulsed, 
Nov. 5. 



212 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1855 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1855 



1856 



Panama railroad complet- 
ed, first train on it Jan. 
28. 

Financial panic in Califor- 
nia, Feb. 

Suspension Bridge at 
Niagara first crossed, 
March 14. 

Difficulty in Phila. about 
slaves of J. H. Wheeler 
of N. Carolina, July 18. 

Bessemer's process for 
manufacturing steel, 
patented. 

Deaths in 1855: 



U. S.: 

S. H. Cone, 

Abbott Law- 
rence, 

John C. 
Spencer, 

T. R. Beck. 



Europe: 
Jos. Hume, 
MissMitford 
Nicholas I. 
Charlotte 
Bronte 
Lord Raglan 
Saml. Rog- 
ers, 
Ans. Roths- 
child, 
Mickiewicz. 



Submarine telegraph cab 
le laid from Cape Breton 
to Newfoundland, July 
12. 

Dudley Observatory inaug 
at Albany, Aug. 28. 

N. Y. and Newfoundland 
telegraph line, 17 15 
miles, opened to St, 
John's, Nov. 10. 

Revival of the African 
slave trade recommend- 
ed by Gov. Adams in S. 
Carolina. 

Arctic discovery ship 
Resolute presented to 
Queen Victoria by 
Lieut. Hartstene for the 
U. S. Government, Dec. 
30. 



1855. Southern _ Com- 
mercial Convention at 
New Orleans, Jan. 8. 

U. S. S. Waterwitch 
fired on, on the Paraguay, 
Feb. 1. 

U. S. Dist. Court in 
Wisconsin pronounces 
the Fugitive Slave Law 
unconstitutional, Feb. 3. 

Missourians invade 
Lawrence and perpetrate 
frauds at the elections 
for a legislature in Kan- 
sas. 

Free-State convention 
at Lawrence, Kansas, 
Aug. 14. 

William Walker (fili- 
buster) takes possession 
of Granada, Nicaragua, 
Oct. 16. 

Kansas Free -State 
convention at Topeka. 
Oct. 23, draws up con- 
stitution. 

Proclamation against 
filibustering by Presi- 
dent Pierce, Dec. 8. 

British Arctic vessel 
Resolute found and 
brought to New London 
by an American whaler, 
Dec. 23. 



1856. N. P. Banks, Jr., of 
Mass., elected Speaker 
of House of Repre- 
sent, of U. S., after a 
contest of 9 weeks, by 
plurality of 3 votes, Feb. 
2. 

Free State Legisl. at 
Topeka, Kansas, elect 
Reeder and Lane as 
delegates to Congress, 
Feb. 8. 

Kansas Investigation 
Committee appointed, 
Mar. 19. 

Lawrence, Kansas, 
captured and plundered 
by the slavery men. 

Personal assault on 
Senator Sumner of Mass. 
in the U. S. Senate by 
Brooks of S. Carolina, 
May 22. 



1855. Resignation of the 
Aberdeen ministry, Jan. 
29. 

Formation of the 
Palmerston ministry, 
Feb. 

Visit of the emperor 
and empress of France, 
April 16. 

Introduction of Civil 
Service Reform, May 21. 

Death of Lord Raglan, 
commander-in-chief at 
Sebastopol, June 28. 

The queen and Prince 
Albert visit the emperor 
Louis Napoleon at Paris, 
Aug. 18. 

Visit of the king of 
Sardinia to England, 
Nov. 30. 

Captain McClure re- 
ceives the reward of 
;£5,000 for discovery of 
"the N. W. passage," 
and is knighted, Nov. 



1856. Annexation of the 
kingdom of Oudh in 
India, Feb. 

Seizure of a vessel 
under the British flag by 
Chinese authorities the 
cause of a war between 
the two countries Oct. 8. 

British fleet bombard 
and partially destroy 
Canton, China, Oct. 23. 

Occupation of Herat 
by Persians leads to 
declaration of war by 
the British, hov. 1. 



1856 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



213 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1855 



1856 



Industrial Exhibition 
opened at Paris, May 15. 



Peace conference at Paris 
opened Feb. 25. 

Birth of an heir to the 
throne, March 16. 

Treaty of peace marking 
the end of the Crimean 
War, signed at Paris, 
March 30. Black Sea 
neutralized; Kars re- 
stored to Turkey; Se- 
bastopol to Russia; 
Danubian Principalities 
freed from Russian 
protectorate; navigation 
of the Danube free. 

Destructive floods near 
Lyons, etc., whole vil- 
lages destroyed, June. 



1855. Russia: —Death of the 
Emperor Nicholas I., 
March 2. — Alexander II. 
succeeds. 

— The Sardinian troops 
join the allied forces in 
the Crimea. 

— The allies take pos- 
session of Kertch, 
May 24. 

— The allies repulsed 
in an assault on the 
outposts of Sebastopol, 
June 18. 

— Kars invested by 
the Russians, June 23. 

Russians in the Cri- 
mea defeated in the bat- 
tle of the Tchernaya, 
Aug. 16. 

Fall of Sebastopol — 
The Malakhoff carried 
by the French, Sept. 8. 

Terrific attack of the 
Russians on Kars re- 
pulsed, Sep. 29. Town 
capitulates to Russians, 
Nov. 28. 

Austria: — Death at 
Trieste of Don Carlos 
claimant of the Spanish 
throne, March 10. 



1856. Preliminaries of 
peace signed at Vienna, 
Feb. 1. 

Austria issues a de- 
cree of amnesty for the 
Hungarian revolution- 
ists of 1848-49 (July). 

The Crimea wholly 
evacuated by the allies, 
July 12. 

Gunpowder explosion 
at Salonica, Turkey, 700 
killed and wounded, 
July 17. 

Russia: — Alexander 
II. crowned emperor, 
Sept. 7. 

Spain: — Narvaez suc- 
ceeds O'Donnell in the 
government. 

Naples: — French and 
English ministers leave, 
Oct. 28. 



1855. Mexico; — Santa Anna 
abd ica tes , A u g. 9. 
Carrera chosen to suc- 
ceed him. 

Alvarez resigns the 
presidency and is suc- 
ceeded by Comonfort, 
Dec. 



!lS56. Costa Rica: — 
Walker's invasion de- 
feated at Guanacaste, 
March 20. 

— Walker defeats 3000 
Costa Ricans at Rivas, 
April 11. 

Panama : — Riot on the 
Panama R. R., 30 pas- 
sengers killed, April 15. 

Walker elected presi- 
dent of Nicaragua, June 
25. 

Earthquake in Egypt, 
Syria, and isles of Medi- 
tenanean Sea. About 
1200 lives lost, and 
many thousand build- 
ings destroyed, Oct. 12. 



214 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1856 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



United Stater. 



Great Britain. 



1856 



1857 



Deaths in 1856: 

U. S — 

J. M. Berrien, Ogden Hoff- 
man, Com. Morris, J. G. 
Perceval, Jno. C. Warren, 
J. M. Clayton, U. S. S., 
George Steers, naval 
architect, T. Crawford, 
sculptor, Louis M'Lane. 

Europe: — 

Heinrich Heine, Jno. Bra- 
ham, Sir W. Hamilton, 
metaphysician, Von 

Biela, astronomer. Lord 
Hardinge, Father Mat- 
thew, Hugh Miller, Sir 
John Ross, Westmacott, 
Yarrell, Delaroche. 



Geo. Peabody gives $300,- 
000 to establish a free 
Literary and Scientific 
Institute at Baltimore, 
Feb. 12. 

The Atlantic telegraph 
cable first joined at sea 
by the Niagara and 
Agamemnon, Aug. 5, 
but breaks, Aug. 11. 

Loss of the Central America 
and 450 lives, Sept. 8. 

Deaths in 1857. 



U. S. 

C. Colton, 
E.K.Kane, 
W. L. Marcy, 
Thos. J.Rusk, 
Eli Smith. 



Europe. 
De Musset, 
Beranger, 
J.W. Croker 
Marshall 

Hall, 
Douglas 

Jerrold, 
Eugene Sue, 
Cavaignac, 
Aug. Comte, 
Chris. 

Rauch. 



1856. Buchanan nominated 
for president by Dem. 
Convention at Cincinnati 
June 7. 

Fremont nominated 
for president by Repub. 
Convention at Philadel- 
phia, June 17. 

H. of Repres. pass a 
bill admitting Kansas 
under Topeka Constitu- 
tion, July 3. 

Topeka legislature dis- 
persed by U. S. troops 
under Col. Sumner, July 
4. 

John W. Geary con- 
firmed as Gov. of Kan- 
sas, July 31. 

Whitefield and Reeder 
both rejected by H. of 
Repres. as delegates 
from Kansas, Aug. 1. 

U. S. troops in Kansas 
arrest and disarm par- 
ties of emigrants from 
New England, Oct. 10. 

Buchanan elected 
pres. Nov. 4. 

Barrier Forts, near 
Canton, China, destroy- 
ed by U. S. squadron 
for an attack on an 
American boat, Dec. 6. 

1857. Buchanan inaugu- 
rated president, March 
4. 

_ The Dred Scot De- 
cision delivered by Chief 
Justice Taney, March 6. 

R. J. Walker accepts 
appointment as Govern- 
or of Kansas, March 26. 

General financial pan- 
ic beginswith suspension 
of Ohio Life and Trust 
Co., Aug. 24. 

Lecompton Conven- 
tion , Kansas , meets Sept. 
7, and adopts pro-slavery 
constitution, Nov. 7. 

Suspension of Phila- 
delphia banks, Sept. 25 
and 26, followed by gen- 
eral suspension of banks 
in Pa., Md., D. C, R. I. 

Suspension of N. Y. 
city banks, Oct. 13-14, 
and Massachusetts bank 
same day. 

Payments resumed, 
Dec. 12. 



1857. Palmerston ministry 
outvoted on the Chinese 
question, March 3. 

Treaty of Peace with 
Persia signed March 4 
after a four months' 
war. 

New septennial Parlia- 
ment meets, April 30. 

The Manchester Art 
Exhibition opened, May 
5. 

Sepoy Rebellion in 
India, mutiny at Meerut 
May 10; King of Delhi 
proclaimed sovereign of 
India, May 12; Mutiny 
at Lucknow, May 30; at 
Cawnpore, June 5 ; 
Massacre at Cawnpore, 
July 15. 

Havelock defeats the 
rebels under Nana Sahib, 
and recapturssCawnpore 
July 17. 

Sir Colin Campbell 
the new com. -in-chief, 
arrives at Calcutta, Aug. 
14. 

Delhi taken after an 
assault of 6 days, Sept. 
20. 



1857 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



215 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1857 



Congress for the purpose of 
settling the controversy 
between Prussia and 
Switzerland over Neuf- 
chatel, meets at Paris, 
March. 

Commercial treaty be - 
tween France and Rus- 
sia, June. 



1857. Austria: — Amnesty 
to political offenders in 
Lombardy, &c, Jan. 25. 

Denmark abolishes 
the Sound Dues, March 
14. 

Prussia renounces its 
claims to Neufchatel, 
May. 

Sweden and Norway: 
— Charles Louis, prince- 
royal, made Regent, 
Sept. 26. 



1856. Granada, Nicaragua, 
destroyed by Walker, 
Nov. 20-25. 



1857. Mexico: — New con- 
stitution promulgated, 
March 11. 

Costa Rica: — Walker 
surrenders Rivas, and 
agrees to leave Nicara- 
gua, May 1. 

Nicaragua: — Walker 
and his men surrender to 
U. S. ship Wabash, Com. 
Paulding, Dec. 8. 

China: — Canton bom- 
barded by the English 
and French and taken, 
Dec. 28-29. 



2l6 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1857 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1S5S 



1859 



Commercial failures in one 
year, ending Dec. 25, 
1857, amount to 5123: 
liabilities, $291,750,000. 

Launch of the monster 
steamer Great Eastern at 
London, Jan. 31. 

Crawford's monument to 
Washington, at Rich- 
mond, inaugurated, Feb. 
22. 

Donati's comet seen in 
June and July. 

Burton and Speke discover 
Lakes Tanganyika and 
Victoria Nyanza. 

Atlantic telegraph laid 
successfully Aug. 5. 

National Teachers' Associ- 
ation — 1st Ann. Conven- 
tion at Cincinnati, Aug. 
11 



1858. Mr. Buchanan's 
" Kansas Message" to H. 
Reps., with Lecompton 
Constitution Feb. 2. 

" Anti-Lecompton De- 
mocratic" meetings in 
Phila., N. Y., etc., Feb. 
and March. 

Bill to admit Kansas 
as a State, under Le- 
compton Const., passes 
the Senate, March 23. 

The House passes 
another bill. 

New Free State Con- 
vention of Kansas, at 
Leavenworth, March 25. 

The "English Kansas 
bill "passed both Houses 
of Congress, April 30. 



1857. Lucknow relieved by 
Havelock, Sept. 25. 

Havelock in Luck- 
now relieved by Camp- 
bell, Nov. 17; Campbell's 
victory at Cawnpore, 
Dec. 6. 

1858. The Princess-Royal 
of England married to 
the Prince of Prussia, 
Jan. 25. 

Steamer Great Eastern 
first floated, Jan. 31. 

Resignation of Pal* 
merston's ministry, Feb. 
22, and accession of 
Lord Derby, March 1. 

Lucknow taken by 
the British, March 21. 

Suppression of the 
Sepoy mutiny, July. 

Eng. steam. Cyclops 
bombards Jeddah, July 
25-26. 

Baron Rothschild 
takes his seat in H. 
of Commons, July 26, 
the first Jewish member 
of Parliament. 



Queen Victoria's message to President Buchanan sent and received, August 16. 



Slaver Echo captured and carried to Charleston, 



August 27. 

First overland mail for 
California leaves St. 
Louis, Sept. 16. 

Boston Public (Free) Li- 
brary opened, costing 
$450,000, Sept. 17. 

Deaths in 1858. 



The East India Com- 
pany ceases to exist, and 
its vast possessions pass 
into thehandsoftheBrit- 
ish Government, Aug. 2. 
fleet sails from Plymouth, 



U. S.— 

T. H. Benton, Rob. Hare, 

H. W. Herbert, Freeman 

Hunt, Com. M.G. Perry, 

Gen. Quitman, Gen. P. 

F. Smith, N. W. Taylor, 

B. F. Butler, Parker 

Cleveland, Wm. Jay. 
Europe — 
R. Brown, botanist, Geo. 

Combe, Rachel, Reschid 

Pacha, Radetsky, Ary 

Scheffer, Robt. Owen, 

Sir W, Reid, Foresti. 

Appearance of Buckle's 
Introduction to the His- 
tory of Civilization. 
U. S. Agricultural Conven- 
tion at Washington, D. C. 
Jan. 3. 
Slidell's bill, giving $30,000,000 to facilitate the ac- 
quisition of Cuba, introduced, Jan. 10. 

Oregon admitted. 
Mr. McLane recog- 
nizes the Juarez govern- 
I ment in Mexico, April 4. 
Southern Convention at Vicksburgh discusses the 
opening of the slave trade, May 11. 



Queen Victoria and 
Prince Albert visit the 
French emperor at 
Cherbourg, Aug. 4. 



Minnesota admitted, 

Minnesota State Gov 
ernment organized at St 
Paul, May 23. 

Atlantic telegraph 
England, June 10. 

The President sends a 
message announcing 

peaceable settlement of 
trouble in Utah, June 10. 

Treaty of Peace and 
Amity with China, sign- 
ed, at Tien-T sin, June 13. 

Modified Lecompton 
Constitution rejected by 
people of Kansas, Aug. 2 

News of the completion of Atlantic telegraph re 
ceived with joyful demonstrations, Aug. 5. 

Magnificent celebra- 
tion at New York, Sept. 
1. 



1859. New hall of the U. 
S. Senate first occupied, 
Jan. 4. 



1S59. Disraeli introduces 
a new Reform Bill, Feb. 
28. 

E n g 1 a n d protests 
against Austrian men- 
aces of Sardinia, April 
21. 



i859 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



217 



A.D. 


France. 


Europe, elsewhere. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1858 


Attempt by Orsini and 


1858. Russia: — Process of 


1858. Mexico: — Revolu- 




others to assassinate the 


emancipation begun, 


tion, Comonfort gives up 




emperor with a hand 


Jan. 


the government to Ju- 




grenade: 8 persons k. 


Outbreak of war be- 


arez; Zuloaga proclaim- 




and 156 wounded, Jan. 


tween Turkey and the 


ed president by a H. of 




14. 


Montenegrins, Feb. 


Representatives; war be- 




Meeting between Napoleon 


Spain : — O'Donnell 


tween the liberals under 




III. and Cavour at 


again at the head of the 


Juarez and the reaction- 




Plombieres where an 


government, June. 


aries under Miramon. 




alliance is determined on 




China : — ■ The Pei-ho 




against Austria on con- 




forts captured by the 




dition of the cession of 




English and the French, 




Savoy and Nice to 




May 19; treaty of Tien 




France, July. 




Tsin (June 26) between 
China and Great Britain, 
France, Russia, and the 
United States. Russia 
obtains the Amur prov- 
ince. 

Turkey: — Massacre of 
Christians at Jeddah — 
45 killed, June 15. 

Japan concludes treat- 
ies with the United 
States, Great Britain, 
France, and Russia. 

Egypt: — - First train 
on the Suez railroad 
crosses the isthmus in 
eleven hours from Suez 
to Alexandria, Dec. 5. 

Hayti: — Revolution; 
Faustin banished; Gen- 
eral Geffrard proclaimed 
president, Dec. 21. 


1859 


The emperor's New Year's 


1859. Austria demands 


1859. Peru: — Earthquake 




speech to Hubner, Aus- 


that Sardinia shall dis- 


destroys part of Quito, 




trian minister, causes a 


arm, April 23. England 


March 29. 




war sensation, Jan. 1. 


protests against this 


Mexico: — M iramo a 




Prince Napoleon, cousin of 


menace. 


fails in his attempt on 




the emperor, marries 


Sardinian army on a 


Cuba but shares in the 




the Princess Clothilde, 


war footing. 


victory of Tacubaya, 




daughter of the king of 




April 11. 




Sardinia, Jan. 30. 








French troops reach Turin 


and Genoa April 26-30. 





218 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1859 A.D.- 



A.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1859 



1860 



Great fire at Key West, 
110 houses; loss $2,750,- 
000, May 16. 

Several slavers captured 
by U. S. vessels. 

Remarkable religious re- 
vival in Ireland, June, 
July, etc. 

Excessive heat in Califor- 
nia and in Europe, 
June-July. 

Wise travels 1200 miles in 
a balloon from St. Louis 
to New York state, 
July 11. 

Celebration of 100th birth- 
day of Schiller, Nov. 10. 

Darwin's Origin of Species. 



1859. Gen. Harney takes possession of the island 
of San Juan (now Vancouver's island) July 9. 



Deaths 
U.S. 
J. W. Alex- 

ander, 
Rufus 

Choate, 
Bp. Doane, 
Hor. Mann, 
Den. Olms- 
ted, 
W. H. Pres- 

cott, 
Rich. Rush, 
Geo. Bush, 
J. Y. Mason, 
Washington 
Irving. 



in 1859: 
Europe. 
H. Hallam, 
Dr. Abbott, 
T. K.Hervey, 
Humboldt, 
Leigh Hunt, 
Lady Morgan 
De Tocque- 

ville, 
Metternich, 
De Quincey, 
I. K. Brunei, 
Carl Ritter, 
Louis Spohr, 
Sir J.Stephen, 
Macaulay, 
Robert Ste - 
phenson. 



Law passed in Arkansas, 
Jan. 1, to banish free 
negroes from the state. 

Discovery of oil in Penn- 
sylvania. 

Decree by the Emperor of 
Austria in favor of 
rights of the Jews, Jan. 
10. 



Kansas Const. Con 
vention meets at Wyan- 
dotte, July 5. Constitu- 
tion ratified by the peo- 
ple, Oct. 4. 

Gen. Harney proclaims 
possession of the island 
of San Juan for the U. 
States, July 27. 

Mr. Ward, U. S. min- 
ister, reaches Pekin, July 
30. 

Treaty with China 
ratified, Aug. 16. 

J. Y. Mason, U. S. 
minister to France, dies 
at Paris, Oct. 3. 

John Brown seizes the 
arsenal at Harper's Ferry, 
Va.,Oct. 16-17. Captur- 
ed, Oct. 18; executed 
December 2. 

Congress assembles 
Dfec. 5. 



1859. The Derby ministry 
defeated on the second 
reading of the Reform 
Bill, March, and suc- 
ceeded by a Palmerston 
ministry, June. 

Captain Mc Clintock 
returns, bringing relics 
of Franklin's expedition, 
Sept. 21. 

Steamer Royal Charter 
wrecked in British Chan- 
nel; 445 persons lost. 

Separation of Queens- 
land from New South 
Wales, Dec. 4. 

Death of Lord Ma- 
caulay, Dec. 28. 



1860. Pennington of N. 
Jersey elected speaker of 
the House of Repre- 
sentatives, after a bal- 
loting for nearly two 
months, Feb. 1. 



1860. Lord Clyde pro- 
claims the rebellion in 
India subdued, Jan. 7._ 

French commercial 
treaty ratified in the 
Commons, Feb. 



i860 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



219 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



War declared, in alliance 1859. Tuscany: — Grand 



with Sardinia, against 
Austria, May 3. 
Subscriptions for loan of 
500 million francs ex- 
ceed four times that sum 
from 525,000 persons. 



Duke flees; his troops 
fraternize with revolu- 
tionists, April 27. 

Austria declares war 
against Sardinia, and 
her troops cross the Ti- 
cino, April 29. 
The Emperor L. Napoleon arrives at Genoa May 12. 
Empress made regent. 
Battle of Montebello: Austrians defeated May 20. 

GaribaldientersComo, 
May 27. 
Battle of Palestro: Austrians defeated, May 30. 
Battle of Magenta: Allies victorious June 4, and 

enter Milan June 8. 
Perugia sacked by papal troops, June 20. 
Battle of Solferino, June 24. Austrians under the 
emperor in person defeated by the allies: 
great loss on both sides. 
Preliminaries of Peace signed by the emperors of 
France and Austria, at Villafranca, July 11. 
Confirmed by conference at Zurich, Nov. 10. 



The emperor returns to 
St. Cloud, July 27 

Entrance of the "Army of 
Italy" into Paris, Aug. 
14. 

Political amnesty, Aug. 17. 

Treaty with Japan, rati- 
fied at Jeddo, Sept. 22. 

The emperor urges on 
Victor Emanuel a pro- 
gramme for the Regener- 
ation of Italy, October. 

Exchange of ratifications 
of the Treaty of Zurich, 
Nov. 21. 



Treaty with Nicaragua 

ratified, Jan. 11. 
Commercial treaty with 

Great Britain signed 

Jan. 23. 



Tuscan y: — Council 
of State votes in favor of 
annexation to Sardinia, 
July 12. 

Sardinia: — Cavour re- 
signs from the ministry. 
July 13. 

Tuscany: — The Na- 
tion. Assem. decrees the 
permanent exclusion of 
the Austrian dynasty, 
Aug. 16. 

Modena: — Farini dic- 
tator, opens the Nat. 
Assembly, Aug. 16, and 
assumes government of 
Parma, Aug. 18. 

Rome: — Co n c o r d a t 
between the pope and 
Spain, Aug. 26. 

Russia: — S chamyl 
gives himself up pris- 
oner in Caucasia, Sept. 6. 

Bologna: — A s s e m . 
Nat. under p r e s . of 
Minghetti decree in- 
dependence from the 
pope, Sept. 7. 

Romagna: — Decree of 
annexation to Sardinia, 
Oct. 7. 

Spain declares war 
against Morocco, Oct. 
22. _0'Donnell named 
com. -in -chief of Spanish 
army. 
1860. Spain: — The Moors 
defeated at Castellejor 
Jan. 1. 

Sardinia: — Cavour re- 
called to the premier- 
ship, Jan. 15. 



1859. Naples: — Death of 
Ferdinand II., and ac- 
cession of Francis II., 
May 22. 

Swede n: — Oscar 1., 
died July 8; succeeded 
by his son Charles XV. 

Mexico: — Juarez de- 
crees the confiscation of 
church property, July 

Venezuela : — Civil war ; 
downfall of Castro, the 
president, July. 

Costa Rica: — Revo- 
lution — fall of Mora, 
Aug. 14. 

Japan: — The ports of 
Yokohama, Nagasaki, 
and Hakodate, opened 
to trade. 

Buenos Ayres: — Bat- 
tle with troops of Argen- 
tine Confederation, Oct 
28. — Buenos Avres com- 
pelled to ioin the Con- 
federation. 



1860. Argentine Confed. 
Derqui president Feb. 5. 

Mexico: — Miramon at- 
tacks Vera Cruz, March. 

— Zuloaga proclaims 
himself president, May 1. 



220 



TABULAR VIEWS 



i860 A.D. 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1S60 First " Pony Express " reaches Carson Valley in eight 
and a half days from Missouri; and news thence 
by telegraph reaches San Francisco in nine days 
from New York. 

1860. U.S. corvette Saratoga 

captures Miramon's 

vessels at Vera Cruz, 

March 7. 

Japanese Embassy arrives at San Francisco. March 28; 

at Washington, May 14; at Baltimore, June 8; at 

Philadelphia, June 9; at New York, June 16. Sails 

for Japan, in the U. S. frigate Niagara, June 30. 



Papal bull against agita- 
tors and reformers. 

Fight of Heenan and Say- 
ers for the champion- 
ship of England, April 
17. 



Democratic Conven- 
tion at Charleston, 
April 23. 

Mr. McLane's treaty 
with Mexico (Juarez) 
rejected by the Senate, 
May 31. 

National Republican 
Convention at Chicago 
meets May 16, and nom- 
inates Abraham Lin- 
coln for president, and 
Hannibal Hamlin for 
vice-president of U. S. 
Law of Maryland prohibiting the manumission of 
slaves takes effect, June 1. 

Nat. Democratic Con- 
vention (adjourned) at 
Baltimore, June 18, 
nominates Douglas and 
Fitzpatrick: a seceding 
Convention nominates 
Breckenridge and Lane. 
The Great Eastern arrives at New York, from 
Dr. Hayes's Arctic Expedition from Boston, sails 

July 7. 
Remarkable meteor in various northern states, July 20. 

Visit of the Prince of 
America and the United 
John's, July 24; arrives 
Montreal, 24th; Ottawa, 
tember 14; Detroit. 
September 20; Washing- 
ton, Oct. 3; Philadelphia, 
Oct. 9; New York, Oct. 
11; Boston, 17th; Port- 
land, 20th; Plymouth, 
England, Nov. 15. 

Lincoln and Hamlin 
elected pres. and v.- 
pres. of the U. S. by the 
votes of all the Northern 
Statesexcept New Jersey, 
which chose 3 electors 
for Douglas and 4 for 
Lincoln, Nov. 6. 

This election is made 
the cause for the seces- 
sion of the Southern 
States — S. Carolina lead- 
ing, and adopting in Con- 
vention an ordinance of 
secession from the U. S., 
Dec. 20. 



Deaths in 1860: — 



U. S. 
J. A. Alex- 
ander, 
W.E. Burton 
C. A. Good- 
rich, 
S. G. Good 

rich, 
Theo. Parker 
J.K.Pauld 

_ in S' 

W. C. Preston 



Europe. 

Sir. C. Barry, 

Lady Noel 
Byron. 

G.P.R 
James, 

Anna Jame- 
son, 

SirW. Napier, 

Baden Pow- 
ell, 

H. H. Wilson 



I860. Lord J. Russell pro 
poses a new Reform 
Bill, March, but aban- 
dons it, June. 

Great Britain in al- 
liance with France 
makes war in China for 
the enforcement of the 
treaty of Tien Tsin, 
Aug. Nov. 



Southampton, June 28. 



Wales to British North 
States. He lands at St. 
at Quebec, August 18; 
August 31; Niagara, Sep- 



i860 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



221 



1860 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Negotiations respecting 
annexation of Nice and 
Savoy. Treaty for ces- 
sion to France signed at 
Turin, March 24; but 
Switzerland protests. 

Nice votes for annexation 
to France 24,448 for, 
and 160 against. 

Savoy gives 131,744 for 
and 233 against. 



French troops sent to 
Syria to punish the 
Druses, Aug. 5. 

Napoleon III. concedes 
greater freedom of 
speech in the Legislative 
Chambers. 



1860. Spain: — Decisive 

victory over the Moors at 
Tetuan, Feb. 6- 

Tuscany: — Result of 
voting on annexation to 
Sardinia: For, 366,571; 
against, 14,925 (for 
separate kingdom.) 

Spain: — Peace with 
Morocco ratified, March 
29. 

Rome: — Papal bull 
against revolutionists, 
March 29. 

Revolution in Sicily 
begins at Palermo, Mes- 
sina, and Catania, April 
4. 

Rome: — Antonelli pro- 
tests against Sardinian 
annexation of Romagna. 

Sicily: — Garibaldi 
lands at Marsala, with 
2000 men from Genoa, 
May 10. Proclaims him- 
self dictator on behalf of 
Victor Emanuel, 14th. 

Naples: — Concessions 
proclaimed to the people 
May 19. 

Garibaldi takes Paler- 
mo, June 6. 

A liberal ministry 
formed at Naples, June 
28. The king grants 
new constitution and 
amnesty, June 25. 

Garibaldi's victory at 
Melazzo, July 20-21. 

Sicily (excepting the 
citadel of Messina) 
evacuated by the Nea- 
politans, July 30. 

Garibaldi's troops 

land in Calabria, Aug. 8. 
— Enters Naples, Sept. 
7. 

The King of Naples re- 
tires to Gaeta, Sept. 6, 
and is besieged there by 
the troops of Garibaldi 
and Victor Emanuel. 

Sardinians defeat pa- 
pal forces under Laro- 
miciere at Castelfidardo 
Sept. 18; Ancona surren- 
ders Sept. 29. 

Garibaldi resigns his 
power to Victor Eman- 
uel, and retires to Ca- 
prera. 



1860. Syria: — Massacre of 
the Christians of Da- 
mascus and the Maro- 
nites of Lebanon by the 
Druses, May-July. 3000 
killed at Damascus, 
July 9. 

War between the al- 
lied English and French 
against China, Aug. 12; 
Taku forts taken by the 
allies, Aug. 21; allies ad- 
vance on Pekin which 
surrenders, Oct. 12; 
Treaty of Tien Tsin rati- 
fied, Oct. 24; allies leave 
Pekin, Nov. 5. 

Honduras: — W. Wal- 
ker the "filibuster," 
taken prisoner and shot, 
Sept. 12. 

Syria: — Fuad Pasha 
sent against the Druses, 
Aug. 5. 167 Moslems 
implicated in the mas- 
sacres are executed at 
Damascus, Aug. 20. 



222 



TABULAR VIEWS 



l86l A.D. 



a.d. ProgressofSociety. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1861 



Deaths in 1861: 
Prince Albert, 
Mrs. Browning, 
Count Cavour, 
Czartoryski, 
Dr. J. W. Francis, 
Geof. St. Hilaire, 
Pr. Gortchakoff, 
Nathaniel _ Lyon, 
Eugene Scribe. 

Emancipation of the 
serfs in Russia, 
March 3. 



July — F i r s t War 
Loan of the United 
States Govern- 
ment, $250,000,- 
000. 

Oct. 1. Commercial 
treaty between 
France, England, 
and Belgium in 
force. 

Nov. 1. Telegraph 
between Malta and 
Alexandria opened. 



1861. Example of secession set by 
South Carolina followed by Missis- 
sippi, Jan. 9, Florida, Jan. 10, Ala- 
bama, Jan. 11, Georgia, Jan. 19, 
Louisiana, Jan. 26, Texas, Feb. 1. 
Kansas admitted. 

Attempt to carry Virginia, Kentucky, 
Tennessee, N. Carolina, Missouri, and 
Arkansas for secession defeated, Jan.- 
March, 1861. Confederate Congress 
at Montgomery, Ala., Feb. 4; Peace 
Conference meets at Washington, 
Feb. 4. 

Jefferson Davis chosen president, 
Feb. 9. Gen. Twiggs surrenders the 
U. S. forces in Texas, and the mil- 
tary stores, to the State, Feb. 18. 

Inauguration of Lincoln (Repub.) presi- 
dent U. S., March 4. 

April 12. bombardment of Fort Sumter 
begins. 

April 14, Fort Sumter surrenders. 

April 15, 75,000 men called for by proc- 
lamation. 

April 17. Virginia secedes. 

April 18. Harper's Ferry arsenal burned 
by its garrison. 

Great meeting in New York to sup- 
port the Government. 

April 19. Attack on Massachusetts troops 
in Baltimore. — Blockade of Southern 
ports declared. 

May 6. Arkansas secedes. 

May 21. North Carolina secedes. 

June 8. Tennessee secedes. 

June 10. Big Bethel defeat. 

July 4. Congress meets. 

July 11. Rich Mountain victory '(Mc- 
Clellan). 

July 21. Bull Run defeat. 

Aug. 10. Battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo., 
and death of Gen. Lyon. 

Aug. 29. Fort Hatteras taken by 
Butler. 

Oct. 21. Ball's Bluff disaster. 

Nov. 1. McClellan commander-in-chief. 

Nov. 7. Port Royal forts taken. — Bat- 
tle of Belmont, Mo. 

Nov. 8. Wilkes seizes Slidell and Mason. 

1862. 

Jan. 1. Mason and Slidell released. 

Jan. 19. Mill Spring victory. 

Feb. 6. Fort Henry taken. 

Feb. 8. Roanoke Island taken by 
Burnside. 

Feb. 16. Fort Donelson taken. 

Feb. 23. Nashville taken. 

March 7-8. Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark. 

March 8. The Cumberland and Con- 
gress destroyed by the Virginia 
(Merrimac) . 

March 9. Battle between Monitor and 
Merrimac. 

March 11. McClellan takes command 
of Army of Potomac. 

March 14. Newbern taken by Burnside. 

April 5. McClellan besieges Yorktown. 

April 6-7. Battle of Shiloh.— A. S. 
Johnston killed. 



1861. 

May 13. Queen's 
proclamation of 
"neutrality" in 
the American 
conflict. 



Nov. — Excitement 
about seizure of 
Mason and 
Slidell in British 
steamer Trent. 

Dec. 14. Death of 
Prince Albert. 



1862. 

April 
with 
press 



7. Treaty 

U. S. to sup- 
" slave trade. 



1862 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



223 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1861 



1862 



Speech of Prince Napoleon 
in favor of Italian unity 
and against the popes' 
temporal government, 



Treaty of commerce con- 
cluded with Turkey 
(April). 



June 10. "Neutrality" in 
American conflict pro- 
claimed by the emperor. 



Oct. 31. Convention with 
England and Spain, for 
intervention in Mexico. 



Jan. 7. French army lands 
at Vera Cruz. 



March 28. French vic- 
tories in Cochin China- 
six provinces ceded to 
France by Annam (June) . 



A.pril 16. War against 
Mexico declared, Eng- 
land and Spain retiring 
from Mexico. 



1861. Frederick William 
IV., of Prussia, dies; 
succeeded by William I. 

Gaeta surrenders to 
Victor Emanuel's troops, 
Feb. 13.— The king of 
Naples escapes on board 
a French frigate. 

End of Bourbon rule 
in Italy. 

The Italian parlia- 
ment declares Victor 
Emanuel king of Italy, 
Feb. 26. 

Austria: — February 
patent of the emperor 
outlining a consti- 
tutional scheme for the 
monarchy. 



Death of Cavour, 
June 6. 

Turkey: — June 25. 
Sultan Abdul Medjid 
dies; succeeded by Ab- 
dul Aziz. 

Portugal: — Pedro V. 
dies; succeeded by 
Luis I. 

Moldavia and Wal- 
lachia united as Rou- 
mania under Alexander 
I. 



1862. 

Feb. 13. Military revolt in 
Greece. 



1861. 

Mexico: — Juarez en- 
ters Mexico and is elec- 
ted president, Jan.; 
Juarez made dictator, 
June; suspends pay- 
ments on foreign debt, 
July. 

Santo Domingo de- 
clared annexed to Spain 
by Santana, March. 



China: — Oct. 21. Canton 
restored to the Chinese 
by the French and 
English. 



224 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1862 A.D.- 



a.d. ProgressofSociety. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1862 



18G3 



May 1. Interna- 

tional Exhibition 
at London. 



Deaths in 1862: Bro- 
die (surgeon), M. 
Van Buren, T. 
Hartwell Home, 
Sam Houston, T 
J. Jackson, A. Sid 
Johnston, Phil. 
Kearny, Duchess 
of Kent, J. Sher. 
Knowles, Sir James 
Ross, Joseph Wolff. 

Herbert Spencer's 
First Principles. 



Jan. 1. Abolition of 
slavery in the 
subjugated States 
by proclamation 
of Lincoln. 



April 7. Island No. 10 taken by 

Unionists. 
April 11. Fort Pulaski taken. 
April 16. Congress abolishes slavery 

in the District of Columbia. 
April 25. New Orleans taken. 
May 5. Yorktown occupied by Mc- 

Clellan — Battle of Williamsburg. 
May 10. Norfolk taken — the Merrimac 

burnt — Farragut ascends the Mis- 
sissippi — Little Rock taken. 
May 27. Battle of Hanover C. H., Va. 
May 30. Corinth, Miss., occupied by 

the Union forces. 
May 31-June 1. Battle of Fair Oaks 

or Seven Pines. 
June 8. Battle of Cross Keys, Va. 
June 26-July 1. "Seven Days' Battle": 

Mechanicsville, June 26; Gaines's 

Mill, June 27; Savage Station, June 

29; Frazier's Farm, June 30; Malvern 

Hill, July 1. 
July 2. 300,000 more volunteers called 

for. 
July 11. Halleck, commander-in-chief. 
July 17. Confiscation Act signed by 

the president. 
Aug. 9. Banks defeated at Cedar 

Mountain. 
Aug. 16. McClellan retreats from 

Harrison's Landing. 
Aug. 29-30. Second defeat at Bull 

Run. 

Union defeat at Richmond, 



1862 

May 1. Internation- 
al Exhibition 
opened at Lon- 
don. 



Battle of Chantilly 
McClellan again commander- 



Aug. 30 

Ky. 
Sept. 1. 
Sept. 2. 

in -chief. 
Sept. 4-5. Confederates begin invasion 

of Maryland. 
Sept. 14. Union victory at South 

Mountain, Md. 
Sept. 15. Harper's Ferry taken by 

the Confederates. 
Sept. 17-18. Antietam, Union victory. 

Lee recrosses the Potomac. 
Sept. 19. Battle of Iuka, Miss. 
Sept. 22. Lincoln's preliminary 

Emancipation Proclamation issued. 
Sept. 24. Habeas Corpus suspended. 
Oct. 3-4. Battle of Corinth, Miss. 
Oct. 8. Battle of Perryville, Ky. 
Nov. 4. Democratic victory in New 

York elections. 
Nov. 7. Burnside supersedes McClellan. 
Dec. 13. Battle of Fredericksburg. 
Dec. 31-Jan. 2. Battleof Murfreesboro, 

Tenn. 
1863 
Jan. 1 Proclamation of Emancipation 

issued. 
Jan. 26. Hooker supersedes Burnside. 
April 7. Monitors repulsed at Charles- 
ton. 
April 20. President's proclamation 

admitting West Virginia into the 

Union. 






Great distress in 
the cottonmanu- 
facturing dis- 
tricts. Famine 
at its height in 
December. 

1863 

Mar. 10. Marriage 
of Prince of 
Wales to Alex- 
andra of Den- 
mark. 



I863 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



225 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. 



1862 



1863 



June 31. Peace concluded 
with Annam. 



1862 

Bloody conflict be- 
tween Servians and 
Turks in Belgrade, June 
19. 



Aug. 19. Garibaldi in 
Sicily, proclaims a pro- 
visional government. 

Aug. 29. He is wounded 
and taken prisoner by 
the king's troops at As- 
promonte. 



Oct. 30. Mediation pro- 
posed in American con- 
flict declined by Russia 
and Gt. Britain. 



Jan. 9. Mediation of 
France again offered to 
U.S. 



Sept. 30. Bismarck, premier 
of Prussia. 

Oct. 5. Garibaldi and his 
followers released under 
general amnesty, and 
the state of siege in 
Sicily abolished. 

Oct. 17-23. Insurrection in 
Greece: King Otho de- 
posed. 



1S63. 

Jan. 18. Egypt: Ismail, 
viceroy; succeeds Said 
Pasha. 

Unsuccessful uprising 
against Russia in Poland. 



1862 

Oct. 7. China: — Death of 
Gen. Ward. American 
commander of Chinese 
imperial troops against 
Taipings. 



226 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1863 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1S63 



1864 



Feb. 9. The Geo. GVw- 
wold, with food 
given by New 
Yorkers for Lan- 
cashire operatives, 
arrivesat .Liverpool 

Mar.4. Nat. Academy 
of Arts and Scien- 
ces founded by- 
Congress. 

June — Grant and 
Speke arrive in 
England from the 
sources of the Nile. 



Deaths in 1863: R. 
Hildreth, Mar. 
Lansdowne, Mul- 
ready, Mrs. Trol- 
lope, Archbishop 
Whately, Thack- 
eray, Jakob 
Grimm, H. Vernet. 



1863 May 2-4. Chancellorsville defeat. — 
Jackson killed. 

May 18. Vicksburg invested by Grant. 

June 13-15. Battle of Winchester. 
Maryland and Pennsylvania in- 
vaded by Lee. 

West Virginia admitted. 

June 27. Meade supersedes Hooker. 

July 1-3. Gettysburg victory. 

July 4. Vicksburg surrendered by 
Pemberton. 

July 8. Port Hudson taken. 

July 13-16. Draft riots at New York. 

Sept. 7. Fort Wagner, S. C., taken 

Sept. 19-20. Battle of Chickamauga. 

Oct. 17. President calls for 300,000 
more volunteers. 

Nov. 23-25. Battles of Chattanooga. 
Lookout Mountain, Nov. 24; Mission- 
ary Ridge, Nov. 25. 



Feb. 29. Peabody 
fund — Dwel 1 ings 
for the poor 
London — First 
block opened. 

April 3. Garibaldi's 
visit to England. 

May 16. Conven- 
tion between 
France, Brazil, 
Italy, Portugal, 
and Spain, for 
telegraph to 
America. 



Deaths in 1864: 
Frank. B a c h e, 
Josh'a Bates, W. 
J. Fox, T. C. Grat- 
tan, Nathaniel 
Hawthorne, Edw. 
Hitchcock, Leon- 
ard Horner, Arch- 
bishop Hughes, 
Jasmin (poet), C. 
M. Kirkland, W. 
Savage Landor, 
John Leech, J. R. 
Macculloch, Mey- 
erbeer, W. Curtis 
Noyes, Pellisier, 
Josiah Q u i n c y , 
Edw. Robinson, H. 
R. Schoolcraft, R. 
B. Taney, J. G. 
Totten. 



1864. 

Feb. 1. Draft for 500,000 men ordered. 
Feb. 20. Olustee (Fla.) defeat. 
March 2. Grant succeeds Halleck as 

commander-in-chief. 
April 8. Battle of Sabine Cross Roads 

(Red River Expedition). 
April 12. Massacre at Fort Pillow. 
May 5-6. Battle of the Wilderness. 
May 6. Sherman begins his march to 

the sea. 
May 9. Battle of Dalton, Ga. 
May 10. Battle of Spottsylvania. 
May 13—16. Engagements at Resaca, 

Ga. 
June 2-3. Battle of Cold Harbor. 
June 15. Grant before Petersburg. 
June 19. Kearsarge sinks the Alabama. 
June 27. Battle of Kenesaw Mountain, 
Johnston replaced by Hook. 
July — ■ Early raids Maryland and 

Pennsylvania. 
July 9. Battle of Monocacy. 
July 22-2S. Sherman's victories at 

Atlanta, Ga. 
July 30. Chambersburg, Pa., burnt by 

Early. 
July 30. Grant's mine at Petersburg, 

Va., exploded. 
Aug. 5. Farragut's victory in Mobile 

Bay. 
Aug. 31. McClellan nominated for 

president by Democratic Convention 

at Chicago. 
Sept. 2. Atlanta captured by Sherman. 
Sept. 19. Sheridan's victory at Win- 
chester. 



1S64 



April 24. European 
conference at 
London on 
Schleswig-Hol- 
stein question. 



July — Palmer- 
ston sustained 
in the genera] 
election. 



Aug. 15. English 
fleet visits Cher- 
bourg. 

Aug. 30. French 
fleet visits Ports 
mouth. 



1864 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



227 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere 



The World, elsewhere. 



1863 



Thiers, Ollivier, Faure, 
and other opposition 
candidates are elected, 
May 31. 

French overrun Mexico 
and occupy the capital, 
June 10. 



1864 



Nov. — Thiers and his 
friends form a new op- 
position. 



May 20. Convention be- 
tween France and Japan 
signed. 

May 22. Death of Marshal 
Pellisier. 



1863 

March 30. Greece: George 
I. , of Schleswig-Holstein, 
proclaimed king — 
England agreeing to 
give up Ionian Isles to 
Greece. 



Aui 
man 

Frankfort. — "One Fed 
eral State" proposed. 



16. Congress of Ger- 
sovereigns at 



Nov. 15. Denmark: Chris- 
tian IX. succeeds 
Frederick VII. 



1864 

Jan. — War of Austria and 
Prussia against Den- 
mark about Schleswig- 
Holstein — German 
troops enter Holstein 
and Schleswig. 

March 10. Louis II., king 
of Bavaria. 

April 18. Lines of Diippel 
taken by Prussians. 



June 1. Ionian Isles made 
over to Greece. 



July 8. Prussians take Al- 
sen. 



Sept. 15. Franco-Italian 
Convention signed — 

French troops to quit 
Rome in two years. 

Florence made the capital 
of Italy, May; riots at 
Turin in consequence, 
Sept 21-22. 



1863 

Mexico: — A National 
Assembly offers the 
imperial crown to Max- 
imilian of Austria, July 
10. — Resistance by the 
Nationalists under 

Juarez. 

June 10. French enter 
Mexico. 



1864 

Peru: — Chincha Isl- 
ands seized by Spain as 
pledge for the satisfac- 
tion of pecuniary claims. 



Mexico : — J u n e 12. 
Emperor Maximilian 
enters the capital. 

Final conquest of the 
Circassians by Russia. 

July 18. China: — Nankin 
taken("a heap of ruins") 
by Gordon for the Im- 
perialists; end of the 
Taiping Rebellion. 



Japan: — In retaliation 
for firing upon foreign 
ships, Americans, Eng- 
lish, French, and Dutch 
bombard Shimonoseki 
Sept. 4. 



228 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1 864 A.D.- 



a.d. ProgressofSociety 



United States. 



British Empirb. 



1865 



Slavery abolished in 
the United States. 

Deaths in 1865: 
Richard Cobden, 
Bishop Brownell, 
Adm. Dupont, 
Val. Mott, Edw. 
Everett, Mrs. Gas- 
kell, Sir W._ J. 
Hooker, Kiss 
(sculpt.), Leopold 
I. Ab. Lincoln, Dr. 
Lindley. 



Aug. — Treaty of com- 
merce between 
Italy and Japan. 

Sept. -Several South- 
ern States pass 
ordinances annul- 
ling secession, and 
abolishing slavery. 

Rinder-pest or cattle 
plague in England, 
July, 1865, to Feb., 
1866. 



1864 

Oct. 19. Cedar Creek defeat made a 

victory by Sheridan. 
Oct. 21. Rebel raid at St. Albans, Vt. 
Oct. 31. Nevada becomes a State. 
Nov. 8. Lincoln re-elected president. 
Nov. 30. Schofield repulses Hood at 

Franklin, Tenn. 
Dec. 13. Fort McAllister stormed. 
Dec. 15-16. Hood crushed by Thomas 

at Nashville. 
Dec. 21. Sherman enters Savannah. 
Dec. 24-5. Butler and Porter repulsed 

at Fort Fisher, N. C. 
1865. 

Jan. 15. Fort Fisher taken by Terry. 
Feb. 2-3. Peace conference between 

President Lincoln and Southern 

representatives in Hampton Roads. 
Feb. 18. Charleston occupied by Union 

forces. 
Feb. 22. Wilmington captured by 

Schofield. 
March 19. Battle of Bentonville, N. C. 
March 31-April 1 . Battle of Five Forks. 
April 2. Selina, Ala., taken. 
April 3. Richmond and Petersburg 

occupied by U. S. forces. 
April 9. Surrender of Lee with his 

whole army. 
April 12. Mobile taken. 
April 14. Fort Sumter occupied. 

Assassination of President Lincoln 

and attack on Seward; death of 

Lincoln on following day. 
April 15. Andrew Johnson sworn in as 

president. 
April 26. Johnston's surrender to 

Sherman at Durham Station, N. C. 
April 26. Booth, the assassin, shot. 
May 4. Gen. Richard Taylor surren- 
ders. 
May 10. Jefferson Davis captured. 
May 26. Kirby Smith surrenders in 

Texas. 

End of the Rebellion. 

May 22. Proclamation opening South- 
ern ports and exceptional amnesty. 

June 1. National fast. 

June 29. Trial of assassins of Lincoln 
ended. 

July 7. They are hung. 

July 29. Prisoners of war released on 
oath of allegiance. 

August — Rebel privateer Shenandoah 
destroyed about thirty vessels. 

Nov. 2. National thanksgiving. 

Nov. 9. Shenandoah at Liverpool — 
crew released. 

Nov. 10. Capt. Wirz executed for 
cruelty to U. S. prisoners in Ander- 
sonville. 

Dec. 18. Thirteenth Amendment rati- 
fied. 



1865 



March — F e n i a n 
outbreaks in Ire- 
land. 









May 6. Reform 
League meeting 
in Hyde Park in 
defiance of Gov- 
ernment. 



Oct. -Movements of 
Fenians at New 
York, Phila., etc. 

Oct. 7. Riots in 
Jamaica ;Gordon, 
a Baptist minis- 
ter, hanged by 
Governor Eyre 
as a rioter. 

Oct. 18. Death ot 
Lord Palmer- 
ston. — Lord John 
Russell, premier. 

Nov. 27. Trial of 
Fenians at Dub- 
lin. 



1865 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



229 



A.D. 


France. 


Europe, elsewhere. 


World, elsewhere. 






1S64 


1864 






Oct. 30. Peace between Den- 


Paraguay : — u t - 






mark and the allies, to whom 


break of war 






Schleswig-Holstein and Lauen- 


with Brazil, Nov. 






burg are surrendered. 


Mexico: — Dec. 27. 
Imperialists de- 
feated by Repub- 
licans at San 
Pedro. 

Famine in Bengal 
and Madras. 


1865 




1865 


1865 

Apr.— Paraguayans 
under Lopez in- 
vade Argentina, 
which concludes 
alliance with 
Brazil and Uru- 
guay. 




Vlay. — Napoleon III. begins 




May 7. Hayti: — 




his visit to Algeria. 


Aug. 14. Convention of Gastein 
between Prussia and Austria 
with regard to the administra- 


Military insur- 
rection against 
Geffrard. 




Sept. — Napoleonlll, meets 


tion of Schleswig and Holstein; 


Sept. 18. Paraguay- 




Bismarck at Biarritz; 


Lauenburg sold to Prussia. 


ans defeated by 




consents to the Italo- 




allies at Santa- 




Prussian alliance against 




yuna. 




Austria. 




Japan: — Rat i fi e s 




Sept. 11. Death of Lamori- 




treaties with 




ciere. 


Dec. 10. Leopold II. succeeds his 
father Leopold I. in Belgium. 


foreign powers, 
Nov. 25. 



230 



TABULAR VIEWS 



A.D.- 



PrOGRESSOfSoCIETY. 



United States. 



British Empire, 



1866 



1867 



July 28. Atlantic 
Telegraph suc- 

cessfully complet- 
ed ; cable landed at 
Newf o un dland 
and reports peace 
between Prussia 
and Austria, 
eaths in 1866: 
Marquis D'Azeglio, 
Jared Sparks, Wm. 
Whewell, Gibson. 



April 1. Opening of 
the Great Exposi- 
tion of Industry of 
all nations at 
Paris. 



July 1. Awards of 
the juries in the 
Great Exposition. 

July.— 1800th anni- 
versary of St. Pe- 
ter's martyrdom 
celebrated at 
Rome. 

July. —England visit- 
ed by the sultan. 

Reform in England. 

Deaths in 1867: 
Victor Cousin , 
Charles Anthon, 
Faraday. 



1866. 

April 9. Civil Rights Bill passed. 

May 3. Colorado bill vetoed. 

May 29. Death of Winfield Scott. 

June 13. Fourteenth Amendment 
adopted by Congress. 

July 28. Congress adjourns, having 
passed Freedmen's Bureau (continua- 
tion) Bill; Civil Rights Bill; Pacific 
Railway (supp.) Bill; Army Bill, and 
other important measures. 

July — Grant appointed general-in-chief 
Sherman, lieut. -general ; Farragut, 
admiral; Porter, vice-admiral. 

Aug. 14. "National Union Conven- 
tion" at Philadelphia. 

Sept. 3. Southern Loyalist Convention 
at Philadelphia. 

Sept. 6. Corner-stone of Douglas monu- 
ment laid at Chicago by President 
Johnson. 

Oct. 6. Elections in Pennsylvania, 
Ohio, Indiana, and Iowa result in 
increased Republican majorities. 

Nov. — Republicans also victorious in 
Mass., N. H., N. Y., N. J., Mich., 
Minn., Nevada, and Mo. In Delaw. 
and Md. the Democrats are success- 
ful. 

Dec. 8. Suffrage given to colored men 
in Dist. of Columbia, by act of 
Congress. 

1867 

Feb. 9. Nebraska admitted into the 
Union. 

March 2. "Tenure of Office" Bill 
passed. 

Military government for the South: 
"Reconstruction Act" passed over 
the president's veto. 

March 23. Supplementary Bill on 
Military Government of the South, 
passed over President's veto. 

Southern States divided into five mili- 
tary districts, under 

Gen. Schofield, at Richmond; Sickles, at 
Columbia, etc. ; Pope, at Montgomery; 
Ord, at Vicksburg; Sheridan, at New 
Orleans. 

March 30. _ Treaty for purchase of 
Alaska signed. 

May 13. Jefferson Davis released on 
bail. 

July 3. Congress meets in extra special 
session, and enacts, over president's 
veto, a bill to confirm and strengthen 
the Military Government, passed 
in March (July 19). 

Aug. 10. Jury in trial of Surratt (as- 
sassination of Lincoln) disagree. 
Surratt discharged, Nov. 6, 1868. 

Aug. 12. Sec'y of War Stanton sus- 
pended after refusing to resign. 

Sept. 7. Pres. Johnson proclaims gen- 
eral amnesty. 

Sept. 17. Antietam cemetery dedicated. 



1866 

Jan. 6. Gov. Eyre 
in Jamaica super- 
seded by Storks; 
hot discussions 
in England as to 
his conduct in 
the riots. 

June 26. Fall of 
Lord John Rus- 
sell. Lord Derby 
enters on his 
third ministry. 



1S67. 



May 11. Conference 
at London on 
the question of 
Luxemburg. 
Treaty signed 
making the 
duchy neutral 
territory — fort - 
ress to be razed. 

May 21. Proclama- 
tion of the newly 
established Do- 
minion of 
Canada. 

July. — 1 he viceroy 
of Egypt and the 
sultan of Turkey 
visit London. 

July 15. Passage of 
New Reform 

Bill in the House 
of Commons. 

Sept. 24-27. Pan- 
Anglican synod 
at Lambeth. 

Sept.— Hostilities 
against Abys- 
sinia begun. 



1867 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



231 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



July 5. Venetia ceded to 
France by Austria. 



1866 

Jan. 15. Death of D'Azeglio, 
Italian statesman. 

June 18. Prussia and Italy declare 
war against Austria. 

June 24. Italians defeated at 
Custozza. 

July 3. Battle of Sadowa or 

Koniggratz, Austrians totally de- 
feated by the Prussians. 

July 4. Austria cedes Venetia to 
France. 

July 11. Prussians defeat Bavar- 
ians at Kissingen. 

July 14. Prussians occupy Frank- 
fort. 

July 20. Italian fleet defeated off 
Lissa. 

Aug. 23. Treaty of Prague be- 
tween Prussia and Austria. 

Oct. 3. Treaty of peace between 
Austria and Italy, signed at 
Vienna. 

Nov. 5. Venetia proclaimed to be 
part of kingdom of Italy. 

Nov. 7. Victor Emanuel's pub- 
lic entry into Venice. 



Dec-France withdraws its 
forces from Rome. 



1S67 

Feb. 18. Hungarian constitution 
restored by Austrian emperor. 

Feb. 24. First parliament of the 
North German Confederation 
opened by king of Prussia. 



Jan. — Railway between 
Boulogne and Calais 
opened. 

Jan. 19. Emperor decrees 
greater freedom of dis- 
cussion in Legislature 
and the Press. 

April 1. Great Exposition 
opened by the emperor. 

May 11. France adopts 
treaty providing for the 
neutralization of Lux- 
emburg. 

June 6. Attempt on life of the Czar, while riding with the 
emperor, in Paris. 

The sultan, viceroy of Egypt, king of Prussia, prince of 
Wales and other notables, also visit the Great Exposition 
in Paris in June and July. 



July 1. The emperor dis 
tributes medals of honor 
at the Great Exposition. 

Oct. 30. French troops 
enter Rome. 

Nov. 18. Pacific speech of 
emperor on opening 
Chambers. 

Dec. 5. Rouher declares 
(for government) that 
Italy shall never seize 
upon Rome. 



June. — Promulgation of the con- 
stitution of the North German 
Confederation. 

July. — Great excitement in Europe 
respecting the death of Maxi 
milian in Mexico. 

Russian America sold to the 
United States. 

Aug. 6. Violent outbreak of chol 
era at Albano, Italy. 

Sept. 24. Garibaldi arrested while 
preparing to invade Papal States 
and sent to Caprera. 



1866 

C hile: — Val paraiso 
bombarded by 
the Spanish, Mar. 
31. 

Peru: — Callaobom- 
barded by the 
Spanish, May 2. 



Sept. 18. Brazil: 
Uruguayano sur- 
renders to the 
allies. 

Sept. — Greeks in 
Crete rise in re- 
volt against the 
Turks. 

Oct. 7. Jamaica 
riots. 



1S67 

Feb. 5. Mexico : — 
The city of Mex- 
ico evacuated by 
the French 
troops. 

May 15. Mexico: — 
Maximilian and 
his generals cap- 
tured at Quere- 
taro. 

June 19. Execution 
of Maximilian in 
Mexico. 

Ruler of Egypt re- 
ceives from sul- 
tan the title of 
khedive, with 
the succession 
in direct line. 

July 1. Cuba: De- 
cree of the queen 
of Spain free- 
ing all children 
of slave parents 
born after this 
date. 

Oct. 29. Destruc- 
tive hurricane in 
West Indies. 

Japan: — Nov. 19. 
Iveiki, the last 
shogun, resigns. 



232 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1867 A.D.- 



1868 



1869 



Progress ofSociety 



United States. 



Jan. 15. Education 
conference opens 
at Manchester, 
England. 

June 25. Luther 
monument in- 
augurated at 
Worms. 

Oct. 5. Papal emis- 
saries and Greek 
patriarch of Con- 
stantinople dis- 
agree as to general 
council. 

Deaths in 1868: 
Ex-Pres. Buchan 
an, Thad. Stevens, 
Ex-Sec'y Bates. 
Lord Broughan, 
Rossini. 



Jan. 24. First Pro- 
testant meeting 
for public worship 
in Madrid. 

Apr. 3. Bibles in 
foreign languages 
admitted into 
Spain. 

May 10. Railway 
connection com- 
pleted in U. S. be- 
tween Atlanticand 
Pacific. 

July 14. French At- 
lantic telegraphic 
cable completed. 

Deaths, 1869: W. P. 
Fessenden; Ad- 
miral Stewart 
('"Old Ironside") 
G. Peabody, Ex- 
Pres. Pierce Gen. 
Wool, Ex-Sec'y. 
Stanton, Lamar- 
tine, Sainte-Beuve. 



1867 

Dec. Treaty for purchase of Danish 

islands. St. Thomas and St. John, 

for $7,500,000, signed. 



1868. 

Feb. 24. House votes to impeach Pres. 
Johnson. 

March 5. Senate constitutes itself a 
court of impeachment. 

May 21. Republican Convention nomi- 
nates Grant and Colfax. 

May 26. Senate adjourns, after ac- 
quitting President Johnson. 

June 5. Chinese embassy received at 
Washington. 

July 9. Democratic Convention nomi- 
nates Seymour and Blair. 

July 20. Fourteenth Amendment rati- 
fied. 

Nov. 3. Grant and Colfax elected. 



1869 

Feb. 11. Nolle prosequi ends prosecu- 
tion against Jefferson Davis. 

Feb. 26. Fifteenth Amendment (negro 
suffrage) passed by Congress. 

April 15. Naturalization treaty with 
Great Britain ratified. 

May 10. Union Pacific Railway thrown 
open to traffic. 

June 15. Peace Jubilee at Boston. 

Sept. 24. "Black Friday," in New 
York. 

Nov. Wyoming grants complete suf- 
frage to women. 



British Empire. 



1S68 

Jan. 28. More than 
one hundred 

thousand special 
constables sworn 
in in the United 
Kingdom from 
apprehension of 
Fenians. 

Feb. 25. Derby 
ministry resigns 
— D'Israeli pre- 
mier, 29th. 

Dec. 2. D'Israeli 
ministry out: 
Gladstone's suc- 
ceeds, 9th. 



1869 

July 26. Irish 

Church dises- 
tablishment bill 
passed. 

Nov. — Expiration 
of the Charter of 
Hudson's Bay 
company and in- 
corporation of 
its territory in 
the Dominion of 
Canada. 



1869 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



233 



A.D. 


France. 


Europe, elsewhere. 


World, elsewhere. 






1867 

Oct. 13. Garibaldi escapes from 

Caprera; 26, defeats pope's troops 

at Monte Rotondo; 30, French 

troops enter Rome. 
Nov. 3. Garibaldi beaten and 

taken prisoner at Men tana. 




1868 




1868 


1868 




June 1. New press law, 


Austria-Hungary: — the Ausgleich 


Japan: The mikado 




less stringent. 


of Dec. 21 reorganizes the mon- 


assumes sole 




Aug. 1. Rochefort's Lan- 


archy on a dualistic basis. 


power; civil war 




terne suppressed ; he 


Mar. 21. Defeat of papal party at 


between ad- 




escapes to Belgium. 


Vienna on civil marriage bill. 


herents of mika- 






Serrano and Prim head revolution 


do and shogun. 






in Spain; royal forces defeated 


Feb. 19. Brazilians 






by Serrano, Sept. 28; queen of 


force the pass of 






Spain flees into France Sept. 30; 


Humaita against 






provisional government set up. 


Paraguayan bat- 






Dec. 30. Final surrender of revo- 


teries. 






lutionary Cretan government 


Apr. 13. Capture of 






announced at Constantinople. 


Magdala, Abys- 
sinia, by British; 
death of King 
Theodore. 

May 22. Russians 
occupy Samar- 
cand. 

June 25. Paraguay- 
ans evacuate 
Humaita, after 
over 2 years, 
siege. 

Sept. — Outbreak of 
insurrection in 
Cuba. 


1869 




1869 


1869 




June 9. Violent election 


May 20. Spanish Cortes votes for 


Japan: Mikado tri- 




riots at Paris. 


monarchical government. 


umphs; Tokio 




June 26. Great increase of 


June 16. Serrano chosen regent of 


(Yedo) made the 




opposition in Assembly. 


Spain. 


capital. 




July 13. Ministerial re- 


Dec. 8. Vatican Council opened at 


Nov. 17. Suez 




sponsibility introduced 


Rome. 


canal formally 




by the emperor. 




opened. 




Aug. 15. Centenarw of 








birth of Napoleon I. ; 








pensions, amnesty, etc. 








Sept. 10. New constitution 








promulgated. 








Sept. 30. Pere Hyacinthe 








protests against papal 








infallibility and en- 








croachments. 







234 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1870 A.D. 



Progress of Society 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1870 



Apr. 2. Railway from 
Calcutta to Bom- 
bay opened. 

May 25. Organization 
of English com- 
mittee to revise 
authorized version 
of Bible. 

Dec. 25. Mount Cenis 
tunnel completed. 

Deaths, 1870: Ad- 
mirals Dahlgren 
and Farragut, 
Gen. Lee, Chas. 
Dickens, Alexan- 
dre Dumas. 



1870 

Jan. 26. Darien canal scheme ap- 
proved by Congress. 

Feb. 25. Mr. Revels, first colored mem- 
ber of United States Senate (from 
Mississippi), takes his seat; his first 
speech for universal amnesty and 
suffrage. 

March 30. Fifteenth Amendment rati- 
fied. 

July. — New tariff adopted, to take effect 
Jan. 1, 1871. 

Oct. 1. Internal taxation begins to be 
reduced. 

Nov. 5. J. L. Motley, minister to Eng- 
land, recalled. 

Republican majority in Congress 
greatly reduced by the fall elections. 

Dec. 5. President Grant's message 
regrets failure of proposal to annex St. 
Domingo. 

Dec. 22. General Schenck minister to 
London. 



1870 

July 19. Neutrality 
in Franco-Prus- 
sian war pro- 
claimed. 

Aug. 1. Irish Land 
Act passed. 

Aug. 9. Elementary 
Education Act 
passed. 



187O A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



235 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



1870 



1870 1870 

Jan. 2. Liberal (Ollivier) Jan. 12. Pope's decree condemn- Jan. 15. Salnave 

ministry formed. | ing the Fenians. 1 shot in Hayti; 

Jan. 10. Victor Noir mur- June 25. Queen Isabella of Spain 1 Saget president. 

dered by Prince Pierre I abdicates in favor of her son Mar. 1. Defeat and 



Alfonso 

July 18. Vatican Council votes 
the pope's infallibility. 

July 30. Austrian government 
dissolves the concordat with 
Rome. 

Sept. 20. Italian troops occupy 
Rome. 

Oct. — Vote of people of Papal 
States for annexation to Italy, 
133,681 yeas to 1,507 nays. 

Oct. 31. Russia refuses to be 
bound by the provisions of the 
Treaty of Paris, of 1856, neutral- 
izing the Black Sea. 

Nov. 16. Prince Amadeus, of 
Italy, elected king of Spain by 
the Cortes ; accepts, Dec. 4. 

Nov. 23. Pope excommunicates 
all concerned in annexing Rome 
to Italy. 

Dec. 28. Marshal Prim assassinat- 
ed at Madrid. 

Dec. 31. King Victor Emanuel 
arrives at Rome. 



death of the 
P araguayan 
president Lopez, 
near the Aquida- 
ban. 

May 25. Fenian 
raid into Canada 
repulsed by vol- 
unteers. 

June 21. Mob at 
T i e n-T sin in 
China; French 
consul and resi- 
dents murdered. 



Bonaparte 

Jan. 22. Rochefort fined 
and imprisoned for libel. 

May 8. Plebiscite on gov- 
ernment amendments to 
constitution, adopted by 
5 to 1. 

May 14. Riots and barri- 
cades in Paris. 

May 15. Duke of Gramont 
becomes foreign minis- 
ter. 

July 2. Orleans family de- 
mand permission to re- 
turn to France; refused 
by Assembly. 

July. — Prince Leopold de- 
clines candidacy for 
Spanish throne; Prussia 
refuses guaranties: 13, 
Benedetti s interview 
with King William of 
Prussia at Ems; 19, 
France declares war. 

July 23. Empress regent; 
emperor joins army, 
26, first skirmish at 
Niederbronn. 

Aug. 2. Action at Saar- 
briick; 4, Germans de- 
feat French at Weissen- 
burg; 6, severe defeat of 
French at Woerth; and 
at Forbach or Spic- 
heren; Bazaine in command at Metz; 10, new ministry under Palikao; 
12, Germans pass the Vosges; 14, Germans gain battle of Courcelles; 16, of 
Vionville or Mars-la-Tour; 18, of Gravelotte and Rezonville; Trochu governor 
of Paris; 22, Bazaine isolated at Metz; 25, Germans occupy Chalons; 30, 
several engagements lost by parts of MacMahon's army retreating north; 31, 
they retreat to Sedan; Aug. 31 and Sept. 1, Bazaine repulsed and driven into 
Metz. Sept. 1, Battle of Sedan; 2, surrender of MacMahon's army and 
Napoleon III.; Sept. 4. revolution at Paris; republic declared, and gov- 
ernment of defence, Trochu president; 19, siege of Paris formed; 19, 
Paris completely invested; 23, Durnouf gets out of Paris with mails by bal- 
loon; levee en masse in French departments ordered; 28, Strasburg capitu- 
lates; red republican rising put down at Lyons. 

Oct. 7, Gambetta escapes from Paris by balloon; 9, organizes a government at 
Tours; 7, great sortie from Metz repulsed; 10, 11, red republican attempt 
to establish the commune at Paris defeated; 11, Germans take Orleans; 16, 
take Soissons; 21, French sortie from Mont Valerien (Paris) repulsed; 27, 
Metz and army surrendered by Bazaine; 31, uprising in Paris; Nov. 9, battle 
of Coulmiers; 28, battle of Beaune-la-Rolande; Nov. 30, Dec. 2, unsuccessful at- 
tacks on the German lines of investment. 

Dec. 2-4.Pr3nch defeated at Orleans; 9-10, removal of seat of government tc 
Bordeaux; 23, battle of Pont-Noyelles. 



236 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1 87 1 A.D.- 



Progressof Society 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1871 



1872 



Sept. 22. Old Catho- 
lic meeting at Bonn 
againstnew dogma 
of infallibility. 

Sept. 28. Gradual 
slav e-emancipa- 
tion law passed in 
Brazil. 

Deaths, 1871: G. 
Ticknor, Alice and 
Phcebe Cary, Gen. 
R. Anderson, R. 
Chambers, Scha- 
myl, the Circas- 
sian chief, Omer 
Pasha, Thalberg, 
Herschel, Auber, 
G. Grote, Princess 
Belgiojoso.Paul de 
Kock, R. Bentley, 
C. Babbage, Sir R. 
Murchison, Mar- 
shal Benedek, G. 
Hudson ("railway 
king"). 



1871 

A pril 5. Report of commissioners to St. 

Domingo, in Senate. 
May 8. Treaty of Washington, laying 

down basis for arbitration of Alabama 

claims. 
June 10. Statue of S. F. B. Morse un- 
veiled in N. Y. 
June 29. Polaris expedition sails for 

North Pole. 
July 12. Riot in New York, Catholics 

against Orangemen: 62 killed, 117 

wounded. 
July. — Exposure of Tweed ring by N. 

Y. Times. 
Oct. — Great fires in Minn., Wis., and 

JMich forests 
Oct. 8-9. Great fire at Chicago; 18,000 

buildings destroyed; $200,000,000 

lost. 
Dec. 19. First attempts at civil service 

reform made by President Grant. 



Aug. 6. Spain pre- 
pares to free slaves 
in Porto Rico and 
Cuba. 

Sept. 8. Australia 
connected by sub- 
marine telegraph 
with the Indo- 
European tele- 
graph system. 

Deaths in 1872: J. 
Mazzini; Rev. F. 
D. Maurice, S. F. 
B. Morse, C. 

Lever, L. Feuer- 
bach, Charles XV., 
of Sweden, Mrs. 
Parton ("Fanny 
Fern"), T. Gau- 
tier, Sir J. Bow- 
ring, Merle d'Au- 
bigne\ Gen. Hal- 
leck, W. H. Sew- 
ard, H. Greeley. 



1872 

Jan. 16. General amnesty bill passed. 

June 17. Boston Peace Jubilee opens. 

July 10. Democrats and Liberal Re- 
publicans join to nominate Greeley 
for president. 

Sept. 14. Geneva award {Alabama 
claims) announced. 

Oct. 23. Island of San Juan awarded to 
United States. 

Nov. 5. Grant re-elected president. 

Nov. — Modoc war begins. 

Nov. 9—10. Great fire in Boston re- 
sulting in loss of $80,000,000. 



1871 

Mar. London Con- 
ference nullifies 
provisions of 

Treaty of Paris 
regarding neu- 
trality of Black 
Sea. 

Apr. 3. 8th census 
taken. 

July 20. Purchase 
of army com- 
missions stopped 
by royal warrant. 

Sept. 30. South 
Kensington Ex- 
hibition closed 
(open since May 
1). 



1872 

Feb. 29. Arthur 
O'Connor pre- 
sents an empty 
pistol at the 
queen. 

March. — Agricultu- 
ral laborers' 
strike in War- 
wickshire. 

June. — Strikes in 
various trades. 

Sept. 14. Final 

Alabama award. 

Nov. 5. New com- 
mercial treaty 
signed with 

France. 

Nov. 24. Serious 
illness of prince 
of Wales; begins 
to recover Dec. 
14. 



1872 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



237 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



1871 

Feb. 8. Complete amnesty for 
political offences in Austria. 

Mar. 21 Meeting of the first Ger- 
man Reichstag. 

June 16. 25th anniversary of 
accession of Pius IX. celebrated 
at Rome. 

July 1. Rome becomes the capital 
of Italy. 

Nov. 18. Uniform coinage law 
enacted in Germany. 



1871 

June 11. Americans 
and French storm 
Corean strong- 
holds and punish 
Coreans for in- 
sults. 

Oct. 1. Military re- 
volt in city of 
Mexico ; sup- 
pressed with 
much bloodshed. 

Japan: Abolition of 
feudalism ; begin- 
ning of the era of 
western civiliza- 
tion. 

Jan. 3. Battle of Bapaume 10-12, battle of Le Mans; 15-17, Bourbaki defeated 
near Belfort;18, William I. proclaimed emperor at Versailles; 19, battle of St. 
Quentin; 19, great sortie of 100,000 men from Paris repulsed; 23, Trochu resigns; 
28, Paris capitulates; 30, Bourbaki's army of 80,000 driven into Switzerland 
and"interned " ; treaty of peace, ceding Alsace and part of Lorraine, and to pay 
Germany $1,000,000,000; preliminaries signed Feb. 26. 
Feb. 17. Thiers becomes executive. 
March 1-3, German troops enter Paris, and remain 48 hours. Treaty concluded 

May 10, ratified by French Assembly, May 18. 
March 18. Insurrection at Paris, and commune established there; 20, regular 
government at Versailles; 28, government of the commune proclaimed 
at Paris. 
April 2. Military operations begin between government and commune; 
4, communist insurrection suppressed at Marseilles; 6, Versailles army under 
MacMahon begins attack on Paris. 
May 21. Government troops enter Paris and occupy part; 23-24, Tuileries, 
Hotel de Ville, etc., burned by communists; 28, fighting ends and communists sup- 
pressed; about one-fifth of Paris burned, and loss of property through com- 
mune, $160,000,000; 29, decree disarming Paris; 31, Thiers made president 
for 3 years. 

1872 1872 

Jan. — InsurrectionaryCarlistmove- Mar. 1. War be- 
ments begin in north of Spain. tween Honduras 
Apr. 1. Tercentenary of Dutch and San Salva- 

independence observed. dor. 

April 24. — May 1. Eruption of Mar. 26. Attemptto 

Vesuvius. assassinate the 

May 1. University of Strasburg mikado of Japan. 

reopened (closed by French, July 18. Death of 

1792). Juarez; succeed- 

May 2. Don Carlos enters Spain; ed in the presi- 

6, flees back to France. The dency of Mexico 

Carlist war begins. ' by Lerdo de 

June 12. Jesuits expelled from: Tejada (Oct.) 

Germany. J uly22. Military re- 

July 18. 1000th anniversary of volt at Lima; 
kingdom of Norway celebrated. President Balta 
July 31. Extradition treaty sign- killed. 

ed, Belgium and Great Britain. Aug. 17. Japanese 

Sept. 18. Death of Charles XV., embassy in Eng- 

of Sweden; succeeded by Oscar land. 

II. 

Sept. 30. Revolt in Montenegro. 

Dec. 18. Coinage made uniform in 

Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. 

Dec. 31. Diplomatic relations 

broken off between the pope and 

Germany. 



Apr. 23. Law against the 
" International " society. 

Sept — Government is es- 
tablished at Paris. 

Oct. 6. Pilgrimages of 
some 20,000 persons to 
Lourdes. 

Nov. 5. New commercial 
treaty signed with Great 
Britain. 



2 3 8 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I873 A.D. 



a.d. ProgressofSociety 



United States. 



1873 



1874 



1875 



Jan. 1. European 
calendar introduc- 
ed into Japan. 

Mar. 22. Slavery 
abolished in Porto 
Rico. 

May 1. International 
Exposition at 
Vienna. 

May 5. Treaty of 
Great Britain with 
Zanzibar to sup- 
press slave trade. 

Deaths, 1873: Na- 
poleon III., M. F. 
Maury, Rev. T. 
Guthrie, C. Knight. 
Baron Liebig, W. 
C. Macready, Dr. 
Livingstone, John 
Stuart Mill, A. 
Manzoni, F. von 
Raumer, M. Odil- 
lon-Barrot, Sir. E. 
Landseer, U. 
Ra t a zz i, S. P. 
Chase, Agassiz. 



June 22. Telegraph 
opened between 
Great Britain and 
Brazil. 

Aug. — International 
congress at Brus- 
sels on laws of war. 

Sept. 15. Interna- 
tional postal con- 
gress at Berne; 
adopts a system 
Oct. 7. 

Deaths 1874: Ex- 
Pres. Fillmore, C. 
Sumner, F. Guizot, 
A. von Rothschild, 
Chang and Eng 
(Siamese twins), 
Dr. D. F. Strauss, 
J. Michelet. 

Jan. — Civil registra- 
tion and civil mar- 
riage adopted by 
law in Germany. 

May 23. People of 
Switzerland adopt 
civil marriage by 
vote. 

Nov. 28. Italian gov- 
ernment buys the 
Northern Italian 
railroads. 

Publication of Mrs. 
Eddy's Science and 
Health and Key to 
the Scriptures. 



1873 

Jan. 6. House of Rep. appoints com- 
mittee to investigate Credit Mobilier 
scandals. 

Feb. — Fighting and disturbances in New 
Orleans. 

Apr. 11. Gen. Canby and others mur- 
dered by Modocs. 

June. — Modocs surrender. 

Sept. — Financial panic in New York City 

Nov. — Excitement over execution by 
Spaniards of Americans from steamer 
Virginius. 



1873 

Jan. — Strikes of 

colliers; coal 

very scarce. 
June-July. — Shah 

of Persia visits 

England. 
June. — Outbreak of 

war with Ashan- 

tis. 



1874 

Feb. — Women's whiskey -war; women try 
to stop liquor-selling, by prayer, etc., 
in Ohio and N. Y. 

Apr. 22. President Grant vetoes bill 
for inconvertible paper money. 

July. — Beecher scandal breaks out. 

Aug. 17. Riotsat Austin, Miss. ; negroes 
and whites; so-called negro insurrec- 
tion also in Aug. at Trenton, Tenn. 

Sept. — Centennial of meeting of colonial 
delegates at Philadelphia. 

Sept. 18. Gov. Kellogg of La., deposed 
by a rising of whites; restored by U. 
S. forces. 

Oct. 27. Triennial Episcopalian con- 
vention: canon against ritualism. 

Dec. — Senate passes bill to resume 
specie payment Jan. 1, 1879. 



1875. 

Feb. 4. Senate rejects new reciprocity 
treaty with Canada. 

Feb. — Civil Rights Bill (for negroes) 
passed. 

Apr. 19. Centenary of Lexington. 

June 17. Centenary of Bunker Hill. 

July 2. Beecher trial ends. Jury dis- 
agrees (9 to 3 for Beecher). 

Sept. 30. First American cardinal 
(McCloskey) received at Rome. 

Oct. — Inflationist defeats in Ohio 
and Iowa. 



1874 

Jan. 23. Duke of 
Edinburgh 
marries Grand 
Duchess Marie of 
Russia. 

Feb. 17. Gladstone 
ministry out; 
D 'Israeli suc- 
ceeds him, Feb. 
21. 

Feb. 28. Close of 
the celebrated 
Tichborne trial. 

May 13-21. Visit 
of czar of Russia. 



1875 

March 9. Moody 
and Sankey, the 
revivalists, ar- 
rive in London ; 
sail (on return) 
Aug. 4. 

Sept. 27. Railway 
jubilee at Darl- 
ington. 

Nov. 25. Govern- 
ment purchase of 
Suez canal shares 
announced. 



1875 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



239 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



1S73 



1874 



1875 



Feb. — Letter of Comte de 
Chambord, destroying 
all hope of Bourbonist 
fusion. 

Mar. 15. Convention for 
complete evacuation by 
Germans on payment of 
whole indemnity. 

May 24. Thiers and his 
ministry resign; Mc- 
Mahon chosen president 
by the Assembly. 

Aug. 2. Germans have left 
France, except Verdun; 
5, the Orleanists recog- 
nize Comte de Chambord 
as chief. 

Sept. 5. Last instalment of 
German indemnity paid; 
13, Germans leave Ver- 
dun; 16, last Germans 
leave France. 

Nov. 20. MacMahon's term 
made 7 years. 

Dec. 10. Bazaine condemn- 
ed to death for surrender 
of Metz; commuted to 
20 years, imprisonment. 

Mar. 16. Imperialist de- 
monstration at Chisel - 
hurst, at majority (18 
years) of prince im- 
perial. 

July 2. Royalist proclama- 
tion by the Count de 
Chambord. 

Aug. 9. Escape of Marshal 
Bazaine. 

Aug. 31. Vendome column 
restored. 

Dec. 3. Public thanks to 
Britain for friendship 
during war with Ger- 
many. 



Feb. -Mar. — Constitutional 
changes in a republican 
direction. 

June 23. Destructive floods 
at Toulouse. 

Nov. — The National As- 
sembly adopts the sys- 
tem of voting by arron- 
dissement. 

Dec. — Reports on trial of 
communists show 
9,596 convictions and 
110 death sentences. 



1873 

Feb. 9. Extradition treaty signed, 
Italy and Great Britain. 

Feb. 11. King Amadeus of Spain 
abdicates. 

May. — The Falk Laws in Prussia 
mark the height of the struggle 
with the Roman Catholic 
Church known as the Kultur- 
kampf. 

June 8. Spain declared a republic 
by the Cortes; communist and 
Carlist risings in the south ; 
Sept. 7. Castelar chosen presi- 
dent of the executive. 

Oct. 21. Jesuits expelled from 
their convents and colleges at 
Rome. 



1874 

Jan. 4. Serrano head of ministry 
in Spain. 

Jan. 12. Cartagena last commu- 
nist stronghold taken. 

Apr. 19. Revised constitution 
adopted in Switzerland. 

July 23. Extradition treaty rati- 
fied, Netherlands and Great 
Britain. 

Dec. 31. Alfonso, son of Queen 
Isabella, proclaimed king of 
Spain and Canovas del Castillo 
head of ministry. Throughout 
the year the Carlist war rages. 



1875 

Jan. — Alfonso XII. arrives in 
Spain and takes possession of 
the government. 

July. — Insurrection against the 
Turks in Herzegovina. 

Aug. — Insurrection in Bosnia. 

Oct. 6. Turkey announces sus- 
pension of payment on half the 
interest of her public debt. 



1873 

Feb. 23. Emperor 
Toung-Chi of 
China assumes 
government. 

Mar. 25. Nether- 
lands declare 
war against 

Atchinese. 

June 5. Sultan of 
Zanzibar signs 
treaty with 
Great Britain 
agreeing to the 
suppression of 
the slave trade. 

June 10. Khiva ta- 
ken by the Rus- 
sians under Gen- 
eral Kaufmann. 



1874 

Feb. 5. British 
force under Sir 
G. Wolseley oc- 
cupies Coomas- 
sie, the capital 
of Ashanti. 

Feb. 13. King of 
Ashanti makes 
peace. 

Feb. 26. Insurrec- 
tion at Nagasaki, 
Japan. 

Sept. 30. Annexa- 
tion of Fiji Isl- 
ands by Great 
Britain. 



1875 

Apr. 5. Island of 
Saghalien ceded 
by Japan to Rus- 
sia. 

May 18. Seven 
Chilian towns of 
30,000 popula- 
tion destroyed 
by an earth- 
quake. 

Oct. 16. Egyptian 
expedition in 
Abyssinia de- 
feated. 



240 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1875 A.D.- 



Progressof Society 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1875 



1876 



1877 



Deaths, 1875: C. 
Lyell, Ex-Pres 
Johnson, A. 
Helps, E. Qui- 
net, Toung-Chi, 
emperor of 
China. H. C. 
Andersen. 

Feb. 1. International 
courts in Egypt be- 
gin to sit. 

Oct. 27. Capt. Nares's 
Arctic expedition 
returns; a sledging 
party had reached 
83° 20' north. 

Dec. 21. New penal 
code adopted for 
German Empire. 

Deaths, 1876: Vice- 
Pres. H. Wilson, 
F. Deak, Reverdy 
Johnson, Abdul- 
Aziz, ex-sultan of 
Turkey, George 
Sand, Gen. Santa 
Anna, C. Perier, 
Cardinal Anto- 
nelli. 

Invention of tele- 
phone. 



Invention of phono- 
graph. 

Stanley's explora- 
tions in Africa 
show identity of 
Lualaba and Con- 
go Rivers. 

Deaths: Tayler Lew- 
is, J. L. Motley, 
Gen. Changarmer, 
Dr. Muhlenberg, 
E. L. Davenport, 
Gen. Forrest, Geo. 
L. Fox, Henry 
Peters Gray, 

Thiers, Brigham 
Young. 



1876 

Jan. 1. Centennial year, great demon- 
strations in Philadelphia. 

Mar. — Minister Schenck resigns in 
consequence of Emma Mine scandal. 

April. — Senate rejects R. H. Dana's 
nomination as minister to England. 

Apr. 14. Lincoln monument, erected 
by negroes, unveiled at Washington. 

May 10. Centennial Exhib. opened at 
Philadelphia. 

June 16. Hayes and Wheeler nominat- 
ed at Cincinnati. 

June 25. Custer and his command 
ambushed and destroyed by Sioux 
on the Little Big Horn, Montana. 

June 29. Tilden and Hendricks nomi- 
nated at St. Louis. 

July 9. Hamburg (S. C.) massacre of 
negro militiamen by Butler and others. 

Aug. 1. Gen. Belknap, ex-secretary of 
war, impeached for corruption, but 
acquitted by 35 to 25 in Senate (two- 
thirds must convict). 

Aug. 1. Colorado admittedintotheUnion. 

Oct. 17. President Grant's proclama- 
tion against unlawful combinations to 
affect elections in South. 

Nov. 7. Presidential election ; Hayes and 
Wheeler chosen by 185, to 184 for 
Tilden and Hendricks. 

1877 

Jan. — U. S. Government commission 
report Darien canal practicable. 

Jan. — Extradition treaty signed with 
Spain. 

Jan. 8. Two governors (Nicholls and 
Kellogg) inaugurated in Louisiana; 
Kellogg maintained by U. S. troops. 

Jan. — Fourteen fishing schooners, over- 
due at Gloucester, Mass., given up for 
lost with all on board. 

Jan. — Moody and Sankey opened meet- 
ing in Boston. 

Jan. 25-26. Electoral Commission 
created to decide on election of Hayes 
or Tilden. 

March 2. Hayes declared elected. 

Apr. 10. U. S. troops evacuate South 
Carolina state-house; Gov. Chamber- 
lain has to yield to Hampton. 

Apr. 24. U. S. troops evacuate 
State-house at New Orleans; Kellogg 
government yields to Nicholls. 

June 29. Pres. Hayes's letter prescrib- 
ing that national office-holders must 
not be managing party officials, nor 
be assessed for party expenses. 



1876 



May 1. Queen pro- 
claimed Empress 
of India. 

Sept. 6. Gladstone 
publishes his de- 
nunciation of the 
Turkish atrociti- 
ties in Bulgaria. 



1877 

Apr. 12. The 

Transvaal an- 
nexed to the 
British Empire. 

Apr. 30. Neutrality 
proclaimed in 
Russo -Turkish 
war. 

July 2-9. Pan-Pres- 
byterian con- 
ference at Edin- 
burgh. 

Cleopatra's needle 
brought from 
Egypt and erect- 
ed in London. 



1877 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



2 4 I 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere 



1876 



[an. — French revenue for 
1875 §500,000,000, said 
to be the largest ever 
received by any govern- 
ment. 

Feb. -Mar. — Republican 
majority elected to 
Chambers. 

Nov. 3. France announces 
her neutrality in the 
Russo -Turkish war. 

Dec. 12. New ministry 
under Jules Simon. 



1877 



May 16. Resignation of 
ministry of Jules Simon ; 
succeeded by De 
Broglie. 

July 29. Gambetta's cel- 
ebrated speech against 
Mac Mahon, "submit 
or resign." 

Sept. 3. Death of Thiers. 

Oct. 14. Elections favor- 
able to Republicans. 

Nov. 20. Resignation of 
the De Broglie ministry. 

Dec. 14. Formation of the 
Dufaure ministry. 



1876 

Jan. 31. Andrassy note presented 
to Turkey, suggesting reforms. 

Mar. 20. Triumphal entry of Al- 
fonso into Madrid, the Carlist 
insurrection being suppressed. 

May 6. Assassination of French 
and German consuls at Salonica 
in Turkey. 

May. — Risings in Bulgaria, cruelly 
put down by Turks. 

May 30. Sultan Abdul-Aziz de- 
posed; Murad V. succeeds. 

July 2. Servia and Montenegro de- 
clare war against Turkey. 

July 9. Turkey repudiates pay- 
ments on public debt until 
better times. 

Aug. 31. Sultan Murad deposed; 
Abdul Hamid II. succeeds. 

Nov. 1. Six weeks' armistice be- 
tween Turkey and Servia. 

Dec. 23. Constitution for Turkey 
announced. 



1877 

Jan. 18. Turkey rejects proposals 

of the European Powers. 
Apr. 24. Russia declares war 

against Turkey, and enters 

Roumania. 
May 21. Jubilee at Rome, 50th 

anniversary of pope's episcopate 
Roumania declares itself inde- 
pendent. 
June. — Russians cross the Danube 

at Galatz; 25, at Hirsova; 27, 

at Simnitza. 
July 6. Over 120,000 Russians 

have crossed at Sistova. 
July. The German quarrel with 

Rome has caused the deposition 

of 4 bishops and 6 archbishops; 

expulsion of 600 persons (120 

priests) from Cologne alone; 

vacancy of 476 parishes in 

7 bishoprics alone. 
July 14. Russians under Gurko 

cross Balkans. 
July 16. Nicopolis taken. 
July 20, 30. Russian defeats at 

Plevna. 



1S76 

Feb. 20. Khokand 
annexed to Rus- 
sia, as Ferghana. 

July 17. Gen. 
Canal president 
of Hayti. 

Oct. 31. Cyclone in 
Bengal ; immense 
loss of property 
and life. 

Porfirio Diaz enters 
Mexico and de- 
clares himself 
provisional pres- 
ident. 

Dec. 10. Baez, 
president of St. 
Domingo. 



1877 

Feb. -Diaz is in pos- 
session of power 
in Mexico; Ex- 
President Lerdo 
escapes to San 
Francisco. 

April 12. British 
rule established 
in Transvaal. 

May 9. Great 
earthquake and 
tidal wave, coast 
of Peru; loss, 
Si' 0,000. 000 and 
600 lives. 



242 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1877 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1878 



Dec. 17. Gold sells at 
par in New York 
City for the first 
time since Jan. 13, 
1862. 

Deaths: Pius IX., 
W. C. Bryant, 
Bayard Taylor, 
Geo. H. Lewes, 
Wm. M. Tweed, 
GeorgeCruikshank 
Bp. Dupanloup, 
Joseph Henry. 



1877 

July. — An Indian war under Chief 
Joseph breaks out in Idaho. 

July 16. Beginning of great railway 
strikes. 

Oct. 5. Nez Perces Indians under 
Chief Joseph surrender. 

Oct. 15. Forty -fifth Congress meets in 
extra session. 

Nov. 23. Halifax Fisheries Commission 
decrees that the United States is to pay 
Great Britain $5,500,000. 

1878 

Jan. 30. Senate ratifies Samoan 
treaty which gives U. S. naval vessels 
use of harbor of Pagopago. 

Feb. 28. Passage of the Bland Silver 
Bill. 

May 17. House of Representatives ap- 
points a (Potter) committee to in- 
vestigate alleged frauds in presiden- 
tial election of 1876. 

Nov. 5. Elections favorable to the 
Democrats. 

Southern States visited with yellow 
fever, causing 20,000 cases of sickness 
and 7000 deaths. 



1878 

June 4. Defensive 
treaty with Tur- 
key signed, by 
which Cyprus is 
ceded to Great 
Britain. 

Sept._ 3. Princess 
Alice sunk near 
London; COO 

lives lost. 

Oct. 2. City of 
Glasgow Bank; 
Scotland, closed 
with liabilities of 
$50,000,000. 



1878 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



243 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



1878 



May 1. International Ex- 
position opens at Paris. 



1877 

Aug. 21. Suleiman Pasha begins 

assaults on Shipka Pass. 
Sept. 3. Russians storm Lovatz; 

8, Montenegrins capture Nicsic. 
Oct. 15. Mukhtar Pasha defeated 

at Aladja Dagh. 
Nov. 17. Insurrection along Greek 

frontier. 
Nov. 18. Russians capture Kars. 
Dec. 10. Russians capture Plevna. 

1878 

Jan. 4. Russians capture Sophia; 

9, and a Turkish army of 25,000 
men in Shipka Pass; 20, and 
enter Adrianople. 

Jan. 9. King Victor Emmanuel of 

Italy dies, and is succeeded by 

his son, King Humbert. 
Jan. 23. King Alfonso of Spain 

marries Princess Mercedes. 
Feb. 7. Pius IX. dies; 20, Leo 

XIII. is elected pope. 
Mar. 3. Treaty of San Stefano 

between Russia and Turkey. 
May 4. Attempt to assassinate 

Emperor William of Germany. 
June 2. Another attempt to assas- 
sinate emperor of Germany. 
June 13. Meeting of European 

Powers at Berlin. 
June 26. Death of Queen Mer 

cedes of Spain. 
July 13. Treaty of Berlin signed by 

European Powers. 
Aug. — Opposition in Bosnia to 

Austrian occupation. 
Oct. 19. Anti -Socialist Bill passed 

by Germany. 
Oct. 25. Attempt to assassinate 

King Alfonso of Spain. 
Nov. 17. Attempt to assassinate 

King Humbert of Italy. 



1878 

Jan.-Feb.— Famine 
in Northern 
China, in which 
several millions 
of persons starve 
to death. 

Feb. 4. An asylum 
for women and 
children in Tien- 
Tsin, China, is 
burned, and 
nearly 3000 

lives lost. 

Apr.l 1. Tornadoat 
Canton, China, 
in which 10,000 
persons are esti- 
mated to be kill- 
ed. 

Aug. — Marquis of 
Lome is appoint- 
ed governor- 
general of Cana- 
da. 

Sept. — Protection- 
ists are success- 
ful at Canadian 
elections; Sir 
John A. Macdon- 
ald becomes pre- 
mier; and tariff 
laws are passed. 

Nov. 21. British 
troops invade 
Afghanistan. 



244 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1879A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress ofSociety 


United States. 


British Empire. 


1879 




1879 


1879 






Jan. 1. Resumption of specie payments 


Jan. 12. British 




April 30. Treaty be 


Mar. 18. Extra session of Forty-sixth 


troops enter Zu- 




t w een G rea t 


Congress. 


luland; 22, valu- 




Britain and Ger- 


March-April. — Large numbers of ne- 


able stores and 




many for sup- 


groes remove from the Black Belt to 


force of 800 men 




pressing slave 


Kansas. 


lost at Isandula. 




trade. 




Mar. 13. Marriage 




May 18. Switzerland 




of Duke of Con- 




permits each can- 




naught to Prin- 




ton to restore cap- 




cess Louise of 




ital punishment. 




Prussia. 




July 9. Jeannette 




Apr. 2. Zulus de- 




sails from San 




feated at Ging- 




Francisco for 




holova. 




Arctic regions. 




June 24. Zulus in- 




Oct. 25. Flogging in 


Oct. 16. The Apaches kill forty settlers 


vade Natal; 28, 




the navy abolished 


in New Mexico. 


General Wolseley 




in the Nether- 




lands at Durban. 




lands. 




July 1. Zulus de- 




Nov. 15. Seventh ca- 


Nov. 15. Cable communication with 


feated at Ulundi. 




ble laid under the 


France established. 


Aug. 28. The Zulu 




Atlantic (Cape 




king, Cetewayo, 




Cod to Brest). 




captured. 




The Northeast (Po- 








lar) Passage made 








by Nordenskjold. 








Invention of a uni- 








versal language 








(Volapiik) by J. 








M. Schleyer, a 








German. 








Construction of the 








first electric rail- 








road (at Berlin). 








Deaths: Mme. Je- 








rome Bonaparte, 








Von Billow, R. H. 








Dana, Gen. Dix, 








W. L. Garrison, 








Gen. Hood, 








Gen. Hooker, 








Baron Roths- 








child, Gen. Rich- 








ard Taylor, H. C. 








Carey. 







1 879 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



245 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1879 



Jan. 30. Marshal Mac- 
Mahon resigns the presi- 
dency and Jules Grevy 
is elected in his place. 

Feb. 2. Resignation of the 
Dufaure ministry. 

Feb. 5. Appointment of 
the Waddington min- 
istry. 

June 1. Prince Louis 
Napoleon killed by the 
Zulus. 



Dec. 20. Resignation of the 
Waddington ministry. 

Dec. 28. Appointment of 
the Freycinet ministry. 



1879 



Mar. 12. River Theiss in 
Hungary breaks its 
dykes and destroys 300 
lives. 

Mar. 20. Russian troops 
evacuate Adrianople. 

Apr. 14. Attempt on the 
life of Alexander II. of 
Russia. 

Apr. 29. Prince Alexander 
of Battenberg elected 
prince of Bulgaria. 



Nov. 29. King Alfonso of 
Spain marries the Arch- 
duchess Marie Christina. 

Dec. 30. Attempt to as- 
sassinate King Alfonso 
of Spain. 



1879 

Jan. 8. British troops enter 
Candahar (Afghanistan). 

Feb. 12. Chilians take pos- 
session of disputed 
Bolivian territory. 

Feb. 16. King of Burmah 
assassinates princes of 
royal house atMandalay. 

Feb. 21. Death of Shere 
Ali, ameer of Afghanis- 
tan; succeeded by Ya- 
koob Khan. 

Mar. 23. Chilians capture 
Calama. 

Apr. 6. Chili formally de- 
clares war against Peru; 
11, Peruvians defeated 
in naval battle off Loa. 

May 26. Afghans sign trea- 
ty of peace. 

June 25. Ismail, khedive of 
Egypt, abdicate;; and is 
succeeded by his son, 
Tewfik Pasha. 

July 16. Chilians bombard 
Iquique; 21, Peruvians 
bombard Caldera. 

Aug. 8. Second bombard- 
ment of Iquique by 
Chilians; 16, battle at 
San Pedro de Acatama; 
and 28, at Antofagasta. 

Sept. 1. Bolivians and Per- 
uvians capture Calama; 
16, naval battle off 
Iquique; 19, Chilians 
victorious at San Fran- 
cisco. 

Sept 3. Maj. Cavagnari and 
British Embassy as- 
sassinated in Cabul. 

Oct. 2. Afghans repulsed 
with great loss at Shu- 
targardan by Lord Rob- 
erts; 21, abdication of 
Yakoob Khan. 

Oct, 8. Chilians capture the 
Huascar. 

Nov. 2. Chilians capture 
Pisagua; and, 17, Con- 
chas Blancas; and, 22, 
the Pilcomayo; 13, 
are defeated at Quint - 
lagoa; but are victorious 
at jJolores (19), Iquique 
(23), and Tarapaca 
(27). 

Dec. 14. Afghans defeated 
near Cabul; and 23, at 
Shirpur. 

Dec. — President Prado flees 
from Peru and Pierola 
becomes dictator. 



246 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1880 A.D.~ 



ProgressofSociety I 



United States 



British Empire. 



1880 



1881 



Feb. 18. Slavery 
abolished in Cuba. 

Feb. 29. Tunnel 
through St. Got- 
ard Mt. complet- 
ed. 

June 10. Celebration 
at Lisbon of ter- 
centenary of Ca- 
moens. 

Aug. 14. Completion 
of Cologne Cath- 
edral, begun in 
1248. 

Nov. 4. Kansas 
adopts prohibitory 
amendment to 
constitution. 

Dec. 8. Flogging 
abolished in Brit- 
ish navy. 

Deaths: Ole Bull, 
Lydia Maria Child, 
Geo. Eliot, Em- 
press of Russia, 
Lucretia Mott, 

Offenbach, Tom 
Taylor. 



1882 



Feb. 7. Work begun 
on Panama Canal. 

May 17, 19. Revised 
New Testament 
published in Eng- 
land and America, 

June 11. Jeannette 
destroyed by ice in 
Siberian seas. 

Aug. — Electrical Ex- 
hibition opened at 
Paris. 

Deaths: Beaconsfield 
Gen. Burnside, 
Carlyle.Dean Stan- 
ley, J. G. Holland, 
J. T. Fields, Emile 
L i 1 1 r 6 , J. K 
Bluntschli. 



J. F. Slater gives 
$1,000,000 for edu 
cation of the col 
ored people of the 
South. 

Great increase in use 
of electric light. 



1S80 

Jan. 2. C. S. Parnell arrives in New 

York to plead for the Irish cause. 
Mar. 30. Relief ship leaves New York 

for Ireland. 



June 7. Garfield and Arthur nominated 
by Republicans at Chicago. 

June 11. Weaver and Chambers nomi- 
nated by Greenback-Labor Conven- 
tion at Chicago. 

June 24. Hancock and English nomi- 
nated by Democrats at Cincinnati. 

Sept. 23. The Schwatka Arctic ex- 
pedition returns to New York. 

Nov. 4. Garfield and Arthur elected 
president and vice-president. 

Nov. 17. Treaty with China relative to 
the restriction of immigration of 
Chinese laborers. 



1881. 

Mar. 4. Garfield inangurated as presi 
dent. 

May 5. New treaty with China con 
firmed (regulating immigration). 

June 2. Great Britain pays $75,000 for 
Fortune Bay fisheries damages. 

July 2. Garfield shot by Guiteau in 
Washington. 

July 20. Indian Chief Sitting Bull sur 
renders at Fort Buford. 

Sept. 19. Garfield dies at Elberon, N. J. 

Sept. 20, 22. Arthur takes oath of 
office as president. 

Oct. 5. International Cotton Exhibi- 
tion opened at Atlanta, Ga. 

Oct. 19. Centennial celeoration of 
battle of Yorktown; British f 
saluted by order of the president. 

Nov. 14. Beginning of trial of Guiteau 

. .for murder of Garfield. 

1882. 

Jan. 25. Guiteau trial ended in his 
conviction of murder in the first 
degree. 

Feb. 28. Congress passes apportion- 
ment bill giving House of Representa- 
tives 325 members. 



1880 

Jan. 3. Riots in 
Connemara, Ire- 
land. 

Feb. 17. Parlia- 
ment defeats bill 
to make fran- 
chise in Ireland 
the same as in 
England and 
Scotland. 

Mar. 24. Parlia- 
ment dissolved. 

Apr. 21. Resigna- 
tion of Beacons- 
field. 

Apr. 23. Appoint- 
ment of Glad- 
stone govern- 
ment. 

May — I nsurrec- 
tions in Western 
Ireland. 

June. — House of 
Commons re- 
fuses to allow 
Bradlaugh to 
take his seat. 

Oct.-Nov. — Riots 
in various parts 
of Ireland. 

Dec. 28. State trial 
against Parnell, 
etc. , begins in 
Dublin. 



1881 

Jan. 25. Irish 
State trial ends 
in disagreement 
of. the jury. 

Mar. 2. Passage of 
Coercion Bill. 

Apr.-June. — In 
Ireland evictions 
for not paying 
rents. 

Aug. 22. Enact- 
ment of Irish 
Land Bill. 



1882 

Mar. 2. Attempt to 
assassinate 
Queen Victoria. 

Apr. 27. Marriage 
of Prince Leo- 
pold to Prin- 
cess Helena of 
Waldeck. 



52 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



247 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1880 



Jan. 29. Bill passed to 
suppress political clubs. 

March, — Passage of the 
Ferry Educational Bill 
aimed at the control 
of education by the 
Jesuits. 

June. — Army chaplains 
abolished. 

June 29. Island of Tahiti 
annexed to France. 

June 30. Jesuits expelled 
from their religious 
houses. 

July 11. Communists am- 
nestied. 

Sept. 19. Resignation of 
Freycinet ministry. 

Sept. 23. Appointment of 
Ferry ministry. 

Oct. 30. Religious houses 
of Jesuits forciblyclosed. 

Nov. 9. Ferry ministry re- 
sign; but ; 11, withdraw 
their resignations. 

Dec. 9. Bill for taxing re- 
ligious property passed. 



1881 



1882 



May 12. Tunis surrenders 

to French. 
July 16. French army takes 

Sfax. 
Oct. 26. French occupy 

Kairwan. 
Nov. 10. Resignation of 

the Ferry ministry; 15, 

formation of the Gam- 

betta ministry. 



Jan. — Failure of the Union 
Generale. 

Jan. 26. Resignation of the 
Gambetta ministry and 
formation of the Frey- 
cinet ministry (30). 



1880 

Feb. 17. Explosion in the 
Winter Palace, the work 
of Nihilist conspirators 
against the life of Alex- 
ander II. Gen Melikoff 
appointed head of extra 
ordinary commission 
with vast powers. 

Apr. 7. Bismarck offers his 
resignation to the em- 
peror of Germany, but 
it is not accepted. 

May 4. German Anti- 
Socialist laws extended 
to 1884. 

June 1. International Ex- 
hibition opened at 
Brussels. 

June 16. Supplementary 
Conference meets at Ber- 
lin to settle Gieek and 
Montenegrin questions. 

July 3. Prussia passes bill 
to subordinate all clergy 
to the State. 

Sept. 17. Naval demon- 
stration against sultan 
to enforce Montenegrin 
settlement. 

Oct. 19. Czar marries 
Princess Dolgorouki. 

Nov. 27. Turks evacuate 
Dulcigno. 

Nov.— Dec. — Anti-Semitic 
meetings at Berlin. 

1881 

Jan. 24. The Russians cap- 
ture Geok-Tepe in Tur- 
kestan. 

Mar. 13. Assassination of 
czar of Russia; succeed- 
ed by his son, Alexander 
III. 

Mar. 26. Roumania de- 
clared a kingdom. 

Apr. Beginning of outrages 
against the Jews in 
Russia. 

Dec. 8. Ring Theatre in 
Vienna burned, and 
hundreds of lives lost. 

Hamburg joins the Zoll- 
verein. 



1882. 

Apr. Prince Gortchakoff 
resigns ministry of 
foreign affairs in Rus- 
sia. 



1880 

Jan. 7. Chileans occupy Ilo. 

Feb. 27. Chileans bombard 
Arica; Mar. 20, 21, 
occupy Moquega and 
Islay. 

Apr. 10. Chileans blockade 
Callao. 

May 26. Chileans take 
Tacna. 

June 7. Chileans capture 
Arica. 

July 3. Chilean Loa 
destroyed by torpedo. 

July 22. Abdul Rahman 
recognized by British 
as ameer of Cabul; 27, 
British defeated at 
Kushk-i-Nakhud. 

Aug. 31. Lord Roberts en- 
ters Kandahar after a 
notable march for its 
relief. 

Sept. 1. Afghans defeated 
at Candahar. 

Nov. — Rising of the Boers 
in the Transvaal against 
the British govern- 
ment. 

Dec. — General rising of the 
Boers in the Transvaal; 
they declare their inde- 
pendence; and occupy 
Potchefstroom. 



1881 

Jan. 13. Chilean victory at 
Chorillos; Jan. 15, at 
Miraflores; 17, Lima sur- 
renders. 

Jan. 28. British repulsed by 
Boers at Laings Nek; 
Feb 8, at Ingogo River; 
Feb. 27, crushed at 
Majuba Hill. 

Mar. 24. Boer war in S. 
Africa ended. 

The Mahdi appears in the 
Sudan. 



1882 

May. — Renewal of political 
massacres in Mandalay. 

June 11. Riots in Alexan- 
dria; 340 Europeans 
killed under the inspira- 
tion of Arabi Pasha, 
secretary of war, and 
leader of the national 
party. 



248 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1882 A.D.- 



a.d. Progeessof Society 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1882 



1883 



May. — Lieutenant 
Lockwood of the 
G r e e 1 y expedi- 
tion reaches 83° 
24' north. 

Deaths: Longfellow, 
Darwin, Emerson, 
Gambetta, Gari- 
baldi, Pusey, Abp. 
Tait, Anthony 

Trollope, Thurlow 
Weed, G. P. Marsh, 
R. H. Dana, Jr., 
Auerbac h, Dr. 
Draper, Dr. Bel- 
lows, Louis Blanc. 



July. First use of 
storage electricity 
in propelling boat 
(Thames River, 
London). 

Nov. IS. Standard 
time substituted 
for local time in 
U. S. and Canada. 

Deaths: Dore, Flo- 
tow, Wagner, A. 
H. Stephens, J. R. 
Green, Gortcha- 
koff, Peter Cooper, 
Jules Sandeau, 
Laboulaye, Abd- 
el-Kader, Bp. 
Colenso, Abp. 
Purcell, Montgom- 
ery Blair, J. S. 
Black, Comte de 
Chambord, Tur- 
geniff, Hendrik 
Conscience, Mayne 
Reid, Karl Marx, 
H. Martin, Sir E. 
Sabine. 



1834 



May 19. Discovery 
of inoculative rem 
edy for rabies an 
nounced by Pas 
teur. 



1882 

March 4. Indictments in the District of 

Columbia in connection with the 

Star Route frauds. 
March 22. The Edmunds Law against 

polygamy in Utah passed. 
May. Outbreak of Apache Indians in 

Arizona. 
May 6. Congress passes bill suspending 

Chinese immigration for ten years. 
June 30. Guiteau hanged in Washing- 
ton. 
July-Sept. — Great strike of iron workers 

in Pennsylvania. 
Aug. 2. Congress passes over the 

president's veto the largest River and 

Harbor Bill ever passed — $18,743,875. 
Nov. — Elections throughout the country 

generally favorable to the Democrats. 



1S83 

Mar. 3. Tariff bill signed by the presi- 
dent. 

July 16. Civil Service Reform Act 
(passed by Congress in Jan.) goes into 
operation. 

July 19. Strike of telegraph operators. 
(Collapsed Aug. 17.) 

July 23. Proteus, sent to rescue the 
Greely Arctic expedition, crushed by 
the ice in Smith's Sound. 

Sept. 9. Northern Pacific Railroad com- 
pleted. 

Oct. 1. Letter postage reduced from 
3c. to 2c. per half ounce. 

Oct. 15. Civil -Rights Act (giving 
colored people equal privileges in 
hotels, theatres, etc., with whites) 
pronounced unconstitutional by the 
Supreme Court. 

Nov. 1. Gen. Sherman succeeded by 
Gen. Sheridan in the command of 
army. 



1882 

May 6. Assassina- 
tion of Lord F. 
C. Cavendish 

and Mr. Burke 
in Phoenix Park, 
Dublin. 

July 12. Queen 
signs new coer- 
cion bill. 

Aug. — Passage of 
Irish arrears of 
rent bill. 

Dec. — Parliament 
adopts new rules 
of procedure. 

Dec. 20. Archbish- 
opric of Canter- 
bury accepted 
by Bishop Ben- 
son. 



1S83 

Feb. 10. Identifica- 
tion of murderers 
of Burke and 
Cavendish. (Apr. 
13, 18. Condem- 
nation to death 
of two of them.) 

June 16. Suffoca 
tion of 186 child- 
ren at Victoria 
Hall, Sunderland 

July. — Shooting at 
Cape Town of 
James Carey, the 
identifier of the 
Burke and Cav- 
endish murder- 



1884 

Jan. 21. Iron-clad oath (enacted during 

Civil War) repealed by Congress. 
Feb. 10-21. Great floods in Ohio valley. 

$500,000 appropriated by Congress 

for relief. 



1884 

Feb. 8. Imprison- 
ment of Irish 
members of 
Parliament for 
treasonable 
actions. 



1884 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



249 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



18S2 



April 2. French capture 
Ha-Noi in Annam. 

Aug. 7. Formation of the 
Duclerc ministry. 

Oct. — Compulsory Educa- 
tion Act comes into 
force. 

Dec. 31. Death of Gam- 
betta. 



1883 



LS84 



Jan. 28. Resignation of the 
Duclerc ministry and 
formation of the Fal- 
lieres ministry. 

Feb. 9. Release of Prince 
Napoleon after three 
weeks' imprisonment. 

Feb. 18. Resignation of the 
Fallieres ministry and 
formation of the Ferry 
ministry. 

Feb. 24. Royal princes dis- 
missed from the army. 

Mar. -June — Louise Michel 
carries on Anarchist 
agitation in Paris. 

Sept. 29. King of Spain 
insulted in Paris; 30, 
apologies offered by 
President Grevy. 



1SS2 

Sept. — Turkey cedes 5,000 
square miles to Greece, 
in rectification of the 
boundary as provided by 
the Congress of Berlin. 

Oct. 2. Attempt to assas- 
sinate King Milan of 
Servia. 



June 19. Annexation of 
Cambodia (part of 
China) to French terri- 
tories. 



1883 

Jan. — Great floods in 
Europe. 

Mar. 29. Murder at Pesth 
of the lord chief justice 
of Hungary. 

April. — ■ Resumption of 
specie payments in Italy. 
(Suspended since 1866.) 

May 27. Coronation of 
Alexander III., czar of 
Russia, at Moscow. 

May-Aug. Persecutions of 
Jews in Russia. 

July 28. Earthquake on 
island of Ischia (near 
Naples), destroying 5000 
lives. 

Aug. — Military revolt in 
Spain. 

Sept. 27. Unveiling of the 
great statue "Germania" 
on the Niederwald, Rii- 
desheim. 

Oct. — Resignation of Span- 
ish ministry of Sagasta, 
and formation of new 
ministry under Posada - 
Herrera. 

Nov. 10. Celebration in 
Germany of fourth 
centennial of Luther's 
birth. 

Dec. 4. Insurrection in 
Crete. 

Italy joins the alliance be- 
tween Germany and 
Austria, thus forming 
the Triple Alliance. 

1884 

Jan. 15. Formation of a 
new Spanish ministry 
under Canovas del Cas- 
tillo. 



1882 

July 11. British fleet bom- 
bards Alexandria; 12, 
Egyptians evacuate and 
fire Alexandria. 

Aug. 15. Gen. Wolseley ar- 
rives at Alexandria; 20, 
seizes the Suez Canal, 
and, 24, defeats Egyp- 
tians at Magfar and, 25, 
at Kassasin Lock. 

Sept. 13. British defeat 
the Egyptians under 
Arabi Pasha at Tel -el - 
Kebir; 14, Arabi is cap- 
tured; 23, Damietta sur- 
renders; and, 25, khe- 
dive returns to Cairo. 

Dec. 3. Arabi sentenced to 
death ; commuted by 
khedive to perpetual 
exile. 

1883 

Jan. 16. Return of Cete- 
wayo to Zululand. 

June. — French aggressions 
in Madagascar. 

July 14. Discovery of Lake 
Mantumba in Africa by 
Stanley. 

Aug. — -Volcanic eruptions 
in Java and neighboring 
islands: nearly 100,000 
deaths. 

Aug. 25. French protecto- 
rate established over 
Annam. 

Oct. 16. Surrender of Cete- 
wayo to the British. 

Oct. 20. Treaty of peace 
signed between Chile and 
Peru. 

Nov. 3-5. Egyptian army 
under Hicks Pasha 
crushed by the Mahdi at 
El-Obeid in the Sudan. 



18S4 

Jan. 25 "Chinese" Gordon 

appointed governor of 

the Sudan. 
Feb. Massacre of Christians 

in Tonquin. 



250 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1884 A.D.- 



ProgressofSociety 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1884 



1885 



May 24. Opening of 
N. Y. and Brook- 
lyn Suspension 
Bridge. 

June 20. Introduc- 
tion of railroads 
into China sanc- 
tioned by the 
government. 

Aug. 4. Opening of 
international edu- 
cational conference 
at London. 

Oct 13. Interna- 
tional conference 
at Washington 
adopts meridian of 
Greenwich as the 
universal prime 
meridian. 

Deaths: Dr. Lasker, 
Wendell Phillips, 
Guyot, Mignet, 
Prince Leopold, 
Chas. Reade, Tag- 
lioni, J. P. Benja- 
min.Chas.O'Conor, 
Count Todleben, 
Lepsius, Sir E.Wil- 
son, H. G. Bohn, 
Hans Makart, Paul 
Lacroix, Fanny 
Elssler, Channing. 



Jan. 1. Time of reck- 
oning the begin- 
ning of the day 
changed from noon 
to midnight at 
Greenwich ob- 
servatory. 

May 4. Opening of 
international ex- 
hibition of inven- 
tions at London. 

May. Publication at 
London and New 
York of revised 
version of Old 
Test:ment. 

Aug. 10. Opening of 
international tele- 
graphic congress at 
Berlin. 



1884 

May 29. People's (Labor and Greenback) 
party nominate B. F. Butler and A. 
M. West for the presidency and vice- 
presidency. 

June 6. Republican party nominate J. 
G. BlaineandJ. A. Logan for thepresi- 
idency and vice-presidency. 

June 22. Rescue off Cape Sabine of 
Lieut. Greely and six survivors of his 
Arctic expedition — 17 of the party 
having perished. 

July 11. Democratic party nominate 
Grover Cleveland and T. A. Hen- 
dricks for the presidency and vice- 
presidency. 

July 24. Prohibition party nominate J. 
P. St. John and Wm. Daniel for the 
presidency and vice-presidency. 

Nov. 4. Election of Cleveland and 
Hendricks. 

Dec. 8. Collection of immigrant head 
money declared unconstitutional by 
Supreme Court. 

Dec. 16. Opening of Cotton Exposition 
at New Orleans. 



1884 

Mar. 15. Dyna- 
miters attempt 
to blow up Times 
office. 

Apr. 16. Celebra- 
tion of tercen- 
tennial of Edin- 
burgh Univer- 
sity. 

May 11. The pope 
condemns the 
Ir i s h Land 
League. 

June 28. Opening 
of Egyptian 
conference in 
London. 

Nov. Passage of 
new franchise 
bill by Parlia- 
ment. 

Dec. 13. Attempt 
to wreck London 
Bridge with dy- 
namite. 



1885 

Jan. 20. Passage of bill submitting 
French spoliation claims to Court of 
Claims. 

Feb. 21. Dedication of the Washington 
Monument (555 feet high) at the city 
of Washington. 

Mar. 2. Importation of foreign contract 
laborers prohibited by Congress. 

Mar. 3. U. S. Grant retired with the rank 
of General. 

Mar. 4. Letter postage reduced from 
two cents per half ounce to two cents 
per ounce. 

Mar. 4. Inauguration of President 
Cleveland. 

Apr. 16. Passage of bill by N. Y. Legis- 
lature creating a public park at Nia- 
gara Falls. (Opened to the public, 
July 15.) 

May 5. Conclusion of treaty with Co- 
lombian government establishing joint 
protectorate over Isthmus of 
Panama. 

June 21. Ratification of extradition 
treaty with Japan. 

July 23. Death of General U. S Grant. 

Aug. 8. Public funeral of Gen. Grant in 
New York. 



1885 

Jan. 24. Dynamite 
explosion in 

Houses of Parlia- 
ment and in the 
Tower, London; 
twenty persons 
injured. 

Mar. 26. Difficulty 
with Russia re- 
garding advances 
of latter in Af- 
ghanistan: mili- 
tary reserves 
called out by the 
queen. 

Mar. — Outbreak of 
Riel's Insurrec- 
tion in Canada. 

May 3. Riel de- 
feated. 

May 15. Riel sur- 
renders. 

June 8. Defeat in 
Parliament of 
the Liberal (Glad - 
stone) ministry. 

June 23. Formation 
of Conservative 
ministry under 
the Marquis of 
Salisbury. 



1885 a.d. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



251 



France. 



1884 



June 25. Appearance of 
Asiatic cholera; 6000 
deaths within three 
months. 

July 29. Adoption of a 
divorce law. 

Aug. 15. Declaration of 
war by China. 

Aug. — Revision of consti- 
tution. 
French attack Formosa. 
War in Madagascar, 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



Mar. 30. Resignation of the 
Ferry ministry caused by 
riots over Chinese vic- 
tories in Tonquin. 

Apr. 6. Formation of new 
ministry under Brisson. 

June 2. Public funeral of 
Victor Hugo in Paris. 

June 9. Treaty of peace 
with China signed. 

Aug. 25. Reappearance of 
cholera at Toulon; its 
rapid spread through 
France: 10,000 deaths. 



1884 

Feb. 14. Annexation of 
Merv (Central Asia) by 
Russia. 

Feb. 17. Attempt to assas- 
sinate king of Italy. 

June 12. Regulation of 
succession to Dutch 
throne. 

June 21. Death of prince of 
Orange, crown prince of 
Holland. 

June — Aug. — Persecution 
of Jews in Russia. 

July 13. Attempt to as- 
sassinate emperor of 
Austria. 

July 17. Discovery of plot 
to assassinate czar of 
Russia. 

Oct. 5. German annexa- 
tions on African slave 
coast; Dec. 19, in Pacific 
Ocean, beginnings of 
German colonial policy. 
Germany: Enactment 
cf an accident insurance 
law for workingmen. 

Nov. 17. Opening of the 
Congo conference in 
Berlin. 



1885 

Jan. 1. Earthquake in 
Spain: many lives and 
buildings destroyed. 

Jan. 12. Extradition treaty 
between Russia and 
Prussia. 

May 4. Opening of univer- 
sal exhibition at Ant- 
werp. 

June 24 .Cholera appears in 
Spain; 82,000 deaths by 
end of August. 

July 12. Attempt to assas- 
sinate emperor of Ger- 
many. 

Sept. 18. Rebellion in 
Eastern Roumelia: an- 
nexed to Bulgaria. 

Oct. 1. Outbreak of war 
between Servia and Bul- 
garia. 

Nov. 1. Renewal for five 
years of Latin monetary 
union between France, 
Belgium, Italy, Switzer- 
land, and Greece, on 
basis of silver coin re- 
deemable in gold. 



1884 

Feb. 4. Defeat of Baker 
Pacha by Egyptian 
rebels under Osman Dig- 
na, near Tokar. 

Feb. 9- Death of Cetewayo. 

Feb. 29. Osman Digna de- 
feated by Gen. Graham 
near Tokar. 

Mar. 13. Osman Digna 
defeated at Tamanieb. 

Mar. 30. Epidemic of 
smallpox at Madras. 

May 23. Berber captured 
by Egyptian rebels. 

Sept. 10. Earl of Dufferin 
appointed to the vice- 
royalty of India. (He 
assumes office Nov. 13.) 

Nov. 25. Earthquake in 
Peru. 

Dec. 1. Gen. Diaz becomes 
prest. of Mexico. 



1885 

Jan. 19. The Mahdi defeat- 
ed by the British under 
Gen. Stewart near Me- 
tammeh in the Sudan. 

Jan. 26. Khartoum captur- 
ed by the Mahdi; Gordon 
killed; relief expedition 
under Lord Wolseley ar- 
rives too late; British 
forces withdrawn from 
Sudan. 

Feb. — Formation of Congo 
Free State. 

Feb. 21. Protectorate over 
Samoan Islands granted 
Germany by treaty. 

Mar. 30. Russians defeat 
Afghans at Penjdeh. 

Mar. 30. Pres. Barrios, of 
Guatemala, killed while 
advancing against San 
Salvador. 

Mar. 31. Colon burned by 
Panama insurgents. 

Apr. 16. Peace concluded 
between Central Ameri- 
can republics. 



252 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1885 A.D.- 



Progress of Society 



United States. 



British Empire. 



18S5 



1886 



1887 



Deaths: Colfax, B. 
Silliman, Jr., 
About, R.G.White, 
Frelinghuysen. 
Hugo, Baron v. 
Manteuffel, S. I. 
Prime, Gen. Grant, 
Montefiore, Lord 
Houghton, " H. 
H. " Jackson, Abp. 
McCloskey, H. W. 
Shaw ("Josh Bill- 
ings"), Gen. Mc- 
Clellan. John Mc- 
Cullough, Vice- 
President Hen- 
d r i c k s, King 
Alfonso, W. H. 
Vanderbilt, 
Toombs. 

First electric street 
railway in U. S. 
in Baltimore. 



Jan. 4. Women al- 
lowed to vote in 
Toronto. 

May 4. Opening of 
colonial exhibition 
at London. 

May 11. Opening of 
international ex- 
hibition at Liver- 
pool. 

Aug. 2. Celebration 
by the Univ. of 
Heidelberg of its 
503th anniversary. 

Oct. 27. Final abo- 
lition of slavery in 
Cuba. 

Deaths: Gen. Han- 
cock, Gov. Sey- 
mour, Gough, 
Abp. French, Sir 
H. Taylor, Dio 
Lewis, Von 
Ranke, J. R. Bart- 
lett, King Ludwig 
of Bavaria, E. P. 
Whipple, P. H. 
Hayne, L i s z t 
Tilden, J. E. 
Cooke, Von Beust, 
C. A. Arthur, C, 
F. Adams, Gen. 
Logan. 



Feb. 16. Women al- 
lowed to vote in 
Kansas. 



1885 

Aug. 25. Cyclones at Savannah and 

Charleston: $2,000,000 worth ot 

property destroyed. 
Sept. 2. Five hundred Chinese miners 

in Wyoming Ter. attacked by whites 

and fifty of them killed. 
Oct. 10. With the destruction of Flood 

Rock by blasting, the work ot 

clearing Hell Gate in the East River 

is practically completed. 



1886 

Jan. 19. Passage of bill regulating suc- 
cession to the presidency in case of 
death of both president and vice- 
president. 

Feb. 9. Chinese in Seattle (Washington) 
driven from their homes by mob. 

May 1—4. Labor riots in Chicago and 
Milwaukee incited by Anarchists. 

June 2. Marriage at the White House, 
Washington, of President Cleveland 
and Miss Folsom. 

Aug. 20. Seven Anarchists convicted of 
murder for Chicago riots in May. 

Aug. 30-31. Charleston, S. C, severelv 
damaged by an earthquake; over 50 
persons killed and many buildings 
wrecked. 

Sept. 4. Geronimo and his band of 
Apache Indians surrender to Gen. 
Miles. 

Oct. 28. Bartholdi's statue of "Liberty 
Enlightening the World" (a gift from 
France) unveiled in N. Y. harbor. 

Dec. 6. Reduction in tariff duties re- 
commended to Congress by Prest. 
Cleveland. 

Numerous labor strikes throughout the 
year. 



1S87 

Jan. 21. Passage of Inter -State Com- 
merce bill. 

March 3. Repeal of tenure -of -office act 
(restoring to the president the power 
of removing officials without consent 
of the Senate). 



1885 

June 29. Earl of 
Carnarvon suc- 
ceeds Earl Spen- 
cer as lord lieu- 
tenant of Ireland. 

July 23. Marriage 
of Princess Bea- 
trice to Prince 
Henry of Batten- 
berg. 

Sept. 5. Comple- 
tion of tunnel 
under Severn 
River. 

Nov. — Outbreak of 
war with Bur- 
mah; British 

troops enter 

Mandalay; sur- 
render of King 
Thebaw (Nov. 
28). 



1886 

Jan. 1. Annexation 
of Burmah to 
British Empire. 

Jan" 20. Opening 
of tunnel under 
Mersey River. 

Jan. 26. Defeat in 
Parliament of 
Conservat i v e 
ministry (on 

question of gov- 
erning Ireland). 

Feb. 3. Formation 
of Liberal minis- 
try under Glad- 
stone. 

June 8. Defeat of 
Liberal ministry 
in Parliament on 
question of Irish 
home rule. 

July. Parliamen- 
tary elections 
favorable to 

Conservatives 
and Liberal-Un- 
ionists (i. e., to 
those opposed to 
Irish home rule ) 

July 21. Formation 
of new Conserva- 
tive ministry un- 
der Lord Salis- 
bury. 

1887 

May 12. Annexa- 
tion of Zululand 
to the British 
Empire. 



1887 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



253 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



1885 



1886 



1887 



Dec. 12. Establishment of 
protectorate over Mada- 
gascar. 

Dec. 28. Re-election of 
Grevy as president. 

Brisson ministry resigns. 



Jan. 7. Formation of a 
new ministry under 
Freycinet. 

Jan. 15. Amnesty granted 
political offenders. 



June 22. Passage of law 
expelling royal princes 
from French territory. 



Dec. 3. Resignation of 
Freycinet ministry. 

Dec. 10. Formation of a 
new ministry under Gob- 
let. 



May 17. Fall of Goblet min. 

istry. 
May 29. Formation of new 

ministry under Rouvier. 



1S85 



Nov. 25. Accession of Mer- 
cedes to Spanish throne 
(on death of her father 
Alfonso XII.) under re- 
gency of her mother, 
Queen Christina: new 
ministry under Sagasta. 

Nov. 14-28. Servians in- 
vade Bulgaria and are 
defeated. 

Nov. 28-Dec. 21. Trial 
and conviction of 2(j 
Nihilists at Warsaw: 4 
hanged and 22 sent to 
Siberia. 

Nov. 30. Germany takes 
possession of Marshall 
Islands. 

Dec. 5. Italian annexation 
of Massowah. 



1886 

Jan. — Servia, Bulgaria, 
and Greece compelled by 
the powers to disarm. 

Mar. 2. Treaty of peace 
signed between Servia 
and Bulgaria. 

Mar. 20. Anarchist riots in 
Belgium, originating in 
strike of miners. 

May 11. Destructive hur- 
ricane in Spain. 

May 17. Posthumous birth 
of the king of Spain, 
Alfonso XIII. 

June 13. Death by drown- 
ing of Louis II., king of 
Bavaria: accession of 
his brother, Otto I., 
under regency of Prince 
Luitpold. 

Aug. 21. Prince Alexander 
of Bulgaria kidnapped 
by Russian emissaries. 

Aug. 27. Earthquake in 
Greece destroyed 600 
lives and many towns. 

Aug. — Counter revolution 
in Bulgaria followed by 
restoration of Alexander. 

Sept. 4. He abdicates and a 
regency is established. 

Nov. 10. Prince Waldemar 
of Denmark declines 
offer of Bulgarian throne. 

1887 

Feb. 23. Earthquakes in 
Southern .Europe: 1000 
lives lost. 



1885 

Apr. 21. King of Belgium 
assumes sovereignity 
over Congo State. 

Apr. 24. Panama taken 
possession of by U. S. 
troops for protection of 
property. (Restored later 
to Colombian gov't.) 

May 7. Death of the Mahdi. 



1SS6 

Jan. 25. Barillas elected 

prest. of Guatemala. 
Apr. 7. Soto elected prest. 

of Costa Rica. 
May. Santos becomes prest. 

of Uruguay. 
June 3. Caceres becomes 

prest. of Peru. 
June. Selman elected prest. 

of Argentine Republic. 



Sept. 23. French kill 500 
Chinese pirates near 
Tonquin. 

Dec. 31. Four hundred 
persons crushed to death 
at a fair at Madras, 
India. 

1887 

Jan. 25. Italians defeated 

by Abyssinians near 

Massowah. 



254 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1887 A.D.- 



Progress of Society 



United States. 



British Empire. 



Deaths: Bp. Potter, 
E. L. Yournans, 
Sir S. Northcote 
(Earl of Iddes- 
leigh), Mrs. Henry 
Wood, Beecher, 
Feval, Eads, Saxe, 
J.T.Raymond, ex- 
Vice-Pres. Wheel- 
er, Mark Hopkins, 
S. F. Baird, Jenny 
Lind, F. V. Hay- 
den. 

Oct. 24. Anglo- 
French convention 
neutralizing the 
Suez Canal — Baltic 
ship canal begun. 



Mar. 26. Meeting of 
first international 
convention of wo- 
men at Washing- 
ton. 

July 27. Celebration 
at Kieff of 900th 
anniversary of in- 
troduction of 
Christianity into 
Russia. 

Oct. 20. Gift of $1,- 
000,000 by Dan. 
Hand for educa- 
tion of Southern 
negroes. 

Nov. 10. Suppression 
of African slave 
trade resolved 

upon by European 
powers. 

Deaths: Bonamy 

Price, Asa Gray, 
Sir H. S. Maine, 
Bronson Alcott, 
Louisa Alcott, Em- 
peror William I., 
C hief- Justice 
Waite, Matthew 
Arnold, Emperor 
Frederick III., E. 
P. Roe, Gen. 
Sheridan, Lester 
Wallack, R. A. 
Proctor. 



1887 

June 29. Jacob Sharp sentenced to 4 

years' imprisonment and fined $5000 

for bribery of N. Y. aldermen. 
July 8. Excommunication of Dr. Mc- 

Glynn in N. Y. for advocacy of land 

theories of Henry George. 



Nov. 11. Hanging of four of the Anar- 
chists convicted of the Chicago riots 
of May, 1886 (one of the others had 
committed suicide; sentence of the 
other two commuted to life imprison- 
ment). 



Jan. 12. Blizzard in Northwest: 235 

persons frozen to death. 
Jan. 19. Ratification of extradition 
I treaty with the Netherlands. 
Mar. 12. Blizzard in Eastern States: N. 

Y. city blockaded with snowdrifts for 
I several days: a number of lives lost. 
June 1. Sheridan made General of the 

army by special act of Congress. 
June 6-7. Democratic party nominate 

Grover Cleveland and Allen G. Thur- 

man for presidency and v. -presidency. 
June 25. Republican party nominate 

Benjamin Harrison and Levi _ P. 

Morton for presidency and vice- 
presidency. 
Sept. 13. Chinese Exclusion Act passed. 
Oct. 20. Adjournment of Congress after 

the longest session (321 days) in its 

history. 
Oct. 30. Dismissal of British minister, 

Lord Sackville-West, by U. S. govt. 

on account of indiscreet letter on 

American politics. 
Nov. 6. Election of Harrison and 

Morton. 



1SS7 

May 14. Opening 
of the People's 
Palace in Lon- 
don. 

June 21. Jubilee 
celebration in 
London of the 
50th anniversary 
of Queen Victo- 
ria's accession to 
the throne. 

July 8. Passage of 
Irish Crimes Bill 
by Parliament 
(abolishing trial 
by jury in Ire- 
land). 

Nov. 13. Riots in 
London caused 
by police attemp- 
ting to prevent 
meeting of work- 
ingmen in Tra - 
falgar Square. 



1888 



Sept. 17. First 
meeting of com- 
mission to in- 
vestigate Lon- 
don Times's 
charges against 
Parnell and other 
Irish leaders; 
closed Nov. 22, 
1889, after 129 
sittings, exam- 
ining 493 wit- 
nesses, and re- 
ceiving answers 
to 98,000 ques- 
tions. 



A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



255 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



1887 



June 1. Ratification of 
commerical treaty with 
Mexico. 

Dec. 3. Election of Carnot 
as president on resig- 
nationof Grevy (Dec. 2). 

Dec. 11. Formation of new 
ministry under Tirard. 



Mar. 1. M.Wilson, son-in- 
law of ex -Prest. Grevy, 
sentenced to two years' 
imprisonment for traf- 
ficking in decorations, 
(the sentence quashed 
by Court of Appeals, 
Mar. 28). 

Mar. 15. Removal of Gen. 
Boulanger from his com- 
mand in the army. 

Mar. 30. Fall of Tirard 
ministry; formation of 
new ministry under 
Floquet (April 3). 

Dec. — Bankruptcy of the 
PanamaCanal Company. 



July 7. Election of Prince 
Ferdinand of Saxe-Co- 
burg-Gotha to Bulgarian 
throne. 

Renewal of the Triple 
Alliance. 

Termination of the 
Kulturkampf in Ger- 
many. 



Feb. 3. Official announce- 
ment of treaty of alliance 
between Germany and 
Austria. 

Mar. 9. Accession of Fred- 
erick III. to German 
throne on death of his 
father, William I. 

Mar. 31. Adoption of trial 
by jury in Spain. 

June 15. Accession of Wil- 
liam II. to German 
throne on death of his 
father, Frederick III. 

Dec. — Suez Canal Conven- 
tion ratified by the 
powers. 



1887 

Feb. 3. Expedition under 
Stanley leaves Cairo 
for relief of Emin Pasha 
in Central Africa. (Re- 
turns with Emin, Dec, 
1889.) 

Apr. 22. Destruction of 40 
pearl -fishing vessels off 
Australian coast; 550 
lives lost. 

May 3. Earthquake in 
Mexico: 150 lives lost. 

July 3. King Kalakaua 
grants Hawaiian island- 
ers more liberal constitu- 
tion. 



1888 

Mar. 31. Gen. Flores 
elected pres. of Ecuador. 

June 18. Great floods in 
Mexico: 700 people 
drowned. 

July 9. Gen. Diaz re-elect- 
ed prest. of Mexico. 

July 27. Volcanic eruptions 
in Japan: 1000 lives lost. 

July 30. Dr. Paul becomes 
prest. of Venezuela. 

Aug. 1. Opening of inter- 
national exhibition at 
Melbourne in celebra- 
tion of centennial of 
foundation of New South 
Wales. 

Oct. 17. Gen. Legitime 
elected prest. of Hayti. 



256 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1889 A.D.- 



a.u. ProgressofSociety 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1889 



Jan. 1. Total eclipse 
of sun (visible in 
western North 

America). 

Jan. 1. Electricity 
substituted for 

hanging as death 
penalty in N. Y. 
(for crimes com- 
mitted after this 
date). 

Oct. 16. Opening of 
interna t i o n a 1 
maritime congress 
at Washington. 

Nov. 6. Completion 
of the Forth 
Bridge (Scotland), 
the greatest work 
of its kind in the- 
world. 

Final abolition of 
slavery in Brazil. 

Deaths: S. A. Alli- 
bone, Prince Ru- 
dolph of Austria, 
Laura Bridgman, 
John Bright, 
Eliza Cook, John 
Ericsson, S. C. 
Hall, Halliwell- 
Phillipps, King 
Luis of Portugal, 
M. F. Tupper, Ul- 
bach, J. G. Wood, 
F. A. P. Barnard, 
Simon Cameron, 
Maria Mitchell, 
T. D. Woolsey, 
Wilkie Collins, 

Jefferson Davis, 
Rob. Browning. 



1889 

Jan. 9. Cyclone in Penna. very destruc- 
tive of life and property. 
Feb. 2. Fire in Buffalo destroys nearly 

$3,000,000 worth of property. 
Feb. 11. Creation of the Department of 

Agriculture in national government. 
Mar. 4. Inauguration of Prest. Harrison. 
Apr. 22. Oklahoma opened to white 

settlement. 
Apr. 29-May 1. Celebration at N. Y. of 

centennial of Washington's inaugura- 
tion. 
May 31. Breaking of dam in Cone- 

maugh valley destroys 2235 lives at 

Johnstown, Pa. 
Oct. 2. Opening of the Pan-American 

conference at Washington. 
Nov. 2. Admission as States of North 

and South Dakota; 7, of Montana; 

11, of Washington. 
Nov. 13. Opening at Washington of the 

Roman Catholic Univ. of America. 
Ballot reform laws adopted by 11 

States during 1887-89. 



1889 

July 1-29. Visit of 
Shah of Persia. 

July 27. Marriage 
of Princess 
Louise of Wales 
to the Duke of 
Fife. 

Oct. 5. Earl of Zet- 
land succeeds the 
marquis of Lon- 
donderry as lord 
lieutenant of 
Ireland. 

Numerous pro- 

longed strikes 
during 1889 kept 
thousands of 

workmen out ot 
work and caused 
much suffering 
in England. 

Oct. 15. The Brit- 
ish South African 
Company char- 
tered. 



1889 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



257 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



Feb. 21. Formation of new 
ministry under Tirard. 

Mar. 9. Repeal of the decree 
of banishment of Due 
d'Aumale. 

May 4. Centennial cele- 
bration of the opening 
of the States-General at 
Versailles. 

May 6. Opening of inter- 
national exhibition at 
Paris. 

July 9. Passage of army 
bill making service uni- 
versal. 

July 14. Centennial cele- 
bration of the fall of the 
Bastile. 

July 15. Passage of bill 
forbidding candidates to 
appear in more than one 
constituency. 

A.ug. 12. Condemnation of 
Gen. Boulanger to per- 
petual imprisonment. 
(He takes refuge in 
Great Britain.) 

Sept. 22. General election 
favorable to the Repub- 
licans. 



18S9 

Jan. 30. Suicide of Crown 
Prince Rudolph of Aus- 
tria. 

Mar. 6. Abdication of King 
Milan of Servia in favor 
of his son Alexander, 13 
years old. 

Apr. 2. King William of 
Holland pronounced 

mentally unable to 
govern. (He subsequent- 
ly recovers.) 

Apr. 25. Prince Frederick 
of Hohenzollern pro- 
claimed heir to Rou- 
manian throne. 

Apr. 29. Meeting at Berlin 
of delegates from United 
States, Germany, and 
England to arrange 
Samoan affairs. 

May — Formidable strike of 
miners in Germany. 

July 2. King Alexander of 
Servia anointed at 
Zitcha. 

July 27. Discovery of plot 
to blow up the Vatican. 

Aug. 3. Insurrection in 
Crete. 

Aug. 17. Destructive hur- 
ricane at Granada. 

Sept. 6. Explosion in car- 
tridge factory at Ant- 
werp: 125 persons killed, 
200 others wounded. 

Oct. 19. Accession of Car- 
los I. to Portuguese 
throne on death of his 
father, Luis I. 

Dec. — General epidemic of 
influenza in Europe. 



1SS9 

Feb. 11. New constitution 
for Japan proclaimed 
with two legislative 
I chambers. 

Mar. 15-16. Violent hur- 
ricane at Samoa; three 
German and three Amer- 
ican men-of-war driven 
on shore. 

Apr. 3. King John of Abys- 
sinia defeated and slain 
by the dervishes. 

Apr. 10. Death at Molokai, 
Hawaii, of Father Dam- 
ien, the leper priest. 

Aug. 11. Insurrection in 
Hawaii. 

Oct. 17. Gen. Hyppolite 
chosen prest. of Hayti 
(after a year's war with 
Legitime). 

Sept. 4. Egyptians de- 
feated by dervishes near 
Suakim. 

Nov. 15. Expulsion of 
Brazilian emperor and 
establishment of a re- 
public . 



258 



TABULAR VIEWS 



189O A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1890 



1891 



Jan. 25. A New York news 
paper reporter completes 
a journey around the 
world in 72 days. 



Mar. 4. Railway bridge 
over the Forth put into 
operation. 

Apr. 26. Henry M. Stanley 
arrives in London on his 
return from the greatest 
of his African expedi- 
tions, having crossed the 
continent from west to 
east. 



July 15. New Croton aque- 
duct in New York put 
into operation. 



Aug. 6. First execution b_ 
electricity in the State of 
New York. 

Aug. 26. Equatorial rail 
way inaugurated at 
Mombassa, British East 
Africa. 

Oct. — The Mormon church 
declares against the 
practice of polygamy. 

Deaths in 1890: Amadeus 
I., ex -king of Spain; J. J. 
Astor; G. H. Boker: A. 
Chatrian; C. W. Cope; 
E. Dodge; I. Dollinger, 
D. B. Fayerweather; J. 
C. Fremont; O. Feuillet; 
J. Hergenrother; Cardi- 
nal Newman; C. H. F 
Peters; J. E. T. Rogers; 
H. Schliemann; William 
III., of the Netherlands. 



Jan. — Discovery in the Brit - 
ish Museum of the MS 
of Aristotle's Athenian 
Constitution. 



1890 

Jan. 23. Organization of 
the Woman's Christian 
Temperance Union, at 
Cleveland, O. 

Feb. 24. Chicago selected 
by the House of Repre- 
sentatives as site for the 
World's Columbian Ex- 
position. 

Mar. — Boomers invade 
Cherokee territories; 

warned out by president. 

April 28. Supreme Court 
decides that liquors in 
" original packages 
may be brought into 
and sold in any State. 

May 19. Supreme Court de- 
clares confiscation of 
Mormon property under 
Edmunds Law constitu- 
tional. 

June 2. The eleventh cen- 
sus begins. 

July 2. Sherman Act for 
the protection of trade 
and commerce against 
unlawful restraints and 
monopolies. 

July 3. Idaho becomes a 
State. 

July 11. Wyoming be- 
comes a State. 

July 14. Sherman Act for 
t.ie monthly purchase of 
4,500,000 ounces of sil 
ver by the government 
and the issue of silver 
treasury notes. 

Aug 8. Act empowering 
States to regulate sale 
of liquors in " original 
packages." 

Oct. 1. The McKinley 
Tariff Bill becomes law. 

Oct. — Ghost dance excite- 
ment among the Sioux 
Indians. 



Dec. 15. Sitting Bull, 
chief of the Sioux, 
killed. 



1891 

Jan. 14. Conference of 

Indian chiefs and U. S. 

authorities at Pine Ridge 

S. D.; end of Indian 

outbreak. 



1890 

Feb. 3. The suit of Parnell 
against the London 
Times settled by the 
payment of £5,000 to 
plaintiff. 



Mar. 28. New education 
code, abolishing pay- 
ment by results goes 
into effect. 



May 4. Great labor demon- 
stration in Hyde Park 
in favor of an eight -hour 
day. 



July 1. Treaty of terri- 
torial delimitation with 
Germany in Africa; 
Great Britain receives 
protectorate over Zanzi- 
bar and cedes Heligo- 
land to Germany. 



Sept. 18. John Dillon and 
William O'Brien, Irish 
leaders, arrested for con- 
spiracy. 



Nov. 15. Beginning of the 
O'Shea divorce trial, 
implicating Parnell. 

Dec. 6. Irish party in 
Parliament split ; Par- 
nell repudiated by a 
majority of his followers 
under Justin McCarthy. 

1891 

Jan. 27. House of Com- 
mons expunges resolu- 
tion of June 22, 
1880, preventing Charles 
Bradlaugh from taking 
his seat. 



189I A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



259 



a.d. France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1890 



1891 



Jan. 25. A new Anti- 
Socialist law is rejected 
by the German Reich- 
stag. 

Mar. 14. Tirard ministry 
in France resigns; suc- 
ceeded by Freycinet 
cabinet. 

Mar. 15. Opening of the 
international labor con- 
ference at Berlin, called 
under the auspices of the 
emperor. 

Mar. 18. Bismarck resigns 
the chancellorship; he is 
succeeded by von Ca- 
pri vi (20). 

May 6. German Reichstag 
opened by emperor, who 
announces programme 
of labor legislation. 



1890 

Jan. 12. Portugal com- 
pelled by Great Britain 
to yield disputed claims 
in East Africa. 

Mar. 7. Tisza, Hungarian 
premier, resigns after 14 
years in office. 



Sept. 16. International 
commercial congress 

meets at Paris. 



Oct. 12. Expiration of 
Anti-Socialist law in 
Germany celebrated by a 
great Socialist congress 
at Halle. 



Jan. 22. Supreme Council 
of Labor established in 
France. 



May. — Labor disturbances 
in Spanish cities, princi- 
pally in Barcelona. 

July 5. Spain: Canovas del 
Castillo, premier. 

July — Russia : Revival of 
edicts against the Jews, 
aiming at their concen- 
tration in the towns and 
restricting their educa- 
tional opportunities. 



Sept. 11. Liberal uprising 
in the Swiss Canton 
Ticino against the re- 
actionary government; 
the electoral laws re- 
vised. 

Oct. 28. Ministry of 

Trikoupis in Greece re- 
signs and is succeeded 
by one under Delyannis. 



Nov. 23. William III. of 
the Netherlands dies, 
and is succeeded by his 
daughter Wilhelmina, 
under the regency of her 
mother. 



1891 

Jan. 31. Military revolt at 
Oporto in Portugal. 



1890 

Jan. 8. Brazil. Proclama- 
tion of religious equality 
and separation of church 
and state. 

Feb. — Outbreak of war be - 
tween the French and 
the king of Dahomey. 



Apr. 21. Japan. New 
civil code proclaimed. 



May. — Conflicts between 
the Maronites and the 
Druses in Syria. 

July 17. Outbreak of war 
between Guatemala and 
Salvador; Honduras in- 
volved; peace con- 
cluded Aug. 27. 

July 26. Sanguinary in- 
surrection in Buenos 
Ayres against President 
Celman; he resigns Aug. 
6. 



Oct. 5. Dahomey concludes 
peace with France. 

Oct. 17. Sultan of Zanzi- 
bar surrenders suzer- 
ainty to coastland of 
German East Africa. 

Nov. 29. First Japanese 
parliament opened. 



1891 

Jan. 1. Chile. Congress de- 
clares President ^al- 
maceda deposed; 8, the 
fleet supports the Con- 
gress. 



260 



TABULAR VIEWS 



189I A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1S91 



1891 

Feb. 22. First meeting of J Feb. 26. Enactment of a 
the Women's National maximum freight bill in 
Council at Washington. Nebraska 



Mar. 3. International 

copyright law enacted. 

Mar. 14. Eleven Italians 
supposed members of 
the "Mafia" secret so- 
ciety, lynched by a mob 
at New Orleans; compli 
cations with Italy fol- 
low; 31, Italian minister 
recalled. 

Apr. 14. President Harri 
son begins an extensive 
trip through the South 
and the West. 

Apr. 28. China refuses to 
accept H. W. Blair as 
U. S. minister. 

May 19. People's Party 
organized at Cincinnati 
O. 



April 1. Telephone between 
London and Paris 
opened. 



May 23. International Pos- 
tal Congress meets at 
Vienna. 



June 19. Opening of 
first section of Man- 
chester Ship Canal in 
England. 

July. — Experiments with 
smokeless powder at 
Sandy Hook, N. J. 

Aug. — Artificial rain pro 
duction experiments in 
Texas. 



Oct. 1. Opening of the 
Leland Stanford, Jr., 
University at Palo Alto, 
Cal. 

Oct. 22. Announcement of 
Dr. Robert Koch's 
remedy for tuberculosis. 

Deaths in 1S91: G. Ban- 
croft; C. Bradlaugh; J. 
Grevy; G. E. Hauss 
mann; J. E. Johnston; 
A. W. Kinglake; J. R 
Lowell ; Lord Lvtton ; 
J. A.Macdonald;j". L.E 
Meissonier; von Moltke; 
C.S. Parnell; Pedro II. 
D. D. Porter; W. T 
Sherman. 



1S91 

Feb. 20. Resolution in 
favor of disestablishing 
Welsh Church defeated. 



Mar. — Insurrection of 
Manipuris in Assam. 



June 4. The transport 
Itata, which had escaped 
from San Diego with 
arms for the Chilean in- 
surgents, surrenders to 
the American vessels at 
Iquique. 

Aug. 13. Presidential 

order excludes white 
men from the Cherokee 
strip. 



Sept. 22. New lands in 
Oklahoma thrown open 
to settlement. 



Oct. 16. Sailors from the 
U. S. cruiser Baltimore 
assaulted in the streets 
of Valparaiso and two 
killed. 

Nov. 29. The Cherokee 
council agrees to sell 
the Cherokee strip to 
the United States. 



Apr. 27. British troops oc- 
cupy Manipur, which is 
deserted by rebels. 



Junel6. Regent of Manipur 
sentenced to death for 
treachery. 

July — Visit of German 

emperor and empress in 

England. 
Aug. 22. Native tributary 

ruler established over 

Manipur. 



Sept. 13. British force 
lands on island of Mity- 
lene as retort to sultan's 
act in permitting Rus- 
sian vessels to pass 
through the Dardanelles. 

Oct. 27. Riots between 
Rarnellites and anti- 
Pamellites at Cork. 



1 89 1 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



26l 



a.d. France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1S91 



Mar. 11. France agrees to 
arbitrate Newfoundland 
fisheries question with 
England. 



May 1. Prince Bismarck is 
elected to the Reichstag 
from Geestemunde. 



July-Aug. — A French fleet 
visits Cronstadt and the 
attendant festivities are 
taken to mark a close 
understanding with Rus- 
sia. 



Sept. 30. Gen. Boulanger 
commits suicide near 
Brussels. 



Oct. 6. William II. of Wurt- 
temberg succeeds Char- 
les I. 



Nov. 6. Mission from Siam 
arrives at Berlin. 



1S91 



Mar. — The Spainards suc- 
ceed in subduing a 
native uprising in the 
Caroline Islands. 



Apr. 22. Russia: Im- 
perial ukase orders ex- 
pulsion of Jews from 
Moscow. 



May 11. The Russian 
czarewitch (Nicholas II) 
assaulted at Kioto, 
Japan. 

May 24. The construction 
of the Trans-Siberian 
railway begins. 

June 29. Renewal of the 
Triple Alliance between 
Germany, Austria, and 
Italy. 



Aug. 1. Switzerland: Cele- 
bration of the six 
hundredth anniversary 
of the foundation of the 
Swiss Confederacy. 



Nov. 2. The sultan forbids 
destitute Jews to enter 
the empire. 

Nov. 3. Inter-parliamen- 
tary peace conference 
assembles at Rome. 



1891 

Feb. 19. Egypt: Dervishes 
under Osman Digna de- 
feated by Egyptian 
troops at Tokar. 

Feb. 25. Brazil: Marshal 
Fonseca elected presi- 
dent . 

Mar. 7. Chile: Government 
troops defeated by Con- 
gressionalists at Pozo 
Almonte. 



Apr. 10. Chile: Junta estab- 
lished by Congressional 
party at Iquique. 



May-Oct. — Anti-Christain 
riots in China on 
the Yang-tse-Kiang, at 
Nankin, and elsewhere. 



June 2. Chile : The Con- 
gressionalist army oc- 
cupies Husasco. 



Aug. 21. Chile : The govern- 
ment troops defeated at 
Aconcagua, and, 28, at 
Placilla ; Congression - 
alists enter Valparaiso; 
31, Santiago taken. 

Sept. 19. Chile: President 
Balmaceda commits 

suicide. 



Nov. — Brazil : President 
Fonseca declares him- 
self dictator; revolution 
in Rio Grande do Sul; 
Fonseca resigns and is 
succeeded by Floriano 
Peixoto. 



262 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1892 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1892 



Feb. 29. Treaty between 
U. S. and Great Britain 
for the adjustment of 
Bering Sea dispute by 
arbitration. 

Feb. — Discovery of a MS. 
Syriac version of the four 
gospels on Mt. Sinai by 
Mrs. Lewis and Mrs. 
Gibson. 

Mar. 20. Celebration at Al- 
bany of the two hundred 
and fiftieth anniversary 
of the First Dutch Re- 
formed Church. 

Apr. 27. Laying of the 
corner-stone of Grant's 
tomb at New York, and 
of the Catholic Universi- 
ty at Washington. 

May 9. Bering Sea arbi- 
tration treaty ratified. 



1892 

Jan. 23. The United States 
presents an ultimatum 
to Chile in the matter of 
the Baltimore; its terms 
are accepted. 



Mar. 



1S92. 

Jan. 3. Mob outrages 
against the Salvation 
Army at Eastbourne. 

Feb. 8. Joseph Chamber- 
lain elected leader of the 
Liberal -Unionists in 

Parliament. 



Provisions and Mar. 12. Great strike of 



Aug. 4. Opening of the 
canal connecting Amster- 
dam with the Rhine. 



money sent for the relief 
of the starving peasants 
in Russia. 



Apr. 14. The U. S. agrees 
to pay an indemnity of 
$25,000 for the lynching 
of the 11 Italians at New 
Orleans. Diplomatic 

relations restored. 

May 5. The Geary Chinese 
Exclusion Bill becomes 
a law. 



June 4. J. G. Blaine re- 
signs the secretaryship 
of state to become a 
candidate for the Re- 
publican presidential 
nomina tion; 10, 

Benjamin Harrison is 
nominated. 

June 23. Grover Cleveland 
is nominated for presi- 
dent by the Democratic 
party. 

July 1. Lockout of em- 
ployes in the Carnegie 
Steel Works at Home- 
stead, Pa.; 6, battle be- 
tween strikers and 
Pinkerton detectives at 
Homestead in which 20 
lives are lost. — Labor 
disorders in the Cceur 
dAlene district, Idaho. 

Aug. 14. Outbreak of 
switchmen's strikes at 
Buffalo marked by 
violence and the de- 
struction of property. — 
Strike of coal miners at 
Coal Creek, Tenn. 



coal miners in Northern 
England, about 200,000 
men participating. 



May 5. An embassy under 
Charles Ewan Smith 
enters Fez, Morocco, in 
order to negotiate a 
commercial treaty. 



June 17. Immense gather- 
ing at Belfast to protest 
against Home Rule. 



Aug. 12. The Salisbury 
ministry resigns and is 
succeeded bya Gladstone 
cabinet. 



1892 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



263 



a.d. France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1S92 



Feb. 18. The Freycinet 
ministry defeated and 
succeeded (28) by a 
Loubet cabinet. 



Mar. 



1892 

Jan. — Russia: Famine and 
plague rage. 
Spain: — Strikes and dis- 
order at Bilbao. 

Feb. -Apr. Anarchist dis- 
turbances at Barcelona, 
Cadiz, and Madrid. 



France : Conflict Mar. 1. Greece: The 



between government and 
Catholic bishops owing 
to the participation oi 
latter in political affairs. 



Delyannis ministry dis 
missed by the king. — In 
Vienna, great destitution 
among working classes. 



April. — Anarchist outrages throughout Europe in this 
and the following months. 



May 6. Rudini ministry in 
Italy succeeded by a 
Giolitti cabinet. 

May 26. Reciprocity be- 
tween Austria-Hungary 
and the United States 
established. 

June 8. Disaster in the 
silver mines at Birken- 
berg, Bohemia, results 
in loss of more than 300 
lives. 



June 7. Meeting between 
German and Russian 
emperors at Kiel. 



July 11. Ravachol exe- 
cuted at Montbrison in 
France for dynamite 
outrages. 



Aug. 17. Cholera appears 
at Hamburg; 6700 
deaths within a month. 



July IS. The pope issues an 
encylcical on Columbus 
and the discovery of 
America. 



Aug. — R u s s i a : The 
peasants in the famine 
districts riot against the 
physicians. 

Aug. 3. Celebration at 
Genoa in honor of Co- 
lumbus. 



1892 

Jan. 7. Egypt: Death of 
Tewfik Pasha; he is 
succeeded as khedive by 
Abbas Pasha. 

Jan. 11. An outbreak of 
the native tribes in the 
neighborhood of Tangier, 
Morocco. — War between 
the French and the king 
of Dahomey. 



Mar. 15. Guatemala : 
Gen. Barrios Decomes 
president. — Venezuela: 
Rebellion against Presi- 
dent Palacio headed by 
Crespo. 

Apr. 29. Hurricane de- 
stroys half of Port Louis, 
Island of Mauritius, 
with a loss of more than 
1200 lives. 



June 15. Venezuela: Presi- 
dent Palacio resigns and 
flees from the capital. 



July 11. Porfirio Diaz re- 
elected president of 
Mexico. 



Aug. — The French take the 
offensive against the 
king of Dahomey and on 
the 25th they take 
Taku in Decame. 



264 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1892 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1S92 



1893 



Sept. 13. Railway from 
Jaffa to Jerusalem com- 
pleted. 



Oct. 1. University of 

Chicago opened. 
Oct. 23. World's Columbian 

Exposition at Chica; 

dedicated. 



Deaths in 1892: J. C. 
Adams; G. B. Airy; E. 
Arago; G. W. Curtis; C. 
W. Field; E. A. Free- 
man, C. A. Fyffe, J. A. 
Grant; G. Klapka; Car- 
dinal Manning; Richard 
Owen; J. Pope; N. Por- 
ter; E. Renan; C. H. 
Spurgeon; Tennyson; 
Walt Whitman; J. G. 
Whittier. 



Jan. 6. Completion of the 
Pacific extension of the 
Great Northern Railroad 



April 11. Opening of the 
first railway jn Siam. 



1892 

Sept. 11. Return of Lieut 
Peary to St. Johns, N . F . . 
from the north after 
having established the 
fact that Greenland is an 
island in a remarkable 
sledge journey. 

Oct. 12. Four hundredth 
anniversary of the dis- 
covery of America cele- 
brated at New York and 
elsewhere. 



Nov. 8. Grover Cleveland 

elected president. 
Nov. 20. The strike at 

Homestead abandoned. 



1893 

Jan. 4. General amnesty 
for all polygamists who 
had abandoned the prac- 
tice after Nov. 1, 1890. 



Feb.l. The U. S. minister 
in Hawaii proclaims an 
American protectorate 
over the islands — 15, 
President Harrison sub- 
mits a treaty of annex- 
ation to the Senate. 

Mar. 9. President Cleve- 
land recalls the Hawaiian 
annexation treaty from 
the Senate. 

Apr. 1. The American pro 
tectorate over the Hawai- 
ian Islands terminated 
by special commissioner 
Blount. 



May 1. The World's Columbian Exposition at 
Chicago formally opened by President Cleveland. 

C. A. Briggs convicted of 
heresy by the Presby- 
terian General Assembly 
and suspended from the 
ministry. 



1892 

Sept. 14. Ireland: Total re- 
peal of the Criminal 
Law and Procedure Act, 
signifying end of strug- 
gle against the National 
League. 



Dec. 23. Michael Davitt's 
election to Parliament 
from North Meath de- 
clared void on account 
of intimidation by 
clergy. 

1893 

Jan. 17. Strained relations 
with France over as- 
sertion of English 
authority in the matter 
of ministerial appoint- 
ments in Egypt. 

Feb. 13. Mr. Gladstone in- 
troduces Irish Home 
Rule Bill in House of 
Commons. 



Mar. 21. Extradition 
treaty concluded with 
Roumania. 

Apr. 4. Beginning _ of 
riotous demonstrations 
at Hull, in connection 
with dock strike. — Fail- 
ure of Australian banks 
followed by crisis. 

May 19. Hull dock strike 
ends. 



1893 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



265 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Sept. 22. Celebration 
France of the centen- 
nial of the first republic 
— Strike and disorder at 
the Carmaux mines. 



Nov. 28. Fall of the Loubet 
cabinet in France as a 
result of the revelations 
of fraud in connection 
with the Panama Canal 
involving many mem- 
bers of the Chambers. 

Dec. 5. New ministry in 
France headed by Ribot 



Jan. — Developments in 
the Panama scandal 
revealing the culpability 
of men high in politics. 



Feb. 9. Conviction of sev- 
eral Panama directors, 
among them Ferdinand 
de Lesseps and Eiffel. 



Alar. 30. Fall of the Ribot 
ministry in France. 



April 4. France: C. Dupuy 
forms a new ministry. 



May 7. Germany: The fail- 
ure of the government 
army bills is followed by 
the dissolution of the 
Reichstag. 



1892 



Oct. 9. Outbreak of dis- 
order in Crete. Conflicts 
between the inhabitants 
and the Turkish soldiers. 



Nov. 9. Hungarian minis- 
try under Szapary suc- 
ceeded by a cabinet 
under Wekerle. 



Dec. 7. Spain: The Canovas 
del Castillo ministry 
goes out of office and is 
succeeded by a Sagasta 
cabinet. 



1893 

Jan. — Italy: Scandals in 
connection with the state 
banks involving promi- 
nent statesmen, among 
them Crispi. 



Mar. 21. Russia: Alexeieff, 
mayor of Moscow, assas- 
sinated. 

Apr. 13. Servia: Alexander 
I. by a coup d'etat de- 
clares himself of age 
and assumes personal 
rule. 



1892 

Sept. 15. French defeat 

the Dahomey forces at 

Dogba. 



Oct. 6. French gain a de- 
cisive victory over the 
forces of Dahomey at 
Pongnessa. — Venezuela: 
The forces under Crespo 
gain the battle of Los 
Teques and enter Caracas 
(9th). Crespo is pro- 
claimed provisional pre- 
sident. 

Nov. 21. Frencli troops 
enter Abomey, capital of 
Dahomey. 



Dec. — Revolutionary out- 
break in the province of 
Corrientes, Argentina. 



1893 

Jan. 17. Revolution in 
Hawaii; Queen Liliaio- 
kalani dethroned, pro- 
visional government re- 
cognized by American 
minister. 

Feb. 6. Argentina: Armed 
uprising in the province 
of Santa Fe, in opposi- 
tion to wheat tax. 



Mar. 14. Severe fighting 
between British and 
hill tribes on the In- 
dian frontier at Chilas. 
Conflict between the 
French and the Siamese 
over the possession of 
the left bank of the 
Mekong River below 23° 
N. 

May 11. Nicaragua: A 
revolution breaks out 
against President Sa- 
caza, who resigns (26th). 



266 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1893 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1893 



1894 



June 24. Nansen sets out 
on his Arctic expedition 
from Christiania. 



July. — Lieut. Peary sets out 
for the Arctic regions 
from New York. 



Sept. 13. Completion of 
observatory on Mount 
Blanc. 



Oct. 30. Closing of the 
World's Columbian Ex- 
position. 

Nov. Colorado grants 
complete suffrage to 
women. 

Nov. 28. Memorial window 
to James Russell Lowell 
unveiled at Chapter 
House, Westminister. 

Deaths in 1893: P. G. T. 
Beauregard; Edwin 

Booth; B. P. Butler; J 
Ferry; C. F. Gounod; R 
B. Hayes; C. J. Hefele 

B. Jowett; Fanny Kem 
ble; Marshal MacMahon 

C. Merivale ; F. Parkman 
J. Rae; P. Schaff; J. A 
Symonds; H. A. Taine 
P. I. Tschaikowsky; J. 
Tyndall. 

Jan. 1. Opening of the 
Manchester Ship Canal. 



Feb. 19. Purity in elections 
vindicated in the con- 
viction of the notorious 
boss, John Y. McKane, 
of Gravesend, Brooklyn. 



1893 

June 30. — Financial crisis 
reaches its ciimax and 
President Cleveland is 
sues a call for an extra 
session of Congress, 
for Aug. 7. 



July. — Suspension of banks 
and business houses con 
tinues throughout 
month. 



Aug. 15. The Court of 

Arbitration at Paris in 
the Bering Sea contro- 
versy with Great Britain 
decides against the Unit- 
ed States. 
Sept. 16. The Cherokee 
strip thrown open to 
settlement. 



Oct. 30.-Nov. 1. Sherman 
Silver Purchase Bill re- 
pealed. 



Nov. 20. Supreme Court 
decides that the term 
" high seas " applies to 
the Great Lakes. 



1894 

Jan 17. Issue of a $50,- 
000,000 loan by popular 
subscription. 

Jan. _ 30. Insurgent war- 
ships at Rio Janeiro fire 
on an American vessel; 
fire returned by U. S. 
Detroit. 

Feb. 8. Laws for the fed- 
eral control of federal 
elections (so called 
" Force Bills") repealed. 



1893 

June 23. The man-of-war 
Victoria comes in col- 
lision with the Camper- 
down and sinks; 339 
men lost. 

June 26. India terminates 
the free coinage of 
silver. 

July 20. General strike of 
coal miners. 



Aug. 16. Commercial 
treaty with Servia rati- 
fied. — Strike violence 
among coal miners in 
Wales. 

Sept. 1. The Home Rule 
Bill passes the House of 
Commons; 8, the till 
rejected by the Lords ; 27, 
Mr. Gladstone denoun- 
ces the House of Lords 
as an anachronism. 

Oct. 11. Lord Elgin ap- 
pointed viceroy of India. 



Nov. 2. The Matabeles de- 
feated and Buluwayo 
burned. 

Nov. 13. End of coal strike 
begun in July. 



1894 

Jan. 13. A British force un- 
der Capt. Wilson cut to 
pieces in Matabeleland. 



Feb. 20. The liberal govern- 
ment, foreseeing defeat, 
abandons the Em- 
ployers' Liability Act. 



1894 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



267 



a.d. France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1893 



1894 



June 28. Germany: Elec- 
tions for the Reichstag 
show decisive gains for 
the government. 



July 15. The army bill 
passes the German Reich - 

stag. 



Aug. 18. Italian laborers 
assaulted and slain at 
the salt works of Aigues- 
Mortes in France. 



Oct. 3. France: Treaty in 
settlement of disputes 
with Siam; 13, visit of 
Russian fleet at Toulon 
amidst great enthus- 
iasm. 

Nov. 26. France: Fall of 
the Dupuy ministry. 



Dec. 5. France: Casimir- 
Perier forms a new min- 
istry; 10, bomb exploded 
in the Chamber of Depu- 
ties by an anarchist, 
wounding 47. 



Jan. 26. Germany: Prince 
3ismarck visits Berlin 
and is received with 
tremendous enthusiasm 
by the inhabitants. 



Feb. 10. Commercial treaty 
between Germany and 
Russia signed. 



1893 

June 20. Russia: Stampede 
in a church at Jarosloff 
results in 200 deaths. 



July. — Russia engages in a 
bitter tariff warfare 
with Germany. 



Sept. 2. Belgium : Universal 
suffrage in combination 
with plural voting es- 
tablished. 



Oct.-Nov. — Severe fighting 
between Spanish forces 
and Moorish tribesmen 
of the Riff. 



Nov. 3. Explosion of 
dynamite at Santander, 
in Spain, kills hundreds. 

Nov. 7. Anarchists explode 
bombs in a Barcelona 
theatre, killing many. 



1894 

Jan. Italy: Rioting in 

Sicily in opposition to 

increased taxes. 



1833 



July 30. Siam yields to the 
French ultimatum and 
abandons claims to the 
left bank of the Mekong 
River. — Revolt in sev- 
eral provinces of Argen- 
tina. 

Aug. 2. Argentina: In- 
surgents seize the 
government of the 
province of Santa Fe. 



Sept. 7. Brazil: The navy 
under Admiral Mello 
revolts against Presi- 
dent Peixoto; 14, Rio 
de Janeiro bombarded 
on several days. 

Oct. — Outbreak of war be- 
tween the British South 
African Company and 
the Matabeles under 
Lobengula. — Revolt in 
Argentina suppressed. 

Nov.-Dec. Hawaii:— Presi- 
dent Cleveland's at- 
tempt to restore the 
monarchy fails before 
the uncompromising 

attitude of the deposed 
queen. 

Brazil : Rebellions 
break out in several 
states; Da Gama suc- 
ceeds Mello as com- 
mander of fleet near 
Rio de Janeiro (Nov. 30). 



1894 

Jan. 10. The French oc- 
cupy Timbuctoo in the 
Western Sudan. 



Feb. 12. Nicaraguans in- 
vade and take posses- 
sion of the Mosquito 
coast; England protests. 



268 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1894 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1894 



May 5. Opening of the Ant 
werp International Ex- 
position. 

May 14. Meeting of the 
International Miner's 
Congress at Berlin, rep- 
resenting nearly the 
entire world. 



July. Arctic expedition 
under F G. Jackson sails 
from London for Fran?, 
Josef Land. 



Aug. 2. Successful trial of 
Maxim's flying machine 
at Bexley, Eng.; 13, 
Lord Rayleigh announ- 
ces the discovery of the 
atmospheric element, 
argon. 

Sept. 30. Opening of the 
ship canal connecting 
the Baltic with the 
North Sea. 



1S94 

Mar. 25. The "Commen 

weal" army under J. S. 

Coxey starts from Mas 

sillon, O., for Washing 

ton. 
Mar. 29. President vetoes 

Silver Seigniorage Bill 



Apr. 19. The Supreme 
Court of South Carolina 
declares the State liquor 
dispensary law uncon- 
stitutional. 



May 1. Coxey's army at 
Washington dispersed 
while attempting a 
demonstration on the 
Capitol steps. 

May 11. Beginning of the 
great railway strike at 
Pullman, 111. 

June 27-28. Pullman strike 
develops into a general 
railway strike affecting 
nearly all important 
roads west of the Mis- 
sissippi; disorders at 
Hammond, Ind., and 
elsewhere. 



July 1. The federal govern- 
ment intervenes in the 
railway strike on the 
ground of interference 
with the mails by the 
strikers; federal troops 
called out in Colorado, 
Illinois, and Utah; 8, 
federal troops fire upon 
strikers at Hammond, 
Ind. ; 10, officers of 
the American Railway 
union indicted and 17 
sent to jail; the strike 
collapses. 

Aug. 27. Wilson Tariff 
Bill amended in the 
Senate becomes law 
without signature of 
president. 



Sept. 27. Proclamation by 
president pardoning 

polygamists convicted 
under Edmunds Act. 

Oct. Proceedings against 
the Sugar Trust at 
Washington and the 
Standard Oil Company 
in Pennsylvania. 



1894 

Mar. 2. Premier Gladstone 
resigns office and is suc- 
ceeded (3d) by Lord 
Rosebery. 



Apr. 16. The Chancellor of 
the Exchequer intro- 
duces a "democratic" 
budget, the chief feature 
of which is a graduated 
succession and income 
tax. 

May 25. British force de- 
feats slave traders on 
Lake Nyassa. 



June 19. British protecto- 
rate established over 
Uganda in East Africa. 



July 25. The Chinese trans- 
port Kowshing sunk by 
the Japanese though 
flying the British flag. 



Aug. 25. Commercial trea- 
ty with Japan ratified by 
that power. 



Sept. 13. India, riots be- 
tween the Hindoo and 
the Mohammedan popu- 
lation at Bombay and 
Poona. 



1894 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



269 



France and Gerrmany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World elsewhere. 



1894 



Mar. 15. Anarchist bomb 
outrage at the Church 
of the Madeleine in 
Paris. 



May 22. France: Fall of 
Casimir-P6rier ministry 
succeeded (28) by a Du 
puy cabinet. 



June 24. France: President 
Sadi Carnot assassinated 
by an Italian anarchist; 
27, C asim ir-P6 rier 
elected president. 



Aug. 3. France: Cornelius 
Herz sentenced in 
default to 5 years' im- 
prisonment for share in 
Panama scandal. 



Sept. 7. Emperor William 
at Konigsberg reproves 
the agrarian nobles for 
their opposition to the 
government, 

Oct. 26. Germany: Chan- 
cellor von Caprivi re- 
signs, and is succeeded 
(30th) by Prince Hohen- 
lohe-Schillingsfurst. 



1894 

Mar. 7. Portuguese troops 
come into collision with 
the English on the 
Zambesi River. 

Mar. 17. Belgium: Minis 
terial crisis, the govern 
ment being defeated in 
its program of propor 
tionate representation. 

Apr. 29. Netherlands: 
Ministerial crisis, govern- 
ment defeated on meas- 
ure for extending the 
franchise. Disastrous 
earthquake shocks in 
Greece. 

May 20. Alexander I., of 
Servia, suspends con 
stitution and re-estab 
lishes that of 1869 with a 
more restricted suffrage. 

May 29. Bulgaria. Prime 
minister Stambuliff re 
signs. 

June 6. Belgium. A new 
electoral bill passed car- 
rying on the scheme of 
constitutional reform. 



July 19. The Italian troops 
defeat the Dervishes 
and take Kassala 

(Abyssinia) by storm. 



Aug. 7. Denmark: Fall of 
the Estrup ministry, 
succeeded by a cabinet 
under Reedz-Thott. 



Sept. 25. Portugal: A for 
midable Kaffir insurrec- 
tion in Portuguese East 
Africa threatens Lou- 
renzo Marques. 

Oct. 22. Italy: The govern- 
ment decrees the sup-' 
pression of socialist or- 
ganizations or labor 
organizations in sympa- 
thy with socialists. I 



1894 

Mar. 1. Brazil: Prudente 
de Moraes elected presi- 
dent; 14, the officers of 
the insurgent fleet, fail- 
ing to obtain favorable 
terms of surrender seek 
refuge on board a 
foreign vessel. 

Apr. 13. Brazil: Admiral 
Mello defeated at Rio 
Grande, andinsurrection 
virtually comes to an 
end with his flight. 



May 2. Hawaii: Constitu- 
tional convention elect- 
ed to frame a republican 
form of government. 



June 6. Korea: The King 
applies to China for 
protection ; Japanese 
troops occupy Seoul; 
crisis with China pre- 
cipitated. 

June 7. Death of Muley 
Hassan sultan of 
Morocco; succeeded 

by Abdul Aziz. 

July 4. President of the 
Hawaiian republic 
elected. 

July 25. The Chinese trans- 
port Kowshing sunk by a 
Japanese man-of-war. 



Aug. 1. Japan declares war 

on China. 
Aug. 4. Peru: Gen. Caceres 

president. 



Sept. 16. Japanese drive 
Chinese from Ping Yang ; 
17, Chinese fleet de- 
stroyed in first battle of 
modern iron-clads. 

Oct. 24-26. Japanese de- 
feat Chinese on the 
Yalu and invade Man- 
churia. Advance against 
Port Arthur. 



2/0 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1894 A.D.- 



a d. Progress of Society, etc 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1S94 



1895 



Deaths in 1894: J. Q. 
Adams, Sir Samuel W. 
Baker, C. E. Brown-Se- 
quard, Brugsch, H. von 
Biilow, G. W. Childs, 
J. A. Froude, Helm- 
holtz, Oliver Wendell 
Holmes, Kossuth, A. La- 
yard, W. Moon, H.Morley, 
Comte de Paris, G. J. 
Romanes, Anton Rubin- 
stein, J. F. Stephen, R. 
L. Stevenson, W. Wad- 
dington, J. Walter, 
W. D. Whitney. 



Jan. 15. The ruler of Siam 
establishes a legislative 
council by decree. 



1894 

Nov. 7. Congressional 
elections show a large 
increase of Republican 
strength. 

Dec. 31. The Lexow Com- 
mittee completes its 
investigation of munici- 
pal corruption in New 
York. 



1895. 

Jan. Strike of street 
railway employees in 
Brooklyn marked by 
violence and the calling 
out of the state militia. 



1894 

Nov. 13-14. Destructive 

gales and floods in the 

British Isles. 



Mar. 24. The Hungarian 
Chamber of Magnates 
passes a Freedom of 
Worship Bill. 



Apr. 7. Fridtjof Nansen, 
after drifting in the 
Frain, reaches 86° 14' 
North, 270 miles from 
the pole. 



May. Installation of the 
Yerkes telescope at the 
observatory of the Uni- 
versity of Chicago, Lake 
Geneva, Wis. 



Feb. 6. The president 
renders decision in 
favor of Brazil in its 
boundary dispute with 
Argentina. 

Mar. 15. U. S. government 
begins suit against es- 
tate of Senator Stanford 
of California to recover 
funds advanced in aid 
of the construction of 
the Central Pacific. 

Apr. 8. U. S. Supreme 
Court declares the in- 
come tax law of 1894 
unconstitutional in part. 



May. 20. U. S. Supreme 
Court declares income 
tax law unconstitutional 
in whole. 



1895. 

Jan. 21. Agreement re- 
specting the hinterland 
of Sierra Leone signed in 
Paris. 



Mar. 16. A great lockout of 
boot and shoe makers in 
Leicester and North- 
ampton; 200,000 men 
affected. 



Apr. British expedition 
against Umra Khan who 
had usurped power in 
Chitral. — A British fleet 
enforces the payment of 
indemnity by Nicaragua 
in the Mosquito Coast 
dispute. 



May 5. Settlement of the 
Nicaragua dispute and 
withdrawal of British 
squadron. 



1895 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



2JI 



France and Germany. 



Europe elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Nov. 



j 1894 
10. Rupture of di-! Nov. 1. Russia: Death of 



plomatic relations be 
tween France and 
Madagascar; France 
prepares for war. 
Dec. France: Capt. Alfred 
Dreyfus found guilty of 
selling military secrets 
to a foreign power; de- 
graded and sentenced to 
imprisonment for life. 



Jan. 14. France: The Dupuy 
ministry resigns; 15 
President Casimir-Perier 
resigns; 17, Felix Faure 
elected his successor 
27, Ribot forms a new 
cabinet. 



Feb. Germany: Agrarian 
movement makes rapid 
headway in combination 
with bimetallism agita 
tion. 

Mai. 24. Popular indigna- 
tion aroused in Germany 
by refusal of Reichstag 
to extend congratula 
tions to Prince Bismarck 
on his eightieth birthday. 



Czar Alexander III.; he 
is succeeded by Nicho- 
las II. 

Dec. Resignation of the 
Hungarian premier 
Wekerle. 



May. France and Germany 
co-operate with Russia 
in compelling Japan to 
relinquish the Liao- 
Tung peninsula to China. 
Failure of anti-socialist 
bill in Germany. 



1895. 

Jan. 14. Banffy organizes 
a new Hungarian minis- 
try. 

Jan. 29. The steamer Elbe 
sinks in the North Sea 
with a loss of 335 lives. 



Feb. Spain: Fall of the 
Sagasta ministry; Cano- 
vas del Castillo, premier. 

Feb. 28. Russia: Labanoff 
succeeds Giers as minis- 
ter of foreign affairs. 



Apr. 30. Austria -Hungary 
concludes a commercial 
treaty with Bulgaria. 



May 11. Turkey: British. 
French, and Russian 
ambassadors present 
note to Sultan demand- 
ing reforms in Armenia. 



1894 

Nov. 21-22. Japanese take 

Port Arthur by assault; 

21, Chinese repulsed at 

Kin-Chow. 

Dec. 14. Chinese repulsed 
by Japanese at Feng- 
hwang-cheng and, 19, 
at Hai-cheng. 



1S95 

Jan. 30-Feb. 18. Japan: 
Japanese take Wei-hai- 
wei and destroy Chinese 
fleet. 

Jan. Armenia: Con- 
firmation of Turkish 
atrocities reachesEurope. 

Peru: Revolution 
against PresidentCaceres 
headed by Pierola. 

Venezuela: Conflict be- 
tween Venezuelans and 
British Guiana border 
police. 
Feb. 24. Revolutionary 
outbreak in Cuba. 



March 4. Japanese take 
Niuchwang; 15, Li 
Hung Chang, Chinese 
peace envoy leaves for 
Japan; 25, He is as- 
saulted at Shimonoseki 
by a Japanese. 

Apr. 17. Treaty of Shimo- 
noseki between China 
and Japan ; independence 
of Corea recognized; 
Formosa, Pescadores and 
peninsula of Liao Tung 
ceded to Japan. 

Apr. 26. Martinez-Campos 
assumes command 
against the revolution- 
ists in Cuba. 

May 6. Japan forced by 
Russia, France, and 
Germany to retrocede 
Eiao-Tung to China. 
Cuba: The revolution 
develops great strength 
in the province of Puerto 
Principe where insur- 
gents are led by General 
Gomez. 



272 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1895 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress op Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1895 



1896 



June 21. The Kaiser Wil- 
helm Canal connecting 
the Baltic and North 
Seas officially opened. 



Aug. The distribution of 
electrical power genera 
ted at Niagara Falls be 
gins. 

Sept. 18. Inauguration of 
the Cotton States ex- 
position at Atlanta, Ga. 



Nov. W. H. Roentgen an- 
nounces the discovery 
of the so-called X-rays. 

Deatns in 1895: J. S. 
Blackie, Lord Randolph 
Churchill, J. D. Dana, F. 
Douglass, A. Dumas 
(Ms), F. Engels, G. 
Freytag, Huxley, Pas- 
teur, H. C. Rawlinson, 
Christina Rossetti, 
Barthelemy Saint-Hi- 
laire, J. R. Seeley.W.W. 
Story, W. von Sybol. 



Feb. The president con- 
sents to act as arbitrator 
between Italy and 
Brazil. 



1895 

June 29. The suit of the 
U. S. against the Leland 
Stanford estate decided 
in favor of defendant. 



July. Strike of iron mines 
in Michigan; Indian 
troubles in Wyoming 
the sound money 
controversy assumes 

national importance. 



Aug. 6. Race riots be 
tween Italians and ne 
gro miners in Spring 
Valley, Illinois. 

Sept. 21. In an interna 
tional athletic contest at 
New York the American 
team defeats the Eng- 
lish, winning all eleven 
events. 



Oct. 7. The U. S. District 
Court at Washington 
renders decision in 
favor of the govern- 
ment in the Potomac 
Flats case. 

Nov. 2. New constitution 
in South Carolina effects 
the disfranchisement of 
a large section of the 
negro population. 

Dec. 17. President Cleve- 
land recommends to 
Congress the appoint- 
ment of a commission 
to investigate the ques- 
tion at issue between 
Venezuela and Great 
Britain; the message 
brings about the possi- 
bility of war with Great 
Britain. 

1896 

Ja^ 2. President Cleveland 
appoints a commission 
to determine the true 
boundary of Venezuela. 

Jan. 4. Utah becomes a 
State. 

Feb. 4. Popular loan of 
$100,000,000 offered. 

Feb. 28. U. S. Senate 
passes resolutions favor- 
ing recognition of Cuban 
belligerency. 



1895 

June 24. Resignation of 
the Rosebery ministry; 
succeeded by a Salisbury 
ministry including Jos- 
eph Chamberlain and 
the Duke of Devonshire, 
Liberal Unionists. 

July. Establishment of the 
British East Africa Pro- 
tectorate. Dispute with 
Brazil over Trinidad 
Island, claimed by latter 
government. 



Sept. 18. Commission ap- 
pointed for delimiting 
British and Russian 
Territory in the Pamir 
completes its work. 



Oct. The king of Ashanti 
rejects the ultimatum of 
Great Britain demand- 
ing the establishment of 
a British agent at Coo- 
massie ; hostilities follow. 

Nov. 16. Bechuanaland an- 
nexed to Cape Colony. 
A British expedition 
sets sail for Ashanti. 

Dec. 9. Great Britain 
presents an ultimatum 
to Venezuela demanding 
reparation for outrages 
on a British outpost in 
Guiana. 



1896 

Jan. 6. Cecil Rhodes re- 
signs premiership of 
Cape Colony because of 
his connection with the 
Jameson raid — Jan. 18, 
British occupy Coomas- 
sie, capitol of Ashanti. 

Feb. 18. John Dillon suc- 
ceeds Justin McCarthy 
as leader of the Irish 
Nationalist party in 
parliament. 



1896 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



273 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1895 



June 29. The French de 
feat the Hovas of Mada 
gascar at Tsarasaotra. 



July 2. France: Reorgan 
ization of the council of 
the Legion of Honor as 
a result of the Panama 
scandals. 



Aug. 22. The French oc 
cupy Andriba in Mada- 
gascar in their advance 
on the capital. 

Sept. 30. The French troops 
defeat the Hovas and 
enter the capital Anta 
nanarivo. 



Oct. 28. Fall of the Ribot 
ministry in France; sue 
ceeded by a radical 
cabinet under Bour 
geois (31). 

Nov. Establishment of 
French authority in 
Madagascar. 



1896 



Jan. 3. The German em- 
peror sends a telegram 
of congratulation to 
President Kriiger of the 
Transvaal on the cap 
ture of the Jameson 
raiders. 

Feb. 22. Resignation of the 
Bourgeois ministry in 
France. 

Feb. 28. Moderate re- 
publican ministry under 
Meline. 



1895 

June 12. The Spanish Cor 
tes votes 600,000,000 
pesetas and 40,000 men 
for the suppression of 
the Cuban insurrection 



July 15. Bulgaria: Mur 
derous attack on ex 
premier Stambuloff; he 
dies four days later. 



Aug. 21. The powers re- 
iterate their demands 
upon the Sultan for re- 
forms in Armenia. 

Sept. 20. Italy: Twenty- 
fifth anniversary of the 
entry of Italian troops 
into Rome celebrated by 
the unveiling of monu- 
ments to Garibaldi, 
Cavour, Minghetti, and 
others. 

Oct. Turkey: Massacre of 
Armenians at Trebizond 
(6th) followed by pro- 
mulgation of reforms 
demanded by powers 
(17th). 

Nov. 3. Turkey: Commis- 
sion appointed for exe- 
cution of reforms de- 
manded by the powers. 

Dec. 8. Italy: The Italian 
army in Abyssinia de- 
feated by King Menelek 
at Ambalagi. 



1S96 

Jan. 19. Spain: Gen. Wey- 
ler named to supersede 
Gen. Martinez. — Cam- 
pos in command of the 
forces in Cuba. 



1895 



July 20. The Venezuela- 
British Guiana boundary 
dispute the subject of a 
strong letter addressed 
to the British govern- 
ment by the U. S. sup- 
porting Venezuela and 
recommending arbitra- 
tion. 

Aug. China: Outrages 
against Christian mis- 
sionaries. 

Aug. A successful revolu- 
tion in Ecuador led by 
Alfaro who enters Quito 
in triumph. 



Nov. Cuba: 30,000 ad- 
ditional troops sent out 
by Spain; 19-20, Gen- 
eral Gomez defeats the 
Spaniards at Taguasco. 

Dec. 29. A laidmg force 
under Dr. Jameson in- 
vades the Transvaal 
from British Bechuana- 
land to co-operate with 
the Uitlanders in Johan- 
nesburg; they are de- 
feated and captured 
(Jan. 2, 1896). 



1896 

Jan. 15. Indo-Chma: By 
treaty between Great 
Britain and France the 
Mekong becomes the 
boundary between their 
respective possessions. 

Feb. 10. Gen. Weyler ar- 
rives in Cuba and enters 
upon a policy of severe 
repression. 



274 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I896 A.D. 



Progress of£ociety, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1896 



Mar. — Secession from the 
Salvation Army headed 
by Mr. and Mrs. Bal- 
lington Booth and or- 
ganization of "American 
Volunteers.' ' 



Apr. 6. Beginning at Ath- 
ens of the celebration 
of the revived Olympic 
games. 



May 2. Expositionat Buda- 
pest in celebration of the 
1000th anniversary of 
the birth of the Hun- 
garian kingdom. 



Aug. 13. Return to Vardo, 
Norway, of Fridtjof 
Nansen from his arctic 
voyage in the Fram. 

Aug. 22. International 
copyright congress as- 
sembles at Berne. The 
discovery of gold in the 
Klondike region, Alaska. 

Sept. 27. Inauguration of 
the canal around the Iron 
Gates on the Danube, 
greatly diminishing dan- 
gers to navigation. 



Oct 20. Princeton Univer 
sity celebrates its sesqui 
centennial. 

Deaths in 1896: E. Cur- 
tius, E. Du Bois-Rey- 
mond, G. Du Maurier, 
M. Frere-Orban, E. L. 
de Goncourt, B. A. 
Gould, W. R. Grove, 
Baron Ilirsch, A. Hous- 
saye, Thomas Hughes, F. 
Leighton, J. E. Millais, 
William Morris, H. A. 
Newton, A. Nobel, Cov- 
entry Patmore, J. B 
L. Say, J. F. Simon, C 
Trikoupis, H. von Treit 
schke, L. J. Trochu 
Paul Verlaine. 



1896 

Mar. 2. U. S. Supreme 
Court renders a decision 
in favor of the Leland 
Stanford estate sued by 
the U. S. for the sum of 
$15,000,000. 



June 18. William Mc- 
Kinley nominated for 
president by the Repub- 
lican party; the Free 
Silver Republicans bolt. 

July 10. William J. Bryan 
is nominated for the 
presidency by the 
Democratic party. 



Aug. 28. Li Hung Chang 
arrives in New York and 
is presented to the 
president on the fol 
lowing day. 



Sept. 3. John M. Palmer 
nominated for president 
by the " gold' demo 
crats. 



Oct. 4. Cardinal Satolli 
succeeded as papal rep- 
resentative in the U. S 
by Sebastian Martinelli. 



Nov. 3. William McKinley 
republican candidate for 
president elected by a 
great majority. 

Nov. Utah and Idaho 
grant complete suffrage 
to women. 



1896 

Mar. — Formidable out- 
break among the Mata- 
beles who are joined by 
the native armed police. 



Apr. 30. The Transvaal 
government publishes 
telegrams implicating 
British South African 
officials in the attack on 
the South African Re- 
public. 

May 9. Matabeles defeated 
by British forces at 
Gwelo. 



June 7. The British Egyp- 
tian forces defeat the 
Dervishes at Ferkeh. 



July 28. Dr. Jameson and 
his officers sentenced to 
terms of imprisonment. 



Aug. 13. Irish Land Bill 
passed by the Lords ; 22, 
Cecil Rhodes receives 
the surrender of the 
Matabeles at a con- 
ference in the Matoppo 
hills. 



Sept. 23. British expedi- 
tionary force under the 
Sirdar H. H. Kitchener 
enters Dongola, the 
power of the Dervishes 
broken for the time. 

Oct. 26. Frederick Temple 
bishop of London, ap- 
pointed archbishop of 
Canterbury as successor 
to E. W. Benson. 

Nov. 9. Lord Salisbury 
announces that an 
agreement has been 
reached with the United 
States in regard to 
Venezuela. 



1896 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



275 



a.d. France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1896 



Mar. 28. M. Berthelot, 
French foreign minister, 
resigns because of criti- 
cism of lack of resistance 
to English advance in 
Egypt. 



June 21. French Chamber 
of Deputies passes meas 
ure making Madagascar 
a French colony. 

July 1. Germany: Reichs- 
tag passes a new and 
comprehensive civil code 
providing for compul- 
sory civil marriage to go 
into effect in 1900. 



Sept. 30. Treaty between 
Italy and France by 
which former abandons 
opposition to French 
political ambitions in 
Tunis in return for com- 
mercial privileges 

Oct. 6. The czar received 
in Paris with tremen- 
dous enthusiasm. 



1896 

Mar. 1. The Italian army 
under Gen. Baratieri 
overwhelmed by the 
Abyssinians at Adowa ; 
4, fall of the Crispi 
cabinet; 10, organiza 
tion of a ministry by 
Rudini. 

Apr. 20. Belgium: Inter 
national bimetallic Con 
gress assembles at Brus 
sels. 



May 26. Russia: Nicholas 
II. crowned at Moscow, 
during festivities thou- 
sands of people are 
crushed to death in 
panic. 

June — Crete: Engagements 
between Christian in- 
surgents and Turkish 
troops who commit 
atrocities. 



Aug. 26. Turkey: San 
guinary riots in Con 
stantinople, hundreds of 
Armenians slain. 



Sept. 11. Appointment of 
Georgi Pasha, a Chris- 
tian as governor general 
of Crete, preparatory to 
the institution of re- 
forms demanded by 
powers. 

Oct. 26. Treaty of Addis 
Abeba between Italy 
and Abyssinia wherein 
Italy abandons her 
claims to a protectorate 
over that country. 



1896 

Mar. 27. China establishes 
a Customs and Post 
department under Sir 
Robert Hart. 



Apr. 26. Transvaal: Lead- 
ers of the Reform Com- 
mittee in Johannesburg 
condemned to death; 
subsequently pardoned. 



May 1. Persia: Shah Nasir- 
ed-din assassinated. 



June 15. An earthquake 
followed by a tidal wave 
in Japan destroys from 
10,000 to 30,000 lives. 

July 21. Commercial treaty 
between China and 
Japan signed. 



Aug. 27. British fleet bom- 
bards Zanzibar and com- 
pels flight of usurping 
Sultan. Outbreak of 
formidable insurrec- 

tions in the Philippines. 



Sept. Resumption of 
massacres in Armenia. 



Oct. China: Li Hung Chang 
on his return from a 
journey around the 
world is made minister 
for foreign affairs. 



Dec. Death in battle of 
Antonio Maceo, most 
successful of Cuban in- 
surgent leaders. 



276 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1897 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1897 



Jan. 5. The German em- 
peror issues an order 
looking towards the re- 
striction of duelling in 
the army. 



Apr. 6. Slavery abolished 
by the Sultan of Zanzi- 
bar. 



1S97 

Jan. 11. Arbitration treaty 
with Great Britain 
signed at Washington. 

Jan. 30. Convention signed 
with G^eat Britain pro- 
viding for a commission 
to determine disputed 
Alaska boundary. 

March. End of the great 
strike at Leadville, Col., 
in progress since June. 



Apr.27. Dedication of the 
Grant Monument in 
Riverside Park, New 
York. 



May 1. Opening of the 
Tennessee Centennial ex- 
position at Nashville 

May 5. The greater New 
York charter signed by 
the governor. 



July 11. S. A. Andree sets 
out from Dane Island, 
Spitzbergen, on a flight 
to the North Pole in a 
balloon; he does not 
return. 



Aug. 29. A Jewish congress 
meets at Basel to further 
the cause of a Jewish 
State in Palestine. 



Sept. 3. Return of the Jack- 
son-Harmsworth Arctic 
expedition (started, July , 
1894) with a mass of 
valuable information. 



May 5. The Senate rejects 
the arbitration treaty 
with Great Britain sign 
ed in January. 



June 16. Signing of the 
treaty of annexation 
with Hawaii. 



July. The arrival at Port 
Townsend, Wash., of a 
ship from the Klondike 
gives rise to a gold craze 
all over the country and 
a large emigration to 
Alaska. 

July 24. The Dingley Tar 
iff Bill becomes law. 



Sept. 20. Termination of 
the coal strike in eastern 
Pennsyl vania; the 
militia is withdrawn (24) 



Nov. 6. Sealing treaty 
with Russia and Japan 
signed at Washington. 



Nov. 1. Opening of the new 

Congressional Library at 

Washington. 
Deaths in 1897: 

C. D. S. Bourbaki, J. Brahms, C. A. Dana, A 
Daudet; Neal Dow, Henry Drisler, Henry George, J 
Gilbert, Jean Ingelow, H. Meilhac, Margaret Oliphant 
F. T. Palgrave, J. J. Sylvester, F. A. Walker, J 
Winsor. 



1897 

Jan. 26. Victory of British 
forces over the Fulahs 
near Bida in Nigeria. 

Feb. 16. Parliamentary 
committee to investi- 
gate Jameson raid begins 
its sessions. 

Mar. Mr. Gladstone criti- 
cises the action of the 
European powers in. 
Crete. 



Apr. Famine and plague in 
India; nearly three mil- 
lion men employed on 
relief works. 



May 28. A. Beit, the 
South African million- 
aire testifies that he con- 
tributed about $250,000 
to the insurrectionary 
movement in the 
Transvaal. 

June 22. Beginning of the 
Jubilee celebration in 
commemoration of the 
longest reign in English 
history. 

July 30. Arrival at Ports- 
mouth of the king of 
Spain on his tour through 
Europe. 



Aug. India. Suppression of 
an outbreak of Waziri 
tribesmen on the 
northwest frontier and 
beginning of hostilities 
with Afridis. 

Sept. 14. The Afridis de- 
feated with great 
slaughter, at Sarajare. 



Nov. 4. The railway from 
Cape Town opened as 
far as Buluwayo, Rho- 
desia. 



1897 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



277 



1897 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Feb. 7. Collapse of great 
dock strike at Hamburg 
in progress since Novem- 
ber. 

Mar. 21. Celebration in 
Germany of the cen 
tenary of the birth of 
William I. 



Apr. 8. The Sugar Bounties 
Bill becomes law in 
France. 



May 4. In the burning of 
the Charity Bazar in 
Paris about . 150 lives 
are lost, including mem- 
bers of the highest aris- 
tocracy, mostly women. 



July 20. The Prussian diet 
defeats the government 
bill aimed at restricting 
freedom of public meet- 
ing and association. 



Aug.23-26. President 

Faure at St. Petersburg; 
Russia and France 
spoken of as allied. 



Sept. 18. Great Britain 
recognizes French claims 
in Tunis in return for 
commercial concessions. 



Nov. Rise of the Dreyfus 
agitation (see Dec. 1894). 
The friends of the 
captain demand revision 
of his sentence. 

Dec. The French Chamber 
refuses to question the 
justice of the sentence 
against Captain Dreyfus. 



1897 

Jan. 11. Russia: Mura- 
vieff succeeds Prince 
Lobanoff as foreign 
minister. 

Feb. 15. A Greek force 
lands in Crete and en- 
gaffes the Turks; 21, 
they are bombarded by 
the ships of the powers. 

Mar. The Greek govern 
ment refuses to evacuate 
Crete and the island is 
blockaded by the powers 
which, however, guaran- 
tee Cretan autonomy. 

Apr. 17. Turkey declares 
war against Greece, fol 
lowing the invasion of 
Macedonia by armed 
Greek bands; 19, Greek 
defeated at Miluna 
Pass; 23, routed at 
Tyrnavos. 

May. 5 Greeks defeated at 
Pharsalos and Velestmo; 
11, Greece submits to 
the powers which inter- 
vene for peace; 18. 
Greeks driven from 
Domokos; armistice 

with Turkey arranged. 

June 3. The ambassadors 
of the powers begin 
negotiations with Tur 
key in behalf of Greece 

July. The Turkish govern- 
ment prepares to re- 
assert its authority in 
Crete. 



Aug. 8. Spain: The premier 
Canovas del Castillo 
assassinated by an an- 
archist; Gen. Azcarraga 
succeeds. 

Sept. 18. Preliminary 
treaty of peace signed 
between Turkey and 
Greece. 



1897 



Feb. 3. The Spanish cabi- 
net offers the Cubans a 
large measure of self- 
government. 

Mar. 23. The Transvaal 
concludes a treaty of 
alliance with the Orange 
Free State. 



June 15. The Central 
American republics sign 
a treaty constituting 
themselves a single re- 
public in their foreign 
relations. 



Aug. 25. President Borda 
of Uruguay assassinated ; 
succeeded by Cuestas. 



Nov. 28. Austria: Minis- 
terial crisis, Count Ba- 
deni succeeded by Baron 
Gautsch; parliamentary 
government paralyzed. 

Dec. 4. Definitive treaty of 
peace between Greece 
and Turkey signed at 
Constantinople. 



Sept. Guatemala: Outbreak 
of an unsuccessful 
revolution against 
President Barrios head- 
ed by Gen. Morales. 

Oct. Cuba: Gen. Weyler 
recalled. 

Nov. 15. China. Kiau-Chau 
occupied by a German 
force in reparation for 
the murder of two mis- 
sionaries. 

Dec. 19. China: A Russian 
fleet enters Port Arthur 
to winter there. 



278 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1898 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc, 



1S98 



Feb. A census gives New 
York city a population 
of 3,438,899, making it 
the second city in the 
world. 

Mar. 10. Dissolution of 
the Zoar Separatist 
Community in Ohio. 



May 26. The battleship 
Oregon arrives at Key 
West after a record trip 
of 17,500 miles from 
San Francisco. 



June 1. Opening of the 
Trans-Mississippi Ex- 
position at Omaha, Neb. 



1898 

Jan. 1. Birth of the city of 
" Greater New York." 

Jan. 25. The U. S. man-of- 
war M a~.ne arrives on a 
friendly mission at 
Havana. 

Feb. 15. The Maine is de- 
stroyed by an explosion 
in Havana harbor with 
the loss of 268 lives; 
intense feeling against 
Spain. 

Mar. 9 Congress appro- 
priates $50,000,000 for 
national defence; 25, 
the Board of Inquiry in 
the Maine disaster re- 
ports that the cause of 
the explosion lay outside 
of the ship. 



Apr. 16. Congress passes 
a resolution recognizing 
Cuban independence 
and demanding evacua- 
tion of island by Spain; 
20, ultimatum presented 
to Spain; 23, the piesi- 
dent calls for 125,000 
volunteers; 24, Spain 
declares war; 27, TJ. S. 
squadron bombards 

Matanzas in Cuba. 

May 1. Commodore Dewey 
destroys the Spanish 
fleet under Montojo in 
the harbor of Manila. 

May 29. Spanish fleet under 
Cervera discovered in 
Santiago harbor and 
blockade established. 

June 15. Army under 
Gen. Shafter sails from 
Tampa for the capture 
of Santiago; 24, en- 
gagement at Las Guas- 
imas. 

July 1. Engagement at El 
Caney; 3, the Spanish 
fleet leaves the harbor of 
Santiago and is de 
stroyed by the blockad 
ing fleet in a running 
fight; 17, Santiago 1 
pitulates; 27, Gen Miles 
lands in Porto Rico and 
overruns the island. — 
Enactment of a bank- 
ruptcy law by Congress. 



British Empire. 



1898 

Jan. Egypt : Revival of 

Dervish hostilities. 
Jan. 28. End of the great 

engineering strike in 

England ; a defeat for the 

workingmen. 



Mar. 17. Australia: The 
federal convention at 
Melbourne concludes its 
labors; a constitution 
for united Australia is 
submitted to a popular 
vote. 



Apr. 8. The Anglo-Egyp- 
tian forces under Sir H. 
H. Kitchener defeat the 
Dervishes near the At- 
bara. 



May 19. Death of W. E. 
Gladstone, four times 
prime minister. 



June 13. Convention signed 
with France delimiting 
possessions in Nigeria. 



July. Scandal in connection 
with the financial opera- 
tions of the protnotor 
Hooley, involving many 
members of the peerage. 



1898 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



279 



a.d. France and Germany. 



1898 



Jan. Emile Zola accuses 
the French war office of 
having engaged in a con - 
spiracy against Captain 
Dreyfus: 22 , the socialists 
in the Chamber take up 
the cause of Dreyfus. 

Feb. 7. Trial of Smile Zola 
for criticism of war 
office begins; found 
guilty and condemned to 
a year's imprisonment. 



Apr. 3. France; The Court 
of Cassation quashes the 
sentence of Smile Zola 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1898 

Jan. Italy: Bread riots 
break out in Ancona and 
other towns of the 
Marches. 



Mar. 6. Austria: Premier 
Gautsch resigns and is 
succeeded by Count 
Franz Thun; parliamen- 
tary obstruction con- 
tinues. 



Apr. 27. Italy: Serious 
bread riots in the south 
and in Lombardy. 



June 15. France: Resigna 
tion of the Meline cabi- 
net; 28, Brisson forms 
a radical ministry. 



July 18. Smile Zola tried a 
second time and con- 
demned to a year's 
imprisonment: he es- 
capes to England. 



May Italy: The suspen- 
sion of the duty on corn 
does not alleviate public 
disorder; sanguinary 

encounters between the 
citizens and the police in 
Milan. 

June 19. Italy: Fall of the 
Rudini cabinet; 29, A 
new ministry under 
General Pellonx. 



Jan. 12. Japan: Marquis 
I to forms a new ministry. 



Feb. 8. Guatemala: Presi- 
dent Barrios assassin- 
ated. 

Transvaal: Paul Kruger 
re-elected president. 

Mar. 2. Brazil: Campos 
Salle's elected president. 

Mar. 6. China. Kiau-Chau 
with surrounding zone 
leased to Germany for 
99 years. 

Mar. 24. China: Port Ar- 
thur and Ta-lien-wan 
leased to Russia for 25 
years. 

Apr. 5. China Kwang- 
chau-wan, in the south, 
ceded to France. 



May. China: "Wei-hai-wei 
occupied by the British. 



June 28. Japan: Okuma 
succeeds Ito as premier 
on the basis of party 
control. 



July Philippine Islands : 
The native insurgents 
under Aguinaldo occupy 
the province of Cavite 
and threaten Manila. 
Wei-hai-wei leased by 
China to Great Britain. 



28o 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1898 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1898 



1899 



Aug. 2S. The czar address- 
es to the powers an in- 
vitation to take part in a 
a conference looking to- 
wards the reduction of 
national armaments and 
the establishment of the 
principles of universal 
peace. 

Sept. Remains of Colum- 
bus at Havana exhumed 
for removal to Spain. 



During 189S M. and Mme. 
Curie, French chemists 
discover the presence of 
two radio-active sub- 
stances in pitchblende, 
which they name po- 
lonium and radium. 

Deaths in 1898: T. F. Bay- 
ard, E. Bellamy, Bis- 
mark, W. Black, D. C. 
Buell, E. Burne-Jones, 
C. L. Dodgson, G. M. 
Ebers, Gladstone, G. P. 
Lathrop, H. G. Liddell, 
W. Pepper, P. Puvis de 
Chavannes, W. S. Rose- 
crans, F. Tennyson, D. 
A. Wells. 



Jan. 5. The corner-stone of 
the Gordon memorial 
college at Khartum laid 
by Lord Cromer. 

Feb. 12. Corner-stone laid 
for a great dam at 
Assouan in Egypt for 
the purpose of improv- 
ing the irrigation of the 
Nile valley. 

Mar. 27. Communication 
by the Marconi system 
of wireless telegraphy 
established between 
England and France. 



1S98 

Aug. 12. Peace protocol 
with Spain signed; 13, 
Manila taken by U. S. 
land and naval forces; 
annexation of Hawaii 
carried into effect. 



Sept. 9. Appointment of 
commission to investi- 
gate conduct of war de- 
partment during the 
war. 



Oct. 5. Indian outbreak in 
Leach Lake Reservation, 
Minnesota. 



Nov. 21. Sen. Quay of 
Pennsylvania indicted 
for misuse of state funds. 

Dec. 10. Definitive treaty 
of peace with Spain 
signed; Cuban indepen- 
dence acknowledged; 
Porto Rico, the Philip- 
pines, and Guam ceded 
to the United States. 

1S99 

Jan. 17. The president ap- 
points a commission to 
visit the Philippines and 
to study conditions 
there. 

Feb. 4. Outbreak of hos- 
tilitiesin the Philippines; 
Manila attacked by the 
insurgents; 6, the treaty 
of peace with Spain 
ratified by the Senate. 

Mar. Fierce fighting with 
the Filipino forces under 
Aguinaldo; the insur 
rection is in full swing. 



Apr. 21. Ex-Senator Quay 
of Pennsylvania ac- 
quitted on the charge of 
misappropriating state 
funds. 



1S98 



Sept. 2. The Anglo-Egyp- 
tian forces under Kitch- 
ener utterly crush the 
Dervishes at Omdurman 
with tremendous loss to 
the enemy, and occupy 
Khartoum. 

Oct. Threatening corre- 
spondence with France 
on the Fashoda affair. 



1S99 

Jan. 19. Great Britain en- 
ters into an agreement 
with Egypt for the 
government of the Su- 
dan. 

Feb. 6. SirHenryCampbell- 
Bannerman elected lead- 
er of the Liberal party. 



Mar. 21. Convention signed 
with France delineating 
the sphere of interest of 
the two countries in 
Central Africa. 



Apr. 30. Agreement signed 
with Russia providing 
against mutual interfer- 
ence with the railway 
policy of either power in 
China. 



1899 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



28l 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Aug. 31. Col. Henry of the 
French war office com- 
mits suicide after con- 
fessing to the authorship 
of documents incrimi- 
nating Captain Dreyfus. 



Sept. A French force under 
Major Marchand estab- 
lishes itself at Fashoda 
on the Nile and refuses to 
retire at Sir Kitchener's 
order; crisis precipitated 
between the two coun- 
tries. 

Oct. 25. France: Fall of 
the Brisson ministry. 
29, the Court of Cassa- 
tion orders a supple- 
mentary investigation in 
the Dreyfus case; 31, 
C. Dupuy forms a new 
ministry. 

Nov. 5. The French gov- 
ernment decides to 
withdraw from Fashoda. 



Feb. 16. France: President 
Faure dies of apoplexy; 
18. Emile Loubet elected 
to succeed him. 



Mar. Cecil Rhodes ne- 
gotiates with the German 
emperor concerning the 
construction of the Cape 
to Cairo railway through 
German territory. 



Apr. 28. Germany: The 
Reichstag, passes a bill 
for the establishment of 
an imperial bank. 



1898 

Aug. 30. Austria-Hungary. 
The premiers of the two 
members of the mon- 
archy agree upon com- 
mon action looking 
towards the renewal of 
the Ausgleich of 1867. 



Sept. 10. Empress Eliza- 
beth of Austria assassi- 
nated by an anarchist 
at Geneva. 



Oct. 5. The powers demand 
the withdrawal of Turk- 
ish troops from Crete. 



Nov. 6. Crete evacuated 
by the Turks; 27, Prince 
George of Greece ap- 
pointed ' High Commis- 
sioner by the powers. 



1899 

Jan. 1. Austria-Hungary. 
The Ausgleich prolonged 
for a year by imperial 
decree owing to parlia- 
mentary obstruction. 

Feb. Russia: The Finnish 
diet is deprived of the 
exclusive right of legis- 
lation and a thorough 
policy of Russification 
begun. 

Mar. 1. Spain: TheSagasta 
ministry resigns and is 
succeeded (4th) by a 
cabinet tinder Silvela. 



1898 

Aug. 6. Philippine Islands: 
Aguinaldo, having or- 
ganized a provisional 
government appeals to 
the powers for the recog- 
nition of Philippine 
independence. 



Sept. 21. China: By a 
coup d'etat the dowager 
empress assumes the 
regency to the virtual 
exclusion of the Emperor 
Kwang-Hsu. 



Oct. China. The foreign 
legations at Pekin 
threatened by mobs and 
troops summoned to the 
capitol from the coast. 



Nov. 30. The union of the 
Central American states 
for foreign relations 
dissolved. 

Dec. Transvaal: Uitland- 
ers in Johannesburg 
appeal to the British 
government against the 
Transvaal authorities. 



1899 

Jan. 1. Cuba. End of 
Spanish sovereignty, 
military rule of the 
United States. 



Mar. 11. The Cuban as- 
sembly deposes Gen. 
Gomez from his com- 
mand because of dis- 
satisfaction with his 
negotiations with the 
United States concern- 
ing the payment of 
Cuban troops; he is 
later re-elected. 

Apr. 1. Samoa: In the 
civil strife prevailing in 
the islands, an Anglo- 
American column is 
ambushed with loss. 

Apr. 4. Cuba: The insur- 
gent army disbanded. 



282 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I899 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1899 



May 18. Opening of the 
Intnational Peace Con- 
ference at the Hague 
consisting of delegates 
from twenty-six states. 



June 15. The Court of 
Arbitration in the 
boundary dispute be- 
tween Venezuela and 
Great Britain begins its 
sessions at Paris. 



July 22. In an internation- 
al athletic meet at Lon- 
don, Yale and Harvard 
are defeated by Oxford 
and Cambridge. 

July 29. The Peace Con- 
ference at the Hague 
closes after establishing 
a permanent court of 
arbitration and modi- 
fying certain rules of 
warfare. 



Oct. 3. The Paris Tribunal 
in the Venezuelan arbi- 
tration case announces 
its decision, which is in 
nature a compromise. 



1899 

May 8. The Mazet com- 
mittee of the legislature 
begins the investigation 
of municipal corruption 
in New York City. 



July 17. Press representa- 
tives in the Philippine 
Islands protest against 
the military censorship; 
19, Secretary of War, 
Alger, resigns as a re- 
sult of the scandals 
connected with the con- 
duct of the department 
during the Spanish - 
American war. 

Aug. Thomas B. Reed, 
ex-speaker of the House 
of Representatives, re- 
tires from public life. 



Sept. 26. Admiral Dewey 
arrives at New York on 
his return from the 
Philippines; great popu- 
lar enthusiasm. 

Oct. 1. Fruitless con- 
ference between Gen. 
Otis and Filipino com- 
missioners at Manila. 



Nov. 27. The U. S. govern- 
ment signifies its agree- 
ment with the action 
taken by Great Britain 
and Germany in respect 
to the Samoan Islands. 



1899 

May 31. Opening of an un- 
successful conference at 
Bloemfontein between 
Lord Milner and Presi- 
dent Krugerof the Trans- 
vaal relative to the 
grievances of the Uit- 
landers. 

June 20. New South Wales 
accepts by popular vote 
the Federal Bill thus 
assuring the success of 
Australian federation. 



July 3. The crown take? 
possession of the terri- 
tories of the Niger Com- 
pany. 



Aug. — The British govern- 
ment refuses to abandon 
its claims to suzerainty 
over the Transvaal. 



Sept. 8. A cabinet council 
decides on increasing the 
British war strength in 
Natal. 

Oct. 9. The Transvaal gov- 
ernment presents an 
ultimatum requiring ac- 
ceptance within two 
days; 12, Boer forces in- 
vadeNatal ; 20, indecisive 
battle at Glencoe and 
21, at Elandslaagte; 30, 
British defeated at 
Nicholson's Neck. By 
the end of the month 
Ladysmith, Kimberley, 
and Mafeking are closely 
invested. 

Nov. 23. British under 
Lord Methuen drive 
Boers from Belmont; 
and, 25, from Enslin or 
Grospan; 28, British 
fight with great loss at 
the Modder River. 



1899 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



283 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1899 



May 30. France: Major 
Marc hand, is received 
with tremendous en- 
thusiasm on his arri- 
val at Toulon. 



June 3. The French Court 
of Cassation annuls the 
sentence of Captain 
Dreyfus and orders his 
retrial by a court 
martial; 12, fall of the 
Dupuy ministry; 22, 
a new cabinet formed 
by Waldeck-Rousseau. 

July. The new war minis- 
ter, General de Galhffet 
punishes insubordination 
on the part of officers 
opposed to Captain 
Dreyfus. 



Aug. 7. Beginning of the 
second courtmartial of 
Capt. Dreyfus at Rennes. 



Sept. 9. Captain Dreyfus 
found guilty by court 
martial and condemned 
to ten years' imprison- 
ment; 19, he is par- 
doned by the president. 



Nov. 8. Germany enters in- 
to a treaty of partition 
with Great Britain in 
regard to the Samoan 
Islands. 



1S99 1899 

May 2. Italy: Fall of the 
Pelloux ministry; 14, 
reorganization of the 
Cabinet effected. 



June 2. Spain sells the 
Caroline. Pelew, and La- 
drone islands to Ger- 
many. 

June 28. Violent demon- 
strations in Belgium 
against proposed elec- 
toral law. 



Sept. 23. Austria: Fall of 
the Thun ministry; suc- 
ceeded by a cabinet 
under Clary (Oct. 2). 



July 18. The Transvaal 
V olksraad offers the 
Uitlanders the franchise 
after seven years' resi- 
dence. 

July 26. President Heur- 
eaux of Santo Domingo 
assassinated. 



Aug. — The Transvaal gov- 
ernment offers a five 
years' franchise but 
demands abandonment 
of British claims of 
suzerainty. — Revolution 
in Venezuela headed by 
Gen. Castro. 

Sept. 2. The Transvaal 
government withdraws 
its offer of a five years' 
franchise. 

Oct. 16. Cuba: The work of 
taking a census begins 
under direction of Amer- 
ican officials; Revolu- 
tion in Venezuela suc- 
cessful and Castro chos- 
en president. 



Nov. Egypt: The Khalifah 
overtaken and crushing- 
ly defeated at Om De- 
brikat in the Sudan, 
the Khalifah himself 
being slain. 



284 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1899 A « D -- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1899 



1900 



Deaths in 1S99: G. Allen, 
R. P. Bland, Rosa Bon- 
heur, D. G. Brinton, E. 
Castelar, J. S. Clarke, 
C. F. Coghlan, J. A. Daly 
E. Erckmann, S. J. 
Field, R.G. Ingersoll, O. 

C. Marsh, D. L. Moody, 
Nubar Pasha, E. 

D. E. N. Southworth, 

E. Thayer. 



Jan. 10. Railroad connec- 
tion established between 
Cairo and Khartum in 
the Sudan. 



March 29. A tribunal of 
arbitration declares 

against Portugal and in 
favor of the U. S. and 
Great Britain in the 
matter of the Delagoa 
Railway. 

Apr. 14. Opening of the 
International Exposition 
at Paris. 



June 15. Gen. MacArthur 
in command of the U. S. 
forces in the Philippines 
issues a proclamation of 
amnesty to the insur- 
gents. 



1S99 

Dec. 19. Death of Major- 
Gen. H. W. Lawton, 
killed in action in the 
Philippines. 



1900 

Jan. 30. Senator Goebel, 
Democratic candidate for 
governor in Kentucky 
assassinated by politi- 
cal opponents; he is 
declared governor by a 
party in the legislature 
and dies after taking the 
oath. 

Feb. 5. The Hay-Paunce- 
forte treaty amending 
the Clayton-Bulwer 
treaty dealing with the 
construction of an Isth- 
mian Canal, signed at 
Washington. 

Mar. 14. The bill establish- 
ing the gold standard 
becomes law. 



Apr. 24. Matthew Quay, 
appointed senator from 
Pennsylvania, unseated 
by the senate. 



May. — Boer delegates visit 
the United States and 
are received by the 
president. 



June 21. The Republican 
National Convention at 
Philadelphia nominates 
William McKinley and 
Theodore Roosevelt for 
president and vice-presi- 
dent; 30, burning of the 
docks of the Nord- 
deiitsche Lloyd in Hobo- 
ken with the loss of 
more than 200 lives. 



Dec. 10. British under 
Gen. Gatacre defeated at 
Stormberg; 11, British 
under Lord Methuen de- 
feated at Magersfontein; 
15, British under Gen. 
Buller disastrously de- 
feated at Colenso; 16, 
Field Marshal Roberts 
entrusted with the com- 
mand in Africa with Lord 
Kitchener as his chief of 
staff. 

1900 

Jan. 6. Desperate Boer 
assault on Ladysmith 
repulsed, 23-24, British 
disaster at Spion Kop 
north of the Tugela 
River. 



Feb. 11. Lord Roberts be- 
gins his advance on Kim- 
berley; 15, Kimberley 
is relieved; 27, the Boer 
army under General 
Cronje compelled to sur- 
render at Paardeberg; 
2S, Ladysmith is relieved. 

Mar. 13. The British under 
Lord Roberts occupy 
Bloemfontein, capital of 
Orange Free State; 27, 
Death of Piet Joubert, 
Boer commander-in- 
chief. 

Apr. 3. A large British 
force captured at Red- 
dersburg in the Orange 
Free State. The Boers 
conduct an extensive 
irregular warfare. 

May 17. Maf eking relieved; 
2S, Lord Roberts issues 
a proclamation annexing 
the Orange Free State as 
the Orange River Colony ; 
31, British occupy Jo- 
hannesburg in the Trans- 
vaal. 

June 5. The British enter 
Pretoria, capitol of the 
South African Republic; 
The British at Kumassi 
Ashantiland besieged by 
natives (relieved in July). 



I9OO A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



285 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1899 



1900 



Dec. 11. The German 
chancellor announces 
the initiation of a naval - 
programme looking 
towards the doubling of 
the naval strength of 
the country. 



Jan. Germany: Ill-feeling 
against Great Britain 
aroused by the seizure 
of German steamers in 
African waters. 



Feb. A bill introduced in 
the French Chamber 
providing for the pun- 
ishment of ministers of 
religion who should criti- 
cise the public authori- 
ties. 

Mar. 8. France: The The- 
atre Francais destroyed 
by fire. 



1899 

Dec. 21. Austria: Resigna- 
tion of the Clary minis- 
try owing to failure to 
effect reconciliation be- 
tween the Czech and the 
German nationalties. 



1900 

Jan. — Spain: The Chambers 
of Commerce form 
National Union for the 
purpose of encouraging 
parliamentary and ad- 
ministrative reform. — A 
new Austrian ministry 
under Koerber. 

Feb. 20. Italy: The Court 
of Cassation declares the 
Public Safety Bill issued 
by decree null and par- 
liamentary obstruction 
revives. 



May 29. France: General 
de Galliffet, minister of 
war, resigns and 
succeeded by General 
Andre. 



June. — France: The senate 
passes a bill putting an 
end to all criminal prose- 
cutions arising from the 
Dreyfus affair. 



Apr. 4. Belgium: Attempt 
on the life of the Prince 
of Wales (Edward VII.) 
by an anarchist at Brus- 
sels. 



June 21. Russia: Death of 
Muravieff, minister of 
foreign affairs ; succeeded 
by Count Lamsdorft. 

Italy: Resignation of the 
Pelloux ministry (18) ; 
succeeded by a Saracco 
cabinet. 



1900 

Jan. — China: An imperial 
edict announces the 
virtual abdication of the 
emperor Kwang Hsu 
and names a son of 
Prince Tuan as suc- 
cessor. 



Feb.— Samoa: The United 
States government ap- 
points a governor for 
the island of Tutuila 
and the harbor of Pango 
Pango. 

Mar. — China: The powers 
give pledges to the 
United States that no 
interference with com- 
merce on the ground of 
nationality shall be 
permitted — the so-called 
"open door." 

Apr. — China: Anti-foreign 
feeling approaches cul- 
mination; the ' 'Boxers" 
massacre native Chris- 
tians in the north of the 
empire. 

May 31. Continued Boxer 
outrages lead to the as- 
sembling of foreign war- 
ships at Taku; guards 
are summoned for the 
protection of the lega- 
tions at Pekin. 

June 10. China: An inter- 
national force leaves 
Tien Tsin for the relief 
of the Pekin legations; 
the Chinese govern- 
ment supports the 
Boxers; 17, the Taku 
forts fire upon the 
European fleet and are 
demolished and taken; 
20, the German embassa- 
dor at Pekin murdered; 
26, The allied column 
returns unsuccessfully to 
Tien -Tsin; the foreign- 
ers in Pekin are besieged 
in the legations. 



286 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I9OO A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States 



British Empire. 



1900 



1901 



July 4. A statue of Lafay- 
ette, presented by 
American school child 
ren, unveiled in Paris. 

July 7. A statue of W. E. 
Gladstone is unveiled at 
Athens. 



Sept. 6. The Arctic expe 
dition under the Duke 
of the Abruzzi returns to 
Tromsoe, Norway, after 
attaining 86° 33', or 14' 
beyond Nansen's farth 
est north. 

Oct. — Successful, tests of a 
dirigible balloon con 
structed by Count Zep 
pelin of Germany. 



Deaths in 1900: G. D. C, 

Duke of Argyll, V. D. 
Benedetti, R. D. Black- 
more,, Prince de Join- 
ville, W. Liebknecht, J. 
Martineau, E. J. Phelps, 
P. Max M tiller, M. Mun- 
kacsy, F. W. Nietzsche, 
Osman Pasha, Ruskin, 
John Sherman, H. Sidg- 
wick, W. Steinitz, Sir 
Arthur Sullivan, C. D. 
Warner. 



Feb. — Mrs. Carrie Nation,of 
Kansas, begins a crusade 
against the liquor traffic 
by invading and de- 
molishing liquor shops. 



1900 

July 5. The Democratic 
National Convention at 
Kansas City nominates 
W. J. Bryan and A. E. 
Stevenson for president 
and vice-president. 



Aug. 18. Caleb Powers 
formerly Secretary of 
State in Kentucky 
found guilty of com- 
plicity in the assassina- 
tion of William Goebel. 



Sept. 8. Galveston, Tex., 
overwhelmed by a 
hurricane and tidal 
wave; over 6000 lives 
lost and the city utterly 
devastated. 

Oct. 30. The census bu- 
reau announces the 
population of the United 
States proper at more 
than 76,300,000. 



Nov. 6. William McKinley 
re-elected president by a 
great majority. 

Dec. 13. Senate adopts 
amendment to Hay 
Pauncefote treaty re 
serving to the U. S. the 
defense of the proposed 
interoceanic canal. 



1901 



Feb. 2. The army Reor- 
ganization Bill becomes 
law; the strength of the 
forces is raised to a 
maximum of 100,000 
men; the army canteen 
is abolished. 



1900 

July 9. The bill constitut- 
ing the Commonwealth 
of Australia receives the 
royal assent; Guerilla 
warfare in Orange Free 
State; Surrender of Boer 
general Prinsloo. 

Aug. 2. Western Australia 
by referendum decides to 
join the Australian 
Commonwealth; 10. Plot 
at Pretoria to kidnap 
Lord Roberts, discover- 
ed. 



Sept. 1. Lord Roberts is- 
sues a proclamation an- 
nexing the South African 
Republic. 



Oct. 25. The Transvaal 
formally proclaimed a 
part of the British 
Empire as the Vaal 
River Colony. 



Nov. 16. Conspiracy 

against the life of Lord 
Roberts discovered at 
Johannesburg. 

Dec. 13. A British force 
under Gen. Clements de- 
feated by the Boers un- 
der Delarey at Nooitge- 
dacht in the Transvaal. 



1901 

Jan. 1. Inauguration of 
the Australian Common- 
wealth; 22. Death of 
Queen Victoria after a 
reign of 64 years; she is 
succeeded by her son, 
Edward VII. 

Feb. — A Boer force under 
Christian De Wet in- 
vades Cape Colony and 
raises fear of an insur- 
rection there. 



I9OI A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



287 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Aug. 2. France: Attempt 
on the life of the Shah 
in Paris. 8. Germany: 
Count von Waldersee 
appointed to the com- 
mand of the allied forces 
in China. 



Sept. 22. France: President 
Loubet entertains 22,- 
000 republican mayors 
of provincial towns at a 
banquet in the Tuiler- 
ies gardens. 

Oct. 17. Prince Hohenlohe 
resigns the chancelor- 
ship of the German 
empire; he is succeded 
by von Bulow. 



Nov. 12. The Paris Ex- 
position closes after be- 
ing visited by 50,000,000 
sight -seers. 

Dec. — President Kruger of 
the Transvaal passes 
through Germany but is 
refused an interview 
by the emperor. 

France: An amnesty bill 
passed for all acts con- 
nected with the Drevfus 
affair. 

Jan. 12. A bill introduced 
into the Prussian diet 
providing for the con- 
struction of canals at 
an expenditure of $100,- 
000,000. 



1900 

July 29. Italy: King 
Humbert assassinated at 
Monza by an anarchist, 
Bresci, who had come to 
perform the deed from 
Paterson, N. J.; he is 
succeeded by his son 
Victor Emmauuel III. 

Aug. 11. Italy: Victor 
Emmanuel III. swears 
to the constitution 
amidst great popular 
enthusiasm. 



1900 

July 13-14. China: The 
allied forces take Tien- 
Tsin by storm; the Chi- 
nese forces in Manchuria 
bombard Blagovest- 

chensk, capital of the 
Russian territory of the 
Amur. 

Aug. 4. China: An allied 
force of 20,000 men sets 
out from Tien-Tsin tor 
the relief of the Pekin 
legations; the Russians 
occupy Niu-Chwang in 
Manchuria; 14. The allies 
take Pekin and rescue 
the prisoners of the le- 
gations; the Chinese 
Court flees to the West ; 
28. Allied troops march 
through the Forbidden 
City. 

Sept. — China: The mas- 
sacre of Christian mis- 
sionaries continues ; pun- 
itive expeditions sent 
out by the allied powers. 



Oct. 21. Fall of the Silvela Oct. 16. China: Great 



ministry in Spain; a 
cabinet under Azcarraga 
succeeds. 



1901 

Jan. 8. A delegation of 
English Catholics under 
the Duke of Norfolk 
visit Rome and express 
their wishes for the 
restoration of the tem- 
poral power of the pope. 

Feb. 7- Marriage of Queen 
Wilhelmina of the 
Netherlands to Duke 
Henry of Mecklenburg 
Schwerin. Italy: The 
Saracco ministry resigns 
(7th) ; succeeded by a 
Zanardelli cabinet. 



Britain and Germany 
enter into an agreement 
to maintain the rivers 
and ports of China open 
to trade and to take 
common action against 
any government hos- 
tile to such a purpose. 
Nov. 5. Cuban constitu- 
tional convention begins 
its sessions at Havana. 

Dec. 24. The allied powers 
present a joint note to 
the Chinese government, 
the terms of which are 
embodied in a subse- 
quent peace protocol. 



1901 

Jan. — China signs peace 
protocol with the powers 
promising the punish- 
ment of officials connect- 
ed with the Boxer up- 
rising and paying an 
indemnity. 

Feb. — Revelation of Rus- 
sian diplomacy in China 
aiming at the establish- 
ment of a virtual protec- 
torate over Manchuria. 

Feb. 21. The Cuban con- 
vention adopts a con- 
stitution. 



288 



TABULAR VIEWS 



19OI A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1901 



Mar. — Andrew Carnegie 
of Homestead, Pa., gives 
$5,200,000 to the city 
of New York for free 
libraries. 



Apr. 14. The permanent 
Arbitration tribunal at 
The Hague organized. 



May 1. Opening of the Pan- 
American Exposition at 
Buffalo. 30. Opening of 
the hall of Fame at New 
York University. 

July 5. J. S. Rogers of 
Paterson, N. J. be- 
queaths $5,000,000 to 
the Metropolitan Mu- 
seum of Art in New 
York. 22. International 
Tuberculosis congress 
opens in London. 

Aug. 8. M. Santos-Dumont 
in a dirigible balloon 
sails around the Eiffel 
Tower in Paris. 



Nov. 1. Opening of the 
South Carolina and West 
Indian Exposition at 
Charleston, S. C. 



1901 

Mar. 4. Inauguration 
of President McKinley. 

Mar. 11. The Senate amend 
ments to Hay-Paunce- 
fote treaty not accepted 
by Great Britain. 

Mar. 23. Gen. Funston 
captures the Filipino 
leader, Aguinaldo. 

Apr. — A Commission of 
the Cuban convention 
visits Washington to 
protest against the in 
corporation of the 
"Piatt amendment" in 
the Cuban constitution. 

May 27. The U. S. Supreme 
Court hands down an 
important decision 
garding the constitu- 
tional status of colonies 
and possessions. 

July 24. A court of inquiry 
is ordered to examine 
into the conduct of 
Rear -Admiral Schley 
during the Spanish 
American War. 



Aug. 10. A general strike 
of the employes of the 
United States Steel Cor- 
poration is begun. 



Sept. 6. President McKin- 
ley is shot twice by Leon 
Czolgosz, while holding 
a public reception at the 
Pan-American Exposi- 
tion in Buffalo; he dies 
on the 14th and Vice- 
President Roosevelt 
takes the oath of office. 



Nov. 18. A new canal 
treaty signed by Secre- 
tary of State and the 
British ambassador 

Pauncefote at Washing- 
ton. 



1901 

Mar. 16. The Duke of Corn- 
wall and York sets out 
on a voyage to the dif- 
ferent parts of the 
empire. 



Apr. 17. Disorderly scenes 
during the installation of 
the Bishop of London, 
caused by the anti- 
ritualists. 



May 9. The first parlia- 
ment of the Australian 
Commonwealth opened 
at Melbourne by the 
Duke of Cornwall and 
York. 

July 18. Earl Russell found 
guilty of bigamy in the 
House of Lords and 
sentenced to a term of 
imprisonment in jail. 



Sept. 17. Boers under Gen. 
Botha inflict a heavy 
loss on the British near 
Utrecht, Transvaal; 26. 
The Boers are repulsed 
at Forts Itala and 
Prospect. 



Dec. — Andrew Carnegie gives $10,000,000 for the foun- 
dation of an institution of research at Washington. 

Deaths in 1901: — E. Audran, W. Besant, A. Boecklin, R.W.Buchanan, W. E. 
Channing, M. Creighton, W. M. Evarts, John Fiske, J. V. Gurko, E. Gray, 
Benjamin Harrison, J. Le Conte, Milan, of Servia, J. G. Nicolay, A. E. 
Nordenskjold, W. Stubbs, G. Verdi, C. von Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurst, C. M. 
Yonge. 



I9OI A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



289 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1901 



Mar. 29. The French 
Chamber passes an im- 
portant Bill of Associa- 
tions regulating the af- 
fairs of religious orders. 
(It becomes law in June). 



Apr. — An Italian fleet visits 
Toulon and the occasion 
is marked by the pro- 
testation of friendship 
between the two coun- 
tries. 

May 3. The Prussian diet 
is closed after the Em- 
peror's canal policy had 
been rendered hopeless 
by the opposition of 
the Agrarians. 



Aug. 26. The French 
government severs dip- 
lomatic relations with 
Turkey owing to a dis- 
pute over an indemnity 
due a French company 

Sept. The czar visits 
France and witnesses 
naval and army reviews. 

Germany: Opposition to a 
new scheme of increased 
custom duties proposed 
by the government. 



Nov. — A French fleet seizes 
the ports of the island 
of Mitylene and forces 
the Porte to settle the 
claims of that govern- 
ment. 



1901 

Mar. 9. Russia: Count Leo 
Tolstoy is ex-communi- 
cated by the orthodox 
church for his subver- 
sive teachings. 



May 25. The Norwegian 
parliament confers the 
franchise in municipal 
and communal elections 
on women tax-payers. 

July. — Turkey pays to the 
United States the claims 
advanced in behalf of 
the missionaries in Asia 
Minor for losses incurred 
during the Armenian 
disturbances of 1895-96. 



Sept. — Turkey: Miss Stone 
an American mission 
ary, captured by Bui 
garian brigands and held 
for ransom. 

Oct. 4. Italy: Death of 
Francesco Crispi. 



1901 

March. — China appeals to 
the powers against Rus- 
sian exactions and is 
supported by the U. S., 
Great Britain and Japan. 



Apr. — China: Russia pro- 
tests its disinterested- 
ness and abandons its 
pressure on the Chinese 
government. 



July. — Argentina: A plan 
for the unification of the 
public debt brought for- 
ward by the government 
is abandoned because of 
public opposition. 

Aug. — Liberal revolution 
in Colombia; insur- 
gents aided by Venezue- 
lan government; U. S. 
intervenes to prevent 
war between the two 
countries. 

Sept. — Conflicts between 
the government troops of 
Venezuela and Colom- 
bia in which the former 
meet with defeat. 

China: Peace Protocol 
signed with the powers 
the government agreeing 
to punish officials con- 
nected with the Boxer 
uprising and to pay 
an indemnity of 450,- 
000,000 taels. 

Nov. 19. Colombia: The 
liberal forces capture 
Colon but after a short 
occupation are driven 
out. — China: death of 
Li Hung Chang. 



290 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1902 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1902 



Feb. — Mr. J. P. Morgan, 
banker of New York, 
effects the consolidation 
of five trans -Atlantic 
steamship lines under 
the name of the Inter- 
national Mercantile 
Marine Company. 

Apr. — By the will of Cecil 
Rhodes (d. March 26) 
the bulk of his fortune is 
left for the establishment 
of scholarships at Oxford 
to be held by A mericans , 
Colonials, and Germans. 

May 24. A statue of 
Rochambeau unveiled at 
Washington in the pres- 
ence of descendants of 
that General. 

June 26. The King of Eng- 
land institutes the Order 
of Merit for distinguish- 
ed service in various 
walks of life. 



Sept. — Stanley Spencer 
sails in an airship for 30 
miles over London; re 
turn to Christiania of the 
Arctic expedition under 
Sverdrup. 

Oct. 14. The Hague tri- 
bunal renders decision in 
the first case submitted 
for arbitration — the 
"Pious Fund" dispute 
between the United 
State and Mexico, in 
favor of the United 
States. 

Nov. — The ashes of Christo- 
pher Columbus are de- 
posited in the Cathedral 
of Seville. 



1902 

Jan. 24. Treaty for the 
purchase of the Danish 
West Indies signed at 
Washington. (It fails of 
ratification by the 
Danish Legislature.) 

Feb. 23. Arrival of Prince 
Henry of Prussia in 
New York; his visit is 
taken as an indication 
of good will between 
the U. S. and Germany 
and is marked by great 
enthusiasm. 

Apr. 18. The House of 
Representatives passes 
the Cuban Reciprocity 
Bill allowing a reduction 
in tariff duties on im- 
portations from that 
island. 

May 1. Beginning of a 
great strike of anthra- 
cite coal miners in 
Pennsylvania, involving 
about 150,000 men. 



July 1. An act passed for 
the establishment of 
civil government in the 
Philippines and pro- 
viding for the summon- 
ing of a legislative 
assembly in two years if 
general peace prevails. 

Sept. 17. Secretary of 
State Hay addresses a 
note to the signatory 
powers of the Treaty of 
Berlin advocating re- 
lief for the Jews of Rou- 
mania. 

Oct. 16. President Roose- 
velt appoints a com- 
mission to investigate 
the great coal strike in 
Pennsylvania and to 
decide upon terms of 
peace; 21. The miners 
call the strike off. 

Nov. 8. Reciprocity treaty 
with Newfoundland 

signed. 



1902 

Jan. — A campaign of grad- 
ual exhaustion carried 
on against the Boers; 
they are taken in small 
numbers. 

Feb. 14. Lord Rosebery 
declares himself abso- 
lutely opposed to Irish 
Home Rule. 



Apr. 12. The Boer leaders 
assemble at Pretoria to 
negotiate terms of peace. 



May 31. The Boer leaders 
sign terms of surrender 
at Pretoria. 



June 24. Preparations for 
the coronation of Edward 
VII. interrupted by the 
king's sudden illness. 

July 11. The Marquis of 
Salisbury resigns the 
premiership; he is suc- 
ceeded by A. J. Balfour, 
his nephew. 

Aug. 9. Coronation of 
Edward Vil. in West- 
minster Abbey. 



Oct. 6. British forces in 
Somaliland suffer a 
severe reverse at the 
hands of the "Mad 
Mullah." 



Nov. 3. Conferences be- 
tween the colonial pre- 
miers and the Colonial 
Secretary result in the 
formulation of resolu- 
tions for a closer union 
of the empire, among 
others that of preferential 
trade with the colonies. 



1902 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



29I 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1902 

Jan. 8. The government 
announces to the Prus- 
sian diet a policy of 
active Germanification 
to be carried out in 
Prussian Poland. 

Feb. 26. The centenary of 
the birth of Victor Hugo 
is celebrated with great 
state in France. 



May. — Expose at Paris of a 
remarkable swindle (the 
Humbert Case) carried 
on during 20 years and 
involving nearly 100,- 
000,000 francs. 

June 3. France. The Wal- 
deck -Rousseau ministry 
resigns; 6. A new cabinet 
formed by M. Combes. 

July. France: The forcible 
closing of religious 
schools not conforming 
with the Law of Associa- 
tion arouses great ex- 
citement. 



Sept. — Indiscreet expres- 
sions of opinion by the 
French minister of 
marine aimed against 
England and Germany 
disavowed by the 
Premier. 

Oct. 9. France concludes 
a treaty of territorial 
delimitation with Siam. 



Nov. — Germany: The vio- 
lent opposition of the 
Socialists to the new 
Tariff Bill leads to the 
adoption of a new pro- 
cedure limiting debate; 
popular indignation. 



1902 



Feb. 23. Turkey: Miss 
Stone the kidnapped 
missionary is released 
after the payment of a 
heavy ransom. 



Aor. 15. Russia: Sipiaguine 
reactionary minister of 
the interior assassinated 
by a .tCieff student. 



May 20. Russia: President 
Loubet of France ar 
rives at Cronstadt on a 
visit to the Czar. 



June 28. The Triple Al- 
liance between Germany, 
Austria-Hungary, and 
Italy is renewed. 

July 14. Italy: Collapse of 
the celebrated Campa- 
nile of St. Mark's at 
Venice. 



Oct. 22. The Danish Senate 
rejects the treaty of sale 
of the Danish West 
Indies to the United 
States. 



1902 

Jan. 30. Treaty signed be- 
tween Great Britain and 
Japan providing for be- 
nevolent neutrality in 
case of attack on either 
party by a single power, 
and active assistance in 
case of attaci-c by more 
than one power. 



Apr. 8. Russia concludes 
a convention with China 
agreeing to complete the 
evacuation of Manchu- 
ria in 18 months. 



May 8. An eruption of 
Mount Pelee in Marti- 
nique destroys the city 
of St. Pierre with 30,000 
inhabitants; only 2 es- 
cape. 

May 20. T. E. Palma in- 
augurated first president 
of Cuba. 

July. — China: Treaty ne- 
gotiated with Great 
Britain providing for the 
abolition of "likin" 
duties on British Goods . 

Hayti: Civil war; the gun- 
boat Crete-a-Pierrot sunk 
by the German gunboat 
Panther for violence 
against a German mer- 
chantman. 



Oct. 28. Colombia: Gen. 
Uribe-Uribe leader of the 
insurrection capitulates 
marking the practical 
end of the insurrection. 



Nov. 4. Venezuela: the 
insurrection crushed by 
a government victory 
near La Victoria. 



292 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I902 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1902 



1903 



1902 

Dec. 21. William Marconi 
sends a wireless message 
from Cape Breton across 
the Atlantic to Cornwall. 



1902 

Dec. 2. The President's 
message deals with the 
growing problem of the 

trusts. 



1902 

Dec. Enactment of an 
Education Law re- 
organizing elementary 
Education; death of the 
Archbishop of Canter- 
bury. 

Deaths in 1902: Lord Acton; C. K. Adams; Albert, King of Saxony; W. A. 
Butler; E. Eggleston: T. D. English; S. R. Gardiner; F. B. Harte; J. W. 
Powell; G. Rawlinson; C. J. Rhodes; T. DeWitt Talmage; J. Tissot; R. 
Virchow, E. Zola. 



1903 

Jan. Mr. John D. Rocke- 
feller gives $7,000,000 to 
be used in research for a 
cure for tuberculosis. 



Mar. MM. Curie and La- 
borde, French chemists 
announce the results of 
their investigations on 
the thermoradioactive 
properties of radium. 

Apr. 30. Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition at St. 
Louis dedicated. 



May. The Presbyterian 
General Assembly adopts 
amendments to the creed 
tending toward a more 
liberal confession. 



1903 

Jan. 22. Panama Canal 
Treaty with Colombia 
signed at Washington; 
the canal zone neutraliz- 
ed and Colombian sover- 
eignty guaranteed; 24, 
Treaty with Great Brit- 
ain establishing mixed 
commission for deter- 
mining Alaskan bound- 
ary. 

Feb. 14. Bill creating the 
Department of Commerce 
and Labor becomes law. 

March 3. Bill increasing 
the strength of the navy 
passed; 17. Senate rati- 
fies Panama Canal 
Treaty; 29 Senate rati- 
fies Cuban Reciprocity 
Treaty. 

Apr. 9. The U. S. Circuit 
Court of Appeals de 
clares illegal the merger 
of the Northern Pacific 
and the Great Northern 
railways under the form 
of Northern Securities 
Company. 

May 31. Floods at Topeka 
Kan., cause the loss of 
hundreds of lives. 



June. Widespread frauds 
in the Post-office de- 
partment involving high 
officials, brought before 
the courts. 



July 4. Completion of the Pacific Cable from San 
Francisco to China by way of Hawaii, Guam, and 
the Philippines. 



1903 

Jan. 17. Colonial Secretary 
Chamberlain, at Johan- 
nesburg announces that 
the Transvaal is to be 
charged with a war in- 
demnity of £30,000,000. 



Feb. 12. R. T. Davidson 
enthroned as successor to 
Archbishop Temple in 
the see of Canterbury. 

Mar. 15. British troops 
after defeating forces of 
the Sultan of Sokoto, 
occupy that capital. 



Apr. 17. A British force 
overwhelmed by the 
"Mad Mullah's" troops 
in Somaliland. 



May 15. Colonial Secretary 
Chamberlain urges aban- 
donment of free trade 
policy in favor of tariff 
retaliation and colonial 
reciprocity. 



July. Growing friendship 
between France and 
Great Britain mani- 
fested by visit to Eng- 
land of President Loubet 
(6-9) and a deputation 
of legislators (22). 



I903 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



293 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1902 



1903 



1902 

Dec. 14. The German 
Reichstag passes the 
Tariff Bill making a 
marked increase in 
duties on food. 



1903 

Jan. 24. French Senate 

ratifies Brussels Sugar 

Convention. 



1902 

Dec. 3. Spain. The Sagasta 
ministry resigns; 6, 
Silvela forms a new 
cabinet. 



1903 



Mar. France: Growing 
breach between govern- 
ment and the clergy 
owing to the participa- 
tion of latter in politics. 



Apr. France: Rigorous en- 
forcement of the Law 
of Associations and grow - 
ing demand for separa- 
tion of Church and State. 



May 1-4. Visit of the King 
of England to France 
the occasion for the 
exchange of friendly 
wishes between the two 
nations. 

June. The elections for 
the German Reichstag 
show a remarkable in- 
crease in the strength 
of the Social Democrats. 



between France and Great 
visit to England of Presi- 
deputation of French legis- 



Feb. 21. Turkey: The pow- 
ers present a joint note 
to the Sultan outlining 
reforms for Macedonia. 

Mar. Russia: An imperial 
manifesto holds out the 
promise of religious and 
administrative reform 
and improvements in 
the condition of the 
peasantry. 

Apr. 7. Servia: King Alex- 
ander suspends the con- 
stitution and thus nulli- 
fies a series of liberal 
reforms. 

Apr. 19-20. Russia: A 
massacre of Jews in 
Kishineff by rioters. 

May. Russia: The corre- 
spondent of the London 
Times expelled from the 
country because of 
revelations implicating 
the government in the 
Kishineff massacre. 

June 10-11. Servia: A band 
of conspirators invade 
the royal palace and 
slay King Alexander 
and Queen Draga. 15 
The national assembly 
chooses Peter Kara- 
georgevitch King. 

July. Spain: Silvela minis 
try followed by a cabi 
net under Villaverde. 

July 20. Italy: Death of 
Pope Leo XIII. 

Russia: The Govern- 
ment takes control of the 
property of the Arme 
nian church. 



1902 

Dec. 8. To enforce collec- 
tion of debts Great 
Britain and Germany 
present ultimatum to 
Venezuela. 9. They seize 
the Venezuelan fleet. 
10. Establish a "peaceful 
blockade." 13. Bom- 
bard Puerto Cabello ; 
Venezuela appeals to 
the U. S.; 26. It is decid- 
ed to refer dispute to 
Hague Tribunal. 

1903 

Jan. 21. Venezuela: The 
fortress of San Carlos is 
bombarded by German 
warships. 



Feb. 13. Venezuela: Pro- 
tocols with Great Britian 
Germany, and Italy 
signed at Washington; 
the blockade raised. 



Apr. 8. China: The date 
for the partial evacua- 
tion of Manchuria 
(Niu-Chwang) by Russia 
passes without any ac- 
tion on the part of the 
latter. 

May. Korea: Russian 
troops enter the country 
ostensibly to protect the 
interests of Russian tim- 
ber merchants in the 
valley of the Yalu. 



July. British successes in 
Nigeria; power of Soko 
to broken. 



294 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I9O3 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British America. 



1903 



1904 



1903 

Aug. 4. International wire- 
less telegraphy confer- 
ence at Berlin. 



Deaths in 1903: L. Arditi, 
A. Bain, H. De Blowitz, 
C. G. Duffy, F. W. Far- 
rar, J. Glaisher, W. E. 
Henley, A. S. Hewitt, 
F. W. Holls, W. E. H. 
Lecky.E. Legouve\ C. G. 
Leland, " Edna Lyall,'' 
Theodor Mommsen, G. 
Paris, P. M. Sagasta, 
Herbert Spencer, R. H. 
Stoddard, Cardinal H. 
Vaughan, J. A. McNeil 
Whistler, G. Zanardelli. 



1904 

Jan. 25. MS. of the first 
book of Paradise Lost 
offered for sale in Lon- 
don. 



Mar. 11. One of the tunnels 
under the Hudson River 
connecting New Yorl 
City and New Jersey 
completed. 



Apr. 30. Opening of the 
Louisiana Purchase Ex- 
position at St. Louis. 



1903 

Aug. 26. Conviction of 
the walking delegate cf a 
New York labor union 
for extortion. 



Oct. 8. Commercial treaty 
with China signed. 

Oct. 20. The Alaska 
Boundary Commission 
decides in favor of the 
United States, giving 
to Canada access to the 
sea by Portland Channel 
only. 

Nov. 18. Treaty concluded 
with the Republic of 
Panama for the con 
struction of a canal ; the 
U. S. receives the per 
petual lease of a ten- 
mile zone in return for 
$10,000,000 and 
annual rental. 

Dec. 17. Wright brothers 
make fi r s t aeroplane 
flight. 

Dec. 30. The Iroquois 
Theatre in Chicago is 
burned and nearly 600 
lives are lost. 

1904. 

Jan. 13. Ratification of the 
commercial tieaty with 
China. 



Feb. 7-8. A fire destroys 
the business section of 
Baltimore entailing a 
loss of $70,000,000; 23. 
Senate ratifies canal 
treaty with Panama. 



Mar. 14. The U. S. Su 
preme Court sustains 
the judgment of the 
lower court in declaring 
the Northern Securities 
Company illegal. — 

President Roosevelt de 
clares all civil war 
veterans over 62 en 
titled to pensions. 

Apr. 22. The United States 
completes the purchase 
of the Panama Canal 
property from the 
French shareholders. 

May. An American citi 
zen, Perdicaris, is kid- 
napped by Moroccan 
bandits. A squadron 
ordered to Tangier. 



1903 

Aug. 14. The Irish Land 
Bill receives the royal 
assent, an important 
concession to Irish de- 
mands; 22. Death of 
Lord Salisbury. 

Oct. Mr. Chamberlain, 
having resigned from 
the cabinet, begins his 
campaign for "fiscal 
reform," i. e., a policy 
of partial protection. 



Dec. Transvaal. Demand 
by financial interests for 
the importation of coolie 
labor. 



1904. 

Jan. Important successes 
won by the British 
forces in operating Som- 
aliiand. 

Feb. 10. The legislative 
council of the Transvaal 
passes an ordinance for 
the importation of 
non-European (coolie) 
laborers. 



Mar. 31 . Battle between the 
Tibetan expeditionary 
force under Col. Young- 
husband and the natives 
who are defeated with 
great loss. 



Apr. 8. Conclusion of an 
agreement with France 
as to mutual relations 
of the two powers in 
Newfoundland, West 
Africa, Egypt, Morocco, 
Siam, and Madagascar. 



I904 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



295 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1903 



1904 



1903 

Aug. 10. Disaster in the 
Paris underground rail- 
way; about 100 lives 
lost. 



Oct. 14. France: Agree- 
ment with Great Britain 
that interpretation of 
treaties be left, if pos- 
sible to The Hague tri 
bunal. 



Dec. France: The Com- 
mission of Revision de- 
clares in favor of re- 
opening the Dreyfus 
case. 



1904 

Jan. Uprising among the 
Herreros in German 
Southwest Africa. 



Feb. 13. France: A treaty 
of territorial delimita- 
tion concluded with 
Siam to replace that of 
Oct. 1902. 



Mar. 28. France: The 
Chamber passes a bill 
suppressing instruction 
in religious institutions 
within five years. 



Apr. German forces en- 
counter reverses in Sout h - 
West Africa against the 
Herreros. 

May. France recalls its am- 
bassador from the Vati- 
can becauseof the Pope's 
protest against the visit 
of President Loubet at 
Rome. 



1903 

Aug. 4. Italy: Giuseppe 
Sarto, Cardinal-Patri- 
arch of Venice chosen 
Pope; he assumes the 
title Pius X. — Bulgaria 
protests against Turkish 
outrages in Macedonia. 

Oct. 21. Italy: Premier 
Zanardelli resigns and a 
new ministry formed by 
Giolitti. 



1903 

Aug. Colombia rejects the 
Panama Canal treaty 
concluded with the 
United States. 



Oct. 8. The date for the 
evacuation of Manchuria 
by Russia passes with 
that power still in pos- 
session ; a crisis with 
Japan develops. 



Nov. 3. Colombia: In- 
surrection in Panama 
and proclamation of 
independence; the U. S. 
enforces order and recog- 
nizes the de facto govern- 
ment. 



Dec. Warlike preparations 
in Japan owing to the un- 
satisfactory progress of 
negotiations with Russia 
concerning Manchuria 
and Korea. 



Dec. Spain: Resignation 
of premier Villa verde; 
Maura forms a new 
ministry. 

Russia. The courts 
show extreme leniency 
to the Kishineff rioters. 

1904 

Jan. 13. After prolonged negotiations the Japanese 
government presents its final proposals to Russia 
in regard to Manchuria and Korea; Russia delays 
its reply and active war preparations are carried on 
by both nations. 

Feb. 6. Japan severs diplomatic relations with Russia. 
8, The Japanese fleet attacks the Russian fleet 
outside Port Arthur ard inflicts serious loss by the 
use of torpedoes; 9. The Japanese sink two warships 
in the harbor of Chemulpo ; attacks on the Russian 
fleet continued throughout the month, together 
with attempts at blocking the harbor; Korea 
invaded. 

Mar. 6. Japanese bombard Vladivostock; repeated 
attempts at blocking Port Arthur fail. 



Apr. 7. The Japanese occupy Wiju on the Yalu River; 
13, The Russian flagship Petropavlovsk destroyed by 
a Japanese mine, Admiral Makaroff being among 
the lost. 

May 1. The Japanese force the passage of the Yalu 
River and inflict a severe defeat on the Russians. 5. 
A Japanese army begins disembarcation on the 
Liao-Tung peninsula. 26-27. Russians defeated at 
Kinchow and Nanshan. 



296 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I904 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1904 



1904 

June. A conference at 

Westminster discusses 
cruelties practiced on 
natives of Congo Free 
State by officials. 



July 11. Corner stone of 
the Workingmen's Col- 
lege, laid in London. 



Sept. Return to England 
of the National Ant- 
arctic Expedition with a 
mass of valuable infor- 
mation. 



Oct. 25. The Arrow makes 
a ten -mile flight at the 
Louisiana Purchase Ex- 
position. 27. The New 
York Subway (under- 
ground railway) is 
thrown open to traffic. 



1904 

June 15. The excursion 
steamer, Gen. Slocum 
is burned in the East 
River with a loss of 
about 950 lives. 

June 23. Republican con- 
vention at Chicago 
nominates Roosevelt 
and Fairbanks for 
president and vice- 
president. 

July 9-10. The Democratic 
convention nominates 
A. B. Parker and H. G. 
Davis for president and 
vice-president; 25, strike 
of textile workers in Fall 
River breaks out. 



Aug. Rise of disagreement 
with Venezuela over the 
seizure of the property 
of American asphalt 
interests. 



Sept. Military manoeuvres 
on the field of Bull Run 
in Virginia. 



Oct. President Roosevelt 
takes steps towards 
summoning a second 
Peace Conference at The 
Hague. 



Nov. 8. President Roose 
velt re-elected by an 
overwhelming majority. 
15. Treaty of arbitration 
with Germany signed. 



1904 

June. First arrival of 
Chinese laborers in the 
Transvaal gold fields. 



July. Re-organization of 
the Liberal Unionist 
Council for the pro- 
mulgation of Mr. Cham- 
berlain's Tariff views. 



Aug. 3. The expedition 
under Col. Younghus- 
band reaches Lhassa, 
the capital of Tibet; the 
Dalai Lama flees. 



Sept. 7. Treaty concluded 
with Tibet establishing 
markets for British 
trade and allowing no 
foreign power to inter- 
fere with public affairs. 



Oct. 28. Great Britain 
agrees to submit the 
North Sea outrage by 
the Russian fleet t<8 
arbitration. 



1904 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



297 



1904 



1904 

June 28. The Danish 
steamer Norge sinks in 
the North Sea; over 600 
lives lost. 



July 12. Germany: Treaty 
of arbitration signed 
with Great Britain. 30. 
France breaks off diplo- 
matic relations with the 
Vatican. 



Aug. France: The bishops 
of Dijon and Laval fol- 
low a summons to Rome 
in disobedience to the 
government ; tension 

with the Vatican in- 
creases. 



Oct. The French premier 
urges a course of strong 
action towards the 
Vatican. 



Nov. 10. France: A bill for 
the separation of Church 
and State introduced by 
the premier. 



1904 

June 16. Russia: Gen. 
Bobrikoff, governor 

general of Finland, as- 
sassinated. 



July 28. Russia: Von 
Plehve, the reactionary 
minister of the interior 
assassinated. 



Aug. 12. Russia: Birth of 
an heir to the Czar. 



Sept. Italy: Strikes and 
disorder in northern par 
of peninsula; Socialist: 
control affairs in Milan 
for a few days. 



Oct. 22. Russia: The Baltic 
fleet on its way to the far 
East fires upon a British 
fishing fleet in the Nortn 
Sea, killing two men. 



Nov. Russia: A meeting of 
delegates of the Zems- 
tvos at St. Petersburg 
petitions the Czar for 
wide-spread reforms, in- 
cluding the establish- 
ment of political and 
religious equality and the 
creation of a national 
legislature. 



1904 

June 14-15. A Russian 
force disastrously de- 
feated at Telissu; 27. 
The Japanese under Ku- 
roki take the passes at 
Ta-ling and Mo-tien- 
ling on the way to Liao- 
Yang; continued naval 
operations with gradual 
attrition of Russian fleet; 
advance against the for- 
tificationsof Port Arthur. 

July 9. Russians driven 
by Gen. Oku from Kai- 
ping. 17. Russians 

under Gen. Keller re- 
pulsed at Mo-tien-ling. 
25. Gen. Oku occupies 
Ta-shih-chao. 27, Jap- 
anese enter ■ Niu- 
cnwang. 

Aug. 10. The Russian 
fleet makes a sortie from 
Port Arthur but is de- 
feated; some of the 
vessels seek refuge in 
neutral ports, the rest 
return to the harbor. 14. 
The Japanese defeat the 
Vladivostock squadron. 
Aug. 24.-Sept. 4. The 
Russians defeated and 
driven from Lao -Yang 
in one of the greatest 
battles of history. 

Sept. 7. The Russian army 
in its retreat reaches 
Mukden. — Around Port 
Arthur the Japanese con- 
tinue to draw their lines 
closer, displaying heroic 
courage. 

Oct. 5. The Russian army 
under Gen. Ivuropatkin 
advances south from 
Mukden. 9-15. In a tre- 
mendous battle on the 
Sha-ho the Russians are 
checked with a loss 
estimated at 60,000; 
desultory fighting con- 
tinues till the 18th; 
the armies face each. 
other in winter quarters. 

Nov. 30. The Japanese at 
Port Arthur capture 
203 Metre Hill, over- 
looking the harbor and 
proceed to bombard the 
Russian fleet. 



298 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1904 A.D. 



1904 



1905 



Progress op Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1904 

Deaths in 1904: Arnold, E., 
Bartholdi, F.A., Dvorak, 
A.. Finsen, N., George, 
King of Saxony, 
Gerome, J. L,., Gissing, 
G.,Hearn, L., Herzl, T., 
Hoar, G. F., Hutton, L., 
Isabella II., of Spain, 
Jokai, M„ Kruger, S. J.P. , 
Longstreet, J., Murad 
V., ex-sultan of Turkey, 
Reclus.E., Stanley, H.M., 
Stephen, Leslie, Verest- 
chagin, V., Von Hoist, 
H. E., Waldeck-Rous- 
seau, P. M., Watts, G. F, 



Jan. 6. The Lick Observa- 
tory announces the dis- 
covery of a sixth satellite 
of Jupiter and of a num- 
ber of double stars. 



1904 

Dec. 1. The president's 
message deals at length 
with the relations of 
capital and labor and 
the regulation of corpo- 
rations. 



3 905 

Jan. 21. A protocol is sign- 
ed with Santo Domingo 
which is designed to 
guarantee the integrity 
of Dominican territory, 
undertake the adjust- 
ment of foreign claims, 
administer the finances, 
and assist in maintaining 
order; 28, The House 
authorizes an investiga- 
tion of the iron and steel 
industry; 30, The Su- 
preme Court declares the 
beef trust illegal. 

Feb. 16. The House author- 
izes an investigation of 
themethodsof theStand- 
ard Oil Co., in Kansas; 
26. The engineering com- 
mittee of the Panama 
Canal Commission unani- 
mously recommends a 
sea-level canal to be con- 
structed in twelve years, 
at a cost of $230,500,000. 



1904 

Dec. 22. International 
commission for the arbi- 
tration of the North Sea 
incident _ with Russia 
begins its sessions at 
Paris. 



1905 

Jan. 6. The archbishop of 
Canterbury refuses a re- 
quest of American 
churches that he use 
his influence to have 
the educational tax re- 
moved from British Non- 
conformists. 



Feb. 21. Bill introduced in 
the Canadian Parliament 
creating the provinces 
of Alberta and Saskatche- 
wan. 



I905 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



299 



1904 



1905 



France and Germany. 



1904 

Dec. 2. A committee of 
the French Chamber 
adopts a substitute bill 
for the separation of 
Church and State. 



1905 



Feb. 8. It is announced that 
no further loans will be 
grantedTurkey byFrance 
owing to complications 
arising from a German 
contract to supply artil- 
lery to the Porte; 13. 
The North Sea case is 
closed before the inter- 
national commission, 
Paris. Admiral Rozhest- 
venski is held responsible 
for the firing on the Eng- 
lish trawlers near the 
Dogger Banks. 



Europe, elsewhere 



The World, elsewhere. 



1904 

Dec. 27. Russia: An im- 
perial manifesto promises 
partial reforms but up- 
holds the ideal of autoc - 
racy; it arouses general 
disappointment. 



1905 

Jan. 22. The striking work- 
men of St. Petersburg, 
led by Father Gapon, 
move toward the Winter 
Palace Square in order 
to present their petition 
to the czar in person. 
They are met by troops 
and are shot down by 
hundreds; 29. Warsaw 
is under mob rule. 



Feb. 6. The procurator- 
general of Finland is 
assassinated. — The as- 
sembly of the nobles at 
St. Petersburg sends an 
address to the czar, 
urging that representa- 
tives of the people should 
have a share in the gov- 
ernment; 17. Grand Duke 
Sergius assassinated; 20. 
The miners' strike in 
Belgium spreads; 21. 
The powers accept the 
proposal for higher Turk- 
ish customs duties on 
condition that the ad- 
ditional revenue shall be 
devoted to reforms; 24. 
The piercing of the Sim- 
plon Tunnel is completed. 



1904 

Dec. 31. Gen. Stoessel in 
command at Port Ar- 
thur asks for an armis- 
tice. 



1905 

Jan. 2. Port Arthur sur- 
renders with more than 
24,000 officers and men, 
after the fleet in the 
harbor had been blown 
up. 
Jan. 27. Gen. Kuropatkin 
announces the capture of 
Sandepas and other posi- 
tions; 29. Driven out of 
Sandepas. The whole 
Russian right is with- 
drawn across the Hun. 



Feb. 12. The Japanese cut 
the railroad between 
Mukden and Harbin; 25. 
They take Beresneff Hill 
after heavy fighting; 27. 
The Russian flanks are 
turned. The Japanese 
shell Mukden; 28. Severe 
fighting continues along 
the entire line. 



500 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I905 A.D. 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1905 



1905 

Mar. 26. Citizens of New 
York subscribe $600,000 
towards an endowment 
of $1,000,000 for the 
American Academy of 
Fine Arts in Rome. 



1905 

Mar. 1. Assurance is given 
the Haitian minister that 
the United States has 
no intention of annexing 
Santo Domingo. 



1905 

Mar. 21. Viscount Goschea 
and the Earl of Selborne 
defend m the House of 
Lords the increase in 
naval expenditure; 23. 
The government of New- 
foundland takes measures 
to prevent American fish- 
ermen from obtaining 
bait there. 



Apr. 27. Andrew Carnegie 
gives $10,000,000 for a 
college professors' pen- 
sion fund in the United 
States, Canada, and New- 
foundland ; 29. The czar 
pf Russia grants religious 
freedom. 



May 2. The teamsters 'strike 
m Chicago is accom- 
panied by rioting; 23. 
The Southern Industrial 
Parliament opens its ses- 
sions in Washington. 



[Apr. 26. More than 1000 
emigrants gathered by 
the Salvation Army leave 
Liverpool foi Canada. 



May 3. Lord Dunraven 
issues a pamphlet de- 
claring that Ireland can- 
not be Anglicized and 
urging measures of self- 
government. 



I905 A.D 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



30I 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1905 



1905 

Mar. 17. The French Cham- 
ber of Deputies votes to 
reduce the term of active 
servicein the army to two 
years; 29. Count von 
Biilow, the imperial chan- 
cellor, announces that 
Germany will stand firm 
in the interests of the 
open-door principle in 
Morocco. 



Apr. 29. The German envoy 
at Tangier makes an 
unconciliatory statement 
on Germany's attitude 
toward Morocco. 



May 7. Ex-Premier Combes 
issues a statement of his 
policy for the separation 
of Church and State in 
France; 31. A bomb is 
thrown in Paris at a 
carriage occupied by King 
Alfonso and President 
Loubet. 



1905 

Mar. 2. The Russian Com- 
mittee of Ministers votes 
to grant religious freedom 
to the people; 21. Agita- 
tion for Hungarian as 
the language of military 
command is supported 
by the leaders of the 
Kossuth party in Aus- 
tria-Hungary; 22. The 
Russian Committee of 
Ministers recommends 
the abolition of the com- 
pulsory use of the Rus- 
sian language in Polish 
schools; 23. Authoriza- 
tion for an international 
loan of $100,000,000 is 
signed in St. Petersburg; 
29. The European powers 
determine to place the 
Macedonian finances un- 
der international con- 
trol. 



Apr. 3. Belgium, as the cheii 
creditor, protests against 
the American receiver- 
ship for Santo Domingo; 
21. The Cretan Assembly 
proclaims the union of 
Crete with Greece; 22. 
Greece and the powers 
refuse to recognize the 
Cretan proclamation; 29. 
The czar decrees religious 
freedom. 

May 1. 100 persons are shot 
by troops at Warsaw, and 
a number are killed and 
wounded at Lodz; 16. 
The governor -general of 
Ufa assassinated. 



1905 

Mar. 3. St. Petersburg re- 
ports Kuropatkin to be 
in full retreat on Tieling; 
5. Japanese within five 
miles of Mukden. Nogi 
with the Port Arthur vet- 
erans suddenly turnswest- 
ward ; S. Kuroki gains a 
victory on the east, and 
the Japanese appear on the 
north of Mukden. The 
Russians evacuate posi- 
tions on the south and 
southwest, firing great 
stores; 10. Mukden and 
Fushun are occupied by 
the Japanese. Remnant 
of Kuropatkin's army 
reaches Tie Pass. 

Russian losses in fighting 
aroundMukden are 27.700 
dead, 110,000 wounded 
and 40,000 captured; 
Japanese:41,000 total. 17. 
Gen. Linevitch supersedes 
Kuropatkin ; 23. Japan- 
ese loan to raise $150,- 
000,000; 23-24. Japanese 
carrying out flanking 
movements, endangering 
Russian communications; 
26. Russians driven out 
of all positions in the 
watershed of the Liao 
River . 

Apr. 7. The Japanese at- 
tack with heavy losses; 
IS. Japanese estimate the 
strength of Linevitch's 
army at 200,000; 23. 
The Russians attempt 
to advance and are de- 
feated; 24. The Baltic 
fleet is sighted off the 
coast of Annam. 



May 18. The condition of 
the roads interrupts fight - 
ing in Manchuria; 27-8. 
The Baltic fleet under 
Rozhestvenski is defeated 
in the Korean Straits. 
14,000 Russians go down 
with their ships, 3000 
are taken prisoners, and 
1000 escape. The Jap- 
anese loss is three torpedo 
boats and about 800 
men. 



302 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I905 A.D. 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1905 



1905 



Aug. 23. Knabenshue makes 
a successful flight over 
New York City in his 
airship; 26, A new scien- 
tific process for manu- 
facturing diamonds is re- 
ported as discovered bv 
Dr. C. V. Burton of Cam- 
bridge, England. 



Sept. 12. The bridge of the 
Cape to Cairo Railway 
across the Zambesi River 
is formally opened. 



1905 

June 1. The Lewis and 
Clark Exposition is open- 
ed at Portland, Oregon; 
10. Ex-President Cleve- 
land, Judge Morgan J. 
O'Brien, and George 
Westinghouse accept ap- 
pointment as trustees of 
the majority of the capi- 
tal stock of the Equitable 
Life Insurance Society; 
17, Serious rioting 
in Chicago by the 
striking teamsters; 29. 
The New York State 
Insurance Dept. begins 
an investigation of the 
Mutual Life Insurance 
Co. at the request of 
its own officers; 30. John 
D. Rockefeller gives $10,- 
000,000 to the General 
Education Board. 

July 1. Five corporations 
and seventeen individ- 
uals engaged in the meat 
packing industry are in- 
dicted by the Federal 
Grand Jury in Chicago 
for alleged violation of 
the Sherman anti-trust 
law; 6. The remains of 
John Paul Jones are 
formally received by 
United States officials at 
Paris; 29. The boycott 
of American trade among 
Chinese in Shanghai is 
reported effective. 

Aug. 8. The peace envoys 
of Russia and Japan 
meet at Portsmouth, N. 
H. 



1905 



July 10. Lord Roberts, in 
the House of Lords, de- 
clares the army to be 
inadequate and totally 
unfit for war; 13. Balfour 
declares himself opposed 
to conscription; 17. A 
royal commission ap- 
pointed to investigate 
the problem of tramway 
and underground railway 
lines in London, proposes 
an expend ture of $120, 
000,000. 



Aug. 20. Lord Curzon re- 
signs as viceroy of India. 
The earl of Minto is ap- 
pointed his successor; 25. 
London announces the 
signing of a new Anglo- 
Japanese treaty of alli- 
ance. 



|Sept. 26. Great Britain and 
I China agree to a confer - 
I ence to conclude a new 
Tibetan treaty. 



1905 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



303 



a.d. France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1905 



1905 

June 8. Germany proposes 
an international con- 
ference on the Moroccan 
question; 21. Premier 
Rouvier asks Germany 
for an explanation of 
her intentions regarding 
Morocco. 



July 3. The Fren h Cham- 
ber of Deputies passes 
by a vote of 341 to 233 
the bill for the separation 
of Church and State; 8. 
Germany's terms in re- 
gard to Morocco are ac- 
cepted. 



Aug. 30. Cholera becomes 
epidemic in Germany 
near the Russian border. 



Sept. 26. The Franco-Ger- 
man negotiations over 
Morocco are concluded. 



1905 

June 4. The czar appoints 
Gen. Trepoff assistant 
minister of the interior 
with almost unlimited 
power to suppress popular 
demonstrations; 6. The 
Zemstvo Congress is held 
at Moscow despite the 
police orders; 7, Norway 
declares itself separated 
from Sweden; 23. Re- 
volt in Lodz, Poland ; 
troops kill fifty and 
wound 200; 28. The 
Russian battleship Kniaz 
Potemkin, of the Black 
Sea squadron, is seized 
by her crew; 29 The Kniaz 
Potemkin shells Odessa; 
1000 people are killed 
in street fighting. Sailors 
mutiny at Libau and 
attack the government 
stores. 

July 11. Fighting continues 
at Warsaw between the 
strikers and the troops. 
The prefect of the Mos- 
cow police is assassinated. 



1905 

June 1. Reforms proposed 
for Morocco are rejected 
by the sultan; 16. A 
force of Russians is dis- 
lodged from Liao Yang 
Wo Peng and driven 
north with large losses; 
20. The Japanese begin 
an enveloping movement 
in Manchuria. Vladivo- 
stock is threatened. 



Aug. 5. TheRussiangovern- 
ment decides to issue 
another internal loan 
of $100,000,000; 24. The 
government of Warsaw 
is placed under martial 
law. 



Sept. 6. The entire Baku 
region is under the con- 
trol of rioters; 25. A 
political congress, con- 
sisting of 300 delegates 
fiom all parts of the 
Russian Empire, assem- 
bles at Moscow with the 
consent of the govern- 
ment. 



July 8. Japanese seize the 
island of Saghalien, used 
by Russia as a penal 
settlement; 24. The Rus- 
sians are defeated north- 
west of Nan -shan-chentse. 



Aug. 4. Japanese closing 
in on Vladivostock ; 19. 
The weather causes a 
cessation of hostilities 
in Manchuria; 26. The 
sultan of Morocco re- 
fuses to recognize control 
by France over Franco - 
Algerian citizens; 29. 
The peace plenipoten- 
ti aries reac h an agreement . 
Japan waives indemnity, 
the possession of interned 
warships, and the limita- 
tion of Russian naval 
power in the far East. 
Saghalien is to be divided. 

Sept. 5. The Russo-Japanese 
plenipotentaries sign the 
treaty of peace; 12. The 
bridge of the Cape to 
Cairo Railway across the 
Zambesi River is formally 
opened; 15. An armistice 
is signed in Manchuria. 



304 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I905 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1905 



1906 



1905 

Oct. 3. The International 

Tuberculosis Conference 

meets at Paris. 



Deaths in 1905: — Atkinson, 
Edward; Baldwin, W. H., 
Jr.; Butterworth, Heze- 
kiah; Dodge, Mary M.; 
Gomez, M. ; Harland Hen- 
ry; Hay John; de H^r^dia, 
J. M.; Irving, Sir H.; Ise- 
lin, Adrian; Jefferson, J.; 
Kinross, Lord; Lee, Fitz- 
hugh; Packard, A. S.; 
Reid, Sir Wemyss; Sharp, 
W.; Thomas, Theodore; 
Verne, Jules; Wallace, L.; 
Whitehead, R.; Wool- 
sey, Sarah C. ("Susan 
Coolidge"); Ziegler, W. 



1906 



1905 

Oct. 5. First long dis- 
tance flight by Wright 
brothers' aeroplane; 24g 
miles in 38 minutes. 



Nov. 18. The Panama Canal 
board of consulting en- 
gineers decides in favor 
of a sea -level canal. 



1906 

Jan. 1 . New England woollen 
manufacturers voluntar- 
ily raise the wages of 
30,000 employees; 23. 
Government opens the 
beef trust case in Chicago ; 
30. Consular -reform bill 
passes the Senate. 

Feb. 14. Ship-subsidy bill 
passes Senate; 19. Re- 
port sent to Congress by 
the Panama Canal com- 
mission and board of 
consulting engineers re- 
commends a lock canal, 
which it is estimated can 
be built in 8 or 9 years at 
a cost of $147,000,000; 
21. Pure-food bill passes 
Senate. 



1905 



1906 

Jan. 16. Formal control of 
the fortifications of Hali- 
fax taken over by the 
Canadian government. 



I906 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



305 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1905 



1905 



1906 



Dec. 6. The French Senate 
adopts by a vote of 181 
to 102 the bill for the 
separation of Church and 
State. 



1906 

Jan. 14. France severs 
diplomatic relations with 
Venezuela; 17. Fallieres 
elected president of 
France; 20. Great demon- 
strations of the German 
Social Democrats are held 
in Berlin and other 
Prussian towns. 

Feb. 22. Germany extends 
reciprocal tariff rates to 
the United States. 



1905 

Oct. 24. The Russian rail- 
road strike spreads 
throughout the empire; 
30. The czar issues a 
manifesto assuring civil 
liberty, extension of the 
suffrage, and inability 
to enforce laws without 
the consent of the Duma. 

Nov. 3. The Russian cen- 
sorship over the press 
and private dispatches is 
abolished; 13. Prince 
Charles of Denmark is 
elected king of Norway; 
15. The Social Revolu- 
tionists of St. Peters- 
burg begin a great strike 
with the object of over- 
throwing the monarchy. 

Dec. 9. Russian troops 
mutiny in Kronstad; 17. 
A general strike is de- 
clared and insurrection 
spreads in the Russian 
provinces; 22. 125,000 
workers are out in St. 
Petersburg; 31. Nearly 
all of southern Russia 
is in rebellion, the in- 
surgents having control 
of several railway lines 
and cities. 

1906 

Jan. 16. Algeciras confer- 
ence on Morocco begun ; 
24. The Belgian Chamber 
passes the port of Ant- 
werp bill; 30. The crown 
prince of Denmark is 
proclaimed King Fred- 
erick VIII. 

Feb. 9. The Hungarian 
Parliament is dissolved 
by a show of force. 



1905 

Oct. 14. The Russo-Jap- 
anese peace treaty rati- 
fied. 



1906 

Jan. 6. Two provinces in 
Equador are held by reb- 
els; 22. Chinese troops in- 
vade Tonquin but are 
driven back by the 
French with a loss of 
600 killed or wounded. 



306 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I906 A.D. 



1906 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1906 



Apr. 21. Peary reached 
S7° 6' N. lat., a new record. 



May 19. The Simplon Tun 
nel through the Alps 
12J m. long, is formally 
opened. 



June 26. Cable completed 
from Guam to Japan. 



United States. 



1906 

Mar. 9. Joint statehood 
bill to admit Oklahoma 
and Indian Territory 
passes the Senate. 



Apr. 18. San Francisco 
earthquake and fire; 20. 
Conflagration checked. 



May 18. The raliroad rate 
bill passes the Senate. 



British Empire. 



1906 

Mar. 9. The House of Com- 
mons adopts resolution 
to the effect that mem- 
bers ought to be paid 
£300 per year; 12. The 
Commons announces de- 
termination to resist any 
proposal to create a 
system of protection; 21. 
The compensation com- 
mission in S. Africa com- 
pletes its work — claims 
for losses in the Boer War 
amount to $310,000,000. 

Apr. 25. Woman suffrage 
advocates cause a com- 
motion at Westminster. 



May 4. Government de- 
mands withdrawal of 
Turkish troops from Ta- 
bah; 19. A deputation of 
400 women, to the prem- 
ier, demands the right to 
vote. 



June 2. Resolution requir 
ing supplies for Panama 
Canal to be bought in 
the U. S. passes the 
Senate; 18. Lake Erie 
and Ohio River Ship 
Canal bill passes the 
Senate; 21. Bill for lock 
canal at Panama passes 
the Senate; The Fall 
River cotton manufactur- 
ers grant a 14 per cent, 
increase in wages; 22. 
Bill appropriating $25,- 
000 for the president's 
travelling expenses passes 
the Senate. 



1906 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



307 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1906 



1906 

Mar. 7. The Rouvier minis- 
try defeated in France 
as a result of the opposi- 
tion to taking the church 
inventories; 10. The most 
terrible mining disaster 
on record, at Courrieres, 
France. About 1100 

killed; 11. Strike of 30,- 
000 miners; 21. The con- 
gress of miners in the 
north of France resolves 
on a great strike. 

Apr. 21. The German feder- 
al council approves the 
bill for the payment of 
members of the Reichstag 
27. The homes of the 
leading Royalists, Bona- 
partists, labor leaders, 
and anarchists searched 
at Paris for evidence of 
a plot against the re- 
public. 

May 2. Three-fourths of the 
strikers in Paris return 
to work. 



1906 

Mar. 29. In the municipal 
elections in Russia the 
Constitutional Demo- 
crats have sweeping vic- 
tories. 



June 27. The International 
Cotton Congress at Bre- 
men decides that it is 
necessary to broaden the 
source of supply. 



Apr. 5. Censorship of the 
press restored in St. 
Petersburg; Vesuvius in 
violent eruption; 7. The 
Moroccan convention 

signed; 10. Vesuvius still 
active; a market in 
Naples collapses from 
the weight of ashes; 17. 
Russian 5% loan of 
$440,000,000 to be issued 
at 88. 

May2. Resignation of Count 
Witte as prime minister 
of Russia; 6. Sharp 
actions in Bulgaria be- 
tween Turkish and Bul- 
garian bands; 10. The 
Duma opened in St. 
Petersburg; 12. Turkey 
yields to England's de- 
mand for evacuation of 
points in the Sinai penin- 
sula; 20. Austrian crown 
and Council of Ministers 
refuse the Hungarian de- 
mand for a separate 
tariff; 27. Greece breaks 
off diplomatic relations 
with Roumania; 31. A 
bomb is thrown at the 
king and queen of Spain 
after their wedding, 24 
persons are killed. 

June 14. Bialystok sacked 
and 200 Jews killed, fol- 
lowing bomb -throwing by 
a Jewish anarchist. 



1906 

Mar. 9. 600 Moros killed in 
the battle on Mount Da jo, 
island of Jolo, P. I.; 27. 
A bill for the purchase 
of the Japanese railroads 
by the government is 
passed by the House after 
amendment by the Peers. 



Apr. 27. Anglo-Tibetan 
treaty; China retains sov- 
ereignty of Tibet, giving 
protection to British in- 
terests. 



May 2. Plague spreads rap- 
idly in Northeastern Per- 
sia. 



June 19. Peruvian troops 
invade the disputed sec- 
tion of eastern Ecuador; 
30. The pope consents to 
arbitrate the territorial 
dispute between Colom- 
bia and Peru. 



3o8 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I906 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1906 



1906 



Aug. 28. Esperanto Con- 
gress opens at Geneva. 



Aug. 15-16. Race war at 
Brownsville, Tex.; 22. 
All colored troops are 
ordered out of the State. 



Sept. 20. Sixteen balloons 
start from Paris in 
the first competition for 
the Gordon -Bennett cup, 
which is won by Lieut. 
Larm, U. S. A., in the 
balloon United States, 
which lands in England; 
26. The Institute of 
International Law regu- 
lates the use of wireless 
telegraphy in time of 
war, and limits the use 
of torpedoes. 



1906 



1906 



Sept. 2. President favors 
simplified spelling; 19,- 
500,000 acres opened to 
settlement in Oklahoma; 
22. Many negroes killed 
in Atlanta and the city 
is put under martial law. 



Sept. 3. Four hundred and 
ninety delegates, repre- 
senting a million and a 
half members of trade 
unions, meet at Liver- 
pool; 5. The Trade Union 
Congress passes a resolu- 
tion in favor of an 8-hour 
day for all organized 
labor. 



Oct. 9. Newfoundland offi- 
cials decide to enforce 
the fishing laws strictly 
and revoke all concessions 
to Americans; 20. Anglo- 
French convention covers 
future administration of 
the New Hebrides. 



I906 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



309 



a.d. France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1906 



1906 

July 3. The election of 
Count Boni de Castellane 
to the French Chamber 
of Deputies is annulled 
on the ground of bribery ; 
12. Dreyfus completely 
vindicated, restored to 
the army and given the 
insignia of the Legion of 
Honor. 



Sept. 23. Socialist congress 
at Mannheim. Bebel 
opposes general strikes 
as a mode of political 
agitation. 



Oct. The police at Posen 
seize 10,000 copies of a 
violent proclamation call- 
ing upon the Poles to- 
meet and protest against 
the use of German in 
religious instruction in 
the schools. 



1906 

July 10. The Russian court 
martial acquits Rozhest- 
venski on the ground 
that he was wounded. 
Four officers found guilty 
of surrendering to the 
enemy are sentenced to 
be shot, but are after- 
wards pardoned; 17. The 
Czar approves the famine 
relief measures of the 
Duma; 21. Dissolves 
the Duma; 31. Mutiny 
of Russian troops at 
Helsingfors is suppressed 
after great loss of life. 

Aug. 6. Russian revolution- 
ary societies issue a call 
to the people to rise and 
overthrow the czar's 
government; 7. The gen- 
eral strike in Russia is 
called off; 8. The Russian 
cabinet appropriates $27,- 
000,000 for famine relief, 
9. The Spanish cabinet 
votes to ignore the papal 
protest in regard to civil 
marriages; 25. A bomb, 
intended for Premier 
Stolypin of Russia, kills 
28 and wounds 24 persons. 

Sept. 9. Troops destroy the 
Jewish quarter of Siedlce, 
Russian Poland, and 
hundreds are killed and 
wounded; 17. Severe 
measures taken by the 
Spanish government to 
suppress a Carlist revolt 
in Catalonia; 20. Final 
steps taken for distribu- 
tion of land to the 
Russian peasantry. 



1906 

July 10. The dry-dock 
Dewey reaches the Phil- 
ippines after a voyage of 
193 days; 23. The Pan- 
American Congress meets 
at Rio de Janeiro. 



Oct. 12. Turkish troops de- 
feated with heavy losses 
in Yemen; 19. The Rus- 
sian government issues 
a ukase making all equal 
before the law, removing 
all restrictions in regard 
to state employment 
abolishing the communal 
system and the poll tax, 
and leaving peasants free 
to choose their place of 
residence. 



Aug. 12. King Menelik of 
Abyssinia signs the Pran- 
co-Italian-British treaty; 
16-17, Earthquakes and 
fire cause great destruc- 
tion of life and property 
in Valparaiso, Santiago, 
and other Chilean cities; 
20. Uprising against the 
Cuban government. 



Sept. 1. Dalny, Manchuria 
opened as a free port; 2. 
The emperor of China 
issues an edict promising 
a constitutional govern- 
ment; 8. Pres. Palma of 
Cuba asks the U. S. to 
intervene; 14. All rail- 
roads and telegraph lines 
in Cuba are cut; 18. A 
typhoon at Hong Kong 
causes the loss of thou- 
sands of lives and the 
wrecking of 36 vessels; 
21. Emperor of China 
issues edict demanding 
that the opium habit in 
China be eradicated in 
ten years; 22. 400 Malays 
killed by Dutch forces on 
the island of Bali; 24. 
Armistice signed in Cuba. 

Oct. 25. Japan demands 
of the U. S. full rights of 
the treaty of 1894 for 
Japanese subjects in Cal- 
ifornia; 28. Over 800 
Japanese coral fishers 
drowned off Bato Island 
in a hurricane. 



3io 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I906 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1906 



1907 



1906 



1906 

Nov. 1. Three cent street 

cars operated for the first 

time in Cleveland; 7. 

The Pennsylvania R.R. 

raises wages 10 per cent. 

Dec. 22. Pres. Roosevelt 
orders a second investi- 
gation of the affair at 
Brownsville; 29. The 
Cleveland Electric Rail- 
way announces 3£ cent 
fares on all its lines. 



Dec. 19. The U. S. Senate 
ratifies the Red Cross 
convention providing for 
the amelioration of the 
condition of the wound- 
ed on the field. 

Deaths in 1906: Anthony, 
Susan B.; Brunetiere, F.; 
Curie, Pierre; Craigie, 
Mrs. ("John Oliver 
Hobbes"); Christian IX., 
of Denmark; Dunbar, 
Paul L.; Field, Marshall; 
Gorman, A. T.; Harper, 
W. R. ; Henderson, D. B. ; 
Holyoake, G. J.; 
von Hartmann, Karl; 
Huntington, Daniel; 
Ibsen, Henrik; Johnson, 
Eastm an; Kodama, 
Baron; Ristori, Adelaide; 
Sage, Russell; Sutro, 
Emil; Schofield, Gen. J. 
M.jShaler, N. S.;Schurz, 
Carl; Toole, J. L. ; 
Wheeler, Gen. J. 

1907 1907 

Jan. 19. Floods on the Ohio 
River render homeless 
15,000 people in and 
around Cincinnati; 23. 
The Senate adopts the 
amendment increasing 
the salaries of the vice- 
president, speaker, and 
members of the Cabinet 
and of Congress. 

Feb. 7. Rockefeller gives $32,000,000 to be ad- 
ministered by the General Education Board. 

Feb. 26. Major Goethals 
appointed chief engineer 
of the Panama Canal. 



1906 



Dec. The Education bill, for 
the exclusion of the de- 
nominational control of 
the schools, passes third 
reading in the House of 
Lords; 12. The Commons 
rejects all amendments of 
the Lords; Constitution 
granted to the Transvaal ; 
19. The House of Lords 
rejects the concessions 
offered by the Govern- 
ment in the matter of the 
Education bill; 20. The 
Education bill with- 
drawn; 26. The Indian 
National Congress opens 
at Calcutta; 30. King 
Edward approves the 
appointment of James 
Bryce to be ambassador 
to the U. S.; 31. An 
agreement of the British 
railways to abolish re- 
bates goes into force. 



1907 

Jan. 24. Delegates of the 
Labor Party meet at 
Belfast; 26. The Labor 
Party favors the exten- 
sion of the suffrage 
equally to all men and 
all women. 



Feb. 9. A great gathering 
of women in London de- 
mands attention for the 
Female Suffrage bill; 27. 
Motion in the Commons 
in favor of the disestab- 
lishment and disendow - 
ment of the established 
church in England and 
Wales. 



1907 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



3H 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1906; 1906 



Dec. 28. The French Senate 
passes the amended Sepa- 
ration bill. 



1907 1907 

Jan. 3. New French law 
amending the Church 
and State Separation law 
of 1905 is signed by the 
president. 



1906 

Nov. 7. By a new interpre- 
tation of the election 
law the Russian Senate 
disfranchises thousands 
of city and railroad em- 
ployees. 

Dec. 14. The Belgian Cham- 
ber votes in favor of an- 
nexing the Congo Free 
State ; 29. Factories closed 
at Lodz, Russian Poland, 
100,000 men out of work 



1 1906 

iNov. 22. The Chinese im- 
i perial regulations for the 
suppression of the use of 
opium are published. 



Dec. 26. Severe earthquake 
shocks in the province of 
Tacna, Chile; 30. The 
shah and the crown 
prince sign the Pers ; an 
constitution. 



1907 

Jan. 3. Articles of the Po- 
lish National League, 
embodying plans for ac- 
tion in case of war, pub- 
lished at Breslau; 26. 
Spanish Parliament sus- 
pended by the king. 



Feb. 20. Consuls in Odessa 
appeal to their embassies 
for protection for foreign- 
ers during the continued 
anti-Jewish disturbances. 



1907 

Jan. 14. The greater part 
of Kingston, Jamaica, 
destroyed by earthquake 
and fire; over 1000 dead - 
19. Shah of Persia 
crowned at Teheran; 30. 
The Chilean Congress 
authorizes the construc- 
tion of a railroad from 
the Peruvian frontier 
to the Strait of Magellan. 



312 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I907 A.D. 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1907 



1907 ]1907 |1907 

Mar. 12. Mrs. Russell Sage gives $10,000,000 to create Mar. 2. The cause of muni- 



the Sage Foundation for philanthropic work. 

|Mar. 4. 17,000,000 acres 
added to the forest re- 
serves; 14. Pres. Roose- 
velt issues orders for the 
exclusion of Japanese 
laborers and for the 
dismissal of suits against 
the San Francisco school 
board; violent decline on 
theN. Y. Stock Exchange; 
Sec. of the Treasury 
offers to redeem $25,000, • 
000 of 4 per cent, govern- 
ment bonds; 30. The 
chairman of the Inter- 
state Commerce Commis- 
sion and the Secretary 
of Labor begin mediation 
at Chicago which averts a 
strike on more than 
forty railroads. 
000,000 to the Carnegie In- 



Apr. 5. Carnegie gives 
stitute at Pittsburg. 



June 15. Second Peace 
Conference at The Hague 
opened. 



cipal ownership receives 
a reverse in the defeat of 
the Progressives in the 
London elections; 9. 
Agreement with Russia as 
to intervention in Persia; 
20. 70 advocates of 
woman suffrage arrested; 
22. The Commons rejects 
a bill for the introduction 
of the metric svstem. 



Apr. S. The Supreme Court 
decides that the Isle of 
Pines is not American 

territory; a convention is concluded between the 
United States and England for a Canadian boundary 
commission. 



14. National arbitration 
and peace congress open- 
ed in New York; James- 
town Ter-centenary Ex- 
position opened. 
May 9. Haywood trial 
begun. 



Apr. 15. The British Colo- 
nial Conference begins 
sessions in London. 

May 6. Owing to political 
agitation in the university 
and schools of Bengal, the 
government threatens to 
withdraw educational aid. 



June 3. Wages advanced 5 
per cent, in cotton mills 
of northern New Eng- 
land; 24. Treaty with 
Santo Domingo signed; 
26. Sec. Taft announces 
that American occupa- 
tion of Cuba will continue 
for 18 months; 29. Con- 
tracts awarded for two 
20,000 ton battleships. 



June 3. Irish Home Rule 
bill withdrawn; 26. The 
Commons passes a reso- 
lution to curtail the 
power of the House of 
Lords; 27. King Edward 
lays the foundation stone 
of a new extension to the 
British Museum; 28. 
Great combination form- 
ed of the iron and steel 
manufacturers. 



I907 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



313 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1907 



Mar. 4. The grand dukes 
of Mecklenburg -Schwerin 
and Mecklenburg-Strelitz 
announce their intention 
to grant constitutions to 
the duchies; 12. The 
French battleship Jena 
blown up at Toulon; 24. 
Treaty between France 
and Siam transfers three 
provinces to the former; 
29. French troops occupy 
Oudja, Morocco. 



May 1. France refuses to 
accept the certificate pro- 
vided under the Pure 
Food Law for American 
meat; 14, The Reichstag 
passes a German -Ameri- 
can commercial agree- 
ment to remain in force 
until July, 1908; 22. The 
French cabinet agrees on 
a bill to suppress adulter- 
ated wines; 31. French 
naval reserve strikes. 

June 1. Demonstration at 
Nimes of 200,000 persons 
connected with the French 
wine trade; 5. Strike of 
the French naval re- 
serve comes to an end ; 
11-12. Mayors of muni- 
cipalities in the wine 
district of France re- 
sign as a protest against 
the condition of the 
vine-growers; 20. Se- 
rious disturbances in the 
wine provinces; 31. The 
French Senate adopts a 
bill for the suppression 
of the adulteration of 
wine. 



1907 



Apr. 7. 19 women elected 
to the Finnish Diet; first 
women representatives in 
any national legislature. 



June 8. The czar approves 
the project for a railroad 
from Tomsk to Bering 
Strait and for a tunnel 
under the Strait; 14. 
The Norwegian Parlia- 
ment votes to grant the 
suffrage to about 300,- 
000 women based upon 
a property qualification; 
15. The czar dissolves 
the Duma and in de- 
fiance of an essential 
guarantee of the Consti- 
tution promulgates a 
new electoral law; 29. The 
Russian government 

takes measures to prevent 
Armenian massacres. 



1907 
ar. 22. Russian evacua- 
tion of Manchuria com- 
pleted ; 24. Dr. Mauchamp 
killed at Morocco City by 
Mohammedan fanatics. 



Apr. 15. Manchuria form- 
ally returns to Chinese 
rule; Chilpancingo and 
Chilapa, Mexico, destroy- 
ed by earthquake; 19. 
Iloilo, Philippines, de- 
stroyed by fire. 

May 3. The Dominican Con- 
gress ratifies the new 
treaty with the United 
States; 16. Chinese offi- 
cials state that famine 
relief sent by the United 
States has healed all 
breaches between the 
two countries; 21. All 
the native opium dens 
in Shanghai are closed 
by imperial edict. 



314 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I907 A.D. 



1907 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1907 

July 4. Centenary of 
Garibaldi's birth cele- 
brated throughout 
Italy 

July 17. Pope Pius X. 
issues a syllabus of sixty- 
five errors concerning 
faith, the scriptures, and 
ecclesiastical authority. 

July 20. Foundation stone 
laid of the Carnegie 
Palace of Peace at The 
Hague. 



Oct. 17. First regular 
wireless despatch over 
the Atlantic Ocean for 
commercial purposes.^ 

Oct. 17. Marconi wire- 
less service opened from 
Cape Breton, Canada 
to Clifden, Ireland. 

Nov. 17. Central Ameri- 
can Peace Conference 
opened by Secretary of 
State Root. 

Deaths in 1007: Aldrich 
T. B.; von Bergmann 
E.; Berthelot, P. E. M.; 
Carducci, G.; Casimir- 
Perier, J. P.; Garrison 
G. P.; Grau, M.; Grieg, 
E. EL; Grow, G. A.; 
Gunter, A. C; Heilprin, 
A.; Joachim, Joseph; 
Kelvin, Lord; Lamsdorf, 
Count; Mansfield, R.; 
Mendelyef.D.; Mazaffar- 
eddin, Shah of Persia; 
Moissan, H.; Morgan, 
J. T.; Oscar II., King of 
Sweden; Saint Gaudens, 
Augustus; Sully-Prud- 
homme, R. F.; Theurie, 
A.; Watson, Rev. J. 
("Ian Maclaren"). 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1907 

July. The question of the 
segregation of Japanese 
children in California 
becomes acute. 

July 25. President Roose- 
velt announces the rati- 
fication of the Santo 
Domingo treaty. 

July 28. Haywood ac- 
quitted of the charge of 
murdering ex-Governor 
Steunenburg, of Idaho. 

Aug. 3. Federal District 
Court fines the Standard 
Oil Company $29,240,- 
000, for accepting re- 
bates; the order was 
later overruled by the 
circuit and Supreme 
courts. 

Aug. 17. Secretary Taft. 
as mediator, concludes 
an agreement between 
the representatives of 
Colombia and Panama. 

Sept. 18. A suit is begun 
in federal courts to dis- 
solve the Standard Oil 
Company. 

Sept. 29. Presiden 

Roosevelt starts on : 
Western and Southern 
tour. 

Oct. 14. A n t i- Japanese 
riots in San Francisco 

Oct. 16. Secretary of War 
Taft opens the first 
Philippine Assembly. 

Oct. 21. Financial crisis 
at New York City; the 
Knickerbocker Trust 
Company and several 
banks suspend; and the 
panic of 1907 follows. 

Nov. 16. Oklahoma be 
comes a State. 



Dec. 11. Pres. Roosevelt 
announces determina- 
tion not to run for a 
third term. 

Dec. 16. The United 
States fleet of battle- 
ships sails from Hamp- 
ton Roads on a world- 
circling tour. 



1907 



Aug. 29. Canada: the 
superstructure of the 
great cantilever bridge 
over the St. Lawrence 
River nine miles above 
Quebec collapses, with 
loss of 80 lives. 



Sept. 11. Canada: riotous 
demonstrations against 
Japanese take place at 
Vancouver, B. C. 



Dec. 17. Great Britain 
and Russia agree upon 
joint action to prevent 
an uprising in Persia. 



I907 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



315 



1907 



1907 

July-August. France: A 
period of great disturb 
ance among the wine 
growers. 



Sept. 23. Germany: Em 
peror William unveils 
a memorial at Memel 
emblematic of rise of 
Prussia. 



Oct. 18. _ Germany: Trial 
of editor Maximilian 
Harden for libelling 
Count von Moltke; he 
was later acquitted. 



November. Fighting be- 
tween the French 
troops and the Moroc 
can army. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1907 

July 17. Russia: 169 
members of first Duma 
who drew up the Viborg 
manifesto arraigned for 
trial. 

July 23. King Leopold of 
Belgium opens the new 
port of Zeebrugge. 



Aug. 31. Anglo-Russian 
agreement delimitating 
spheres of control 
Asia signed. 



Nov. 14. Third Russian 
Duma opens. 



Dec. 6. Publication of 
treaty for the annexa- 
tion of the Congo Free 
State to Belgium. 

Dec. 8. Sweden: King 
Oscar II. dies, and is 
succeeded by Gustav V. 

Dec. 14. Russia: Fifty- 
nine members of the 
Duma are charged with 
treason. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1907 

July 19. Japan forces the 
abdication of the Em- 
peror of Korea in favor 
of his son and the ad- 
mission of a Japanese 
resident general. 

July 31. Moroccan tribes- 
men attack Casablanca. 



August. Mexico: The 
Government purchases 
the controlling stock in 
the Mexican Central 
and Mexican National 
railroads. 

Aug. 31. Persia: The 
Premier, Amin-es-Sultan 
assassinated. 



Oct. 11. Persia: The 

Shah signs a new con- 
stitution ; 14. Serious 
revolutionary outbreaks 
occur. 



Dec. 5. Japan announces 
that emigration to the 
United States and 
Canada will be limited. 

Dec. 18. Peru and Chile 
conclude their first 
treaty of amity and 
friendship. 



3i6 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1908 A.D. 



190S 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1908 

Jan. 12. Completion _ of 
the work of excavating 
the Pennsylvania Rail 
road tunnels under the 
Hudson River. 



United States. 



190S 

Jan. 5. George A. Petti- 
bone acquitted of the 
charge of complicity in 
the murder of ex-Gov. 
Steunenburg, of Idaho. 

Jan. 6. U. S. Supreme 
Court declares Em- 
ployers' Liability Law 
unconstitutional. 

Jan. 14. Pres. Roosevelt 
promises an end to the 
American occupation of 
Cuba, fixing February 
1, 1909, or earlier, as the 
time for the withdrawal 
of troops. 

Jan. 27. The Supreme 
Court decides that a law 
prohibiting discrimina- 
tion against members of 
labor organizations by 
common carriers to be 
unconstitutional. 



Feb. 3. Supreme Court 
declares a boycott in 
stituted by a labor or 
ganization to be a com 
bination in restraint of 
trade. 

Feb. 10. Arbitration 
treaty with France 
signed at Washington 



Mar. 4. In a school build 
ing near Cleveland, O. 
167 children are burnec 
to death. 

Mar. 13. End of trial 
respecting the P e n n 
sylvania State Capitol 
fraud; four are found 
guilty. 

Mar. 23. The Supreme 
Court declares uncon- 
stitutional the railroad 
rate laws of Minnesota 
and North Carolina. 



British Empire. 



1908 

Jan. 6. C. Arthur Pear- 

son acquires control of 

the London Times. 
Jan. 31. Dr. Jameson, 

premier of Cape Colony, 

resigns. 



Feb. 6. $100,000 paid by 
British Government to 
Raisuli as a ransom for 
Kaid Sir Harry Mac- 
Lean; sum partially re- 
paid later. 



Mar. 13. The House of 

Commons rejects the 
Labor Party's^ Unem- 
ployed Workingmen's 
BUI. 



1908 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



317 



A.D. 


France and Germany. 


Europe, elsewhere. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1908 


1908 


1908 


1908 




Jan. 10. Germany: Seri- 


Jan. 9. Italy: Sharp en- 


Jan. 11. Mulai Hafid 




ous riots in the streets 


counters between Italian 


proclaimed Sultan of 




of Berlin by Socialists 


troops and Abyssinians 


Morocco at Fez; civil 




who demand universal 


in the Italian Somali- 


war follows. 




suffrage. 


land. 


Jan. 25. Haiti: Revolu- 




Jan. 28. France: The 




tion suppressed and 




Chamber of Deputies 




Jean Juneau executed. 




sustains, by a vote of 








428 to 92, the Govern- 








ment's policy in Mo- 








rocco. 










Feb. 1. Portugal: King 


Feb. 17. Turkish forces 






Carlos of Portugal and 


sent to Persian frontier. 






the Crown Prince assas- 


Feb. 29. Japan demands 






sinated at Lisbon; 2. 


an apology from China 






Manuel II. proclaimed 


for seizure of steamer 






king. 


Talsu Maru. 






Feb. 13. Turkey: Kiamil 








Pasha resigns: succeeded 








by Hilmi Pasha. 








Feb. 20. Russia: General 








Stoessel found guilty, by 








a court martial, of 








charges in connection 








with the defense of Port 








Arthur. 






Mar. Germany: Suffrage 




Mar. 1. China surrenders 




riots continue in the 




the Tatsu Maru to 




streets of Berlin. 




Japan; 14. China agrees 
to pay indemnity to 
Japan and to suppress 
the attempts to boycott 
Japanese articles. 



3i8 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I908 A.D. 



190S 



Progress of Society. 



1908 



May 12. Corner-stone of 
the building for the 
Bureau of American 
Republics laid at Wash- 
ington. 



United States. 



1908 

April. Congress passes 
act providing for remis- 
sion to China of part of 
the Boxer indemnity. 

Apr. 3._ The Populist 
N a t i o n al Convention 
nominates Thos. E. 
Watson for President. 

Apr. 5. Arbitration treaty 
with Japan signed at 
Washington. 

Apr. 13- The first con- 
ference of the Board of 
Governors held at Wash- 
ington. 

Apr. 11. The Vreeland 
Currency Bill passes 
House of Representa- 
tives. 

Apr. 30. Senate passes 
Currency Bill. 



July 6. The Peary expe 
dition to the North Pole 
starts. 



June 8. Pres. Roosevelt 
appoints a commission 
of 57 on conservation of 
national resources. 

June 16. The Republi- 
can National Conven- 
tion opens at Chicago; 
18. Nominates Wm. H. 
Taft for President. 

July 7. The Democratic 
National Convention 
meets at Denver; 10. 
Nominates, for the third 
time, Wm. J. Bryan 
for President. 



British Empire. 



1908 

Apr. 5. Sir Henry Camp- 
bell-Bannerman resigns 
the premiership of Great 
Britain. 

Apr. 8. H. H. Asquith 
becomes Prime Minis- 
ter, and David Lloyd- 
George Chancellor of the 
Exchequer. 



May 12. Great _ Britain, 
France, Russia, and 
Italy withdraw troops 
from the Island of Crete. 



June 16. The House of 
Commons passes the 
Old Age Pensions Bill. 



July 25. The Irish Uni- 
versity Bill passes the 
House of Commons. 

July 31. The House of 
Lords passes the Old 
Age Pensions Bill. 



I908 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



319 



A.D. 


France and Germany. 


Europe, elsewhere. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1908 


1908 


1908 


1908 




Apr. 4. Germany: The 




Apr. 11. Venezuela de- 




Reichstag decides that 




clines to consider Ameri- 




the German language 




can demands for arbi- 




must be spoken at all 




tration of claims. 




public meetings in all 








parts of the Empire. 










May 6. Manuel II. takes 


May 4. Fernando Gua- 






oath of office before the 


challa elected President 






Portuguese Cortes. 


of Bolivia. 






May 8. Portugal: Troops, 


May 15. The Shah of 






after heavy fighting, de- 


Persia deprives Cabinet 






feat natives, near Bissao 


of authority; the act 






in Portuguese Guinea. 


causes revolutionary 






May 22. Russia: The 


outbreak. 






President and seventeen 


May 16. Abyssinia: King 






members of the Duma 


Menelik and Italian 






arrested and imprisoned 


Gov't sign agreement 
defining boundaries be- 
tween Abyssinia and 
Italian Somaliland. 
May 27. Peru: Augusto 
B. Leguia elected Presi- 
dent. 




June 13. France: A law 




June 26. The Shah of 




adopted by the Cham- 




Persia declares martial 




ber of Deputies and by 




law throughout h i s 




the Senate providing for 




realm. 




secret ballot. 










July 24. Turkey: The 


July 1. Santo Domingo: 






Sultan restores the Con- 


Ramon Caceres becomes 






stitution of 1876, and 


President. 






orders a general election 


July 4. Japan: The minis- 






for members to a Par- 


try resigns; 12. The Em- 






liament. 


peror summons Count 
Katsura to form a new 
Cabinet. 

July 9. _ Venezuela ^Diplo- 
matic relations with the 
United States are 
severed. 

July 12. Panama: Jose 
D. Obaldia elected Presi- 
dent. 

July 22. Venezuela: Pres. 
Castro on grounds that 
political refugees are 
harbored in Curacoa 
expels Minister from 
the Netherlands. 



320 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1908 A.D. 



Progress of Society. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1908 



1908 

Aug. 17., The Fourth In 
ternational Esperanto 
Congress meets at Dres 
den. 



1908 

Aug. 14-19. Race riots, 
accompanied by de^ 
struction of property 
and lynching of negroes : 
occur at Springfield, 111. 



Sept. 13. The Eucharistic 
Congress is held at 
London. 



Sept. 3. After investigat 
ing the Springfield riots, 
a special grand jury 
returns 117 indictments. 



Oct. 1. The two-cent 
postage rate between the 
United States and Great 
Britain goes into effect. 

Oct. 8. Treaty of arbi 
tration with China 
signed at Washington. 



Nov. 3. The presidential 
elections result in the 
success of the Republi- 
can ticket, with W. H. 
Taft and J. S. Sherman 
for President and Vice- 
President respectively. 

Nov. 4. Pres. Eliot, of 
Harvard, resigns. 



1908 



Oct. 5. Great Britain, 
France, and Russia agree 
to take measures to 
prevent war in the 
Balkans. 

Oct. 26. Canada: The 
Liberals successful in 
the general elections. 



Nov. 11. Mr. Fisher 
forms new Australian 
Cabinet. 



1908 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



321 



1908 



France and Germany. 



1908 



Sept. 2. France: A force of 
15,000 Moors defeated 
by French troops at 
Boudenib near the Al- 
gerian frontier. 



Oct. 28. Germany: Pro 
tests made against the 
unrestraint of Kaiser 
William's public ut- 
terances concerning in 
ternational affairs. 



Nov. 10. The Reichstag 
denounces the action of 
the Kaiser in speaking 
so freely of foreign 
affairs; 17. Emperor 
William promises that 
in future foreign affairs 
will be conducted 
through one of the 
ministers. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere 



1908 

Aug. 2. Turkey: In the 
midst of constitutional 
changes, cabinets rise 
and fall rapidly, one is 
formed on the 2d and 
falls on the 5th, while 
another is formed on the 
following day; Resolu- 
tion inaugurated by the 
Young Turk party. 

Aug. 20. The Belgian 
Chamber of Deputies 
ratifies the Congo an- 
nexation treaty; Turkey 
agrees to a settlement 
of the boundary con- 
troversy with Persia. 

August. The relations be- 
tween Holland and Vene- 
zuela become strained 
and Holland sends war- 
ship to Venezuelan 
waters. 

Sept. 4. Russia: The Gov 
ernment issues edict 
requiring professors in 
the universities to 
nounce membership in 
political parties not re 
cognized by the author- 
ities. 

Sept. 9. Belgium: The 
Senate adopts Congo 
annexation treaty. 

Oct. 5. Austria-Hungary: 
The Dual Monarchy 
announces the formal 
annexation of Bosnia 
and Herzegovina; Bui 
garia issues declaration 
of independence, and 
becomes _ a kingdom 
under Prince Alexander. 

Oct. 11. Denmark: New 
Cabinet formed under 
M_. Neergaard as pre- 
mier. 

Oct. 12. The Servian 
assembly sustains the 
Gov't in its protest 
against Austrian aggres 
sion. 

Nov. _ 7. The Austrian 
Cabinet resigns because 
of the German-Czech 
dissensions. 

November. The relations 
between Austria and 
Servia becomes strained 
to the breaking point 
numerous raids and 
frontier fights occur. 



1908 

Aug. 18. Persia: A diplo- 
ma t i c representative 
sent to Athens for the 
first time in 2399 years. 



Nov. 22. China: The 
Gov't designates Tang 
Shao-yi as special com- 
missioner to thank U. S. 
for the partial remission 
of the Boxer indemnity. 

Nov. 24. Venezuela: The 
affairs of government 
placed in the hands of 
Vice-President J. V. 
Gomez, during the ab- 
sence in Europe of 
Pres. Castro. 



322 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1908 A.D.- 



1908 



1909 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1908 

Dec. 4. A code of laws 
governing naval warfare 
is prepared by confer- 
ence of the Powers held 
at the _ invitation of 
Great Britain. 

Deaths in 1908: Allison, 
W. B.; Campbell-Ban- 
nerman, Sir Henry; Car- 
los I., King of Portugal; 
Cleveland, Grover; Gil- 
man, D. C; Halevy, L.; 
Kuang Hgsu, Emperor 
of China; Proctor, Red- 
field; Sardou, Victorien; 
Smith, C. E.; Stedman, 
E. C; Tsi-an, Dowager 
Empress of China. 

1909 

Jan. 13. Prof. A. L. 
Lowell becomes pre- 
sident of Harvard Uni- 
versity. 

Jan. 19-20. Celebration 
of Centenary of Edgar 
Allan Poe. 



Feb. 12. Centenary of 
Abraham Lincoln widely 
celebrated. 

Feb. 25. New _ code for 
naval warfare is adopted 
by an international naval 
conference in London, 



United States. 



1908 

Dec. 10. Abraham Ruef 
convicted on charges of 
bribery. 

Dec. 23. Samuel Gom- 
pers, John Mitchell, and 
Frank Morrison are held 
in contempt of court in 
connection with the 
Buck Stove case. 



1909 

Jan. 8. President Roose 
velt charges Senator 
Tillman with being in- 
volved in a questionable 
land deal in Oregon. 

Jan. 9. Six night riders 
convicted at Union City, 
Tenn. 

Jan. 11. Secretary Root 
and Ambassador Bryce 
sign treaty for settle 
ment of disputes be 
tween the United States 
and Canada. 

Jan. 25. Sec. of State 
Root resigns; succeeded 
by Robert Bacon. 

Jan. 27. The Newfound- 
land fisheries treaty 
signed at Washington; 
whereby differences be- 
tween U. S. and Great 
Britain are to be sub- 
mitted to The Hague. 

Feb. 13. The long-stand- 
ing differences between 
U. S. and Venezuela 
adjusted; the three out- 
standing claims to be 
referred to The Hague. 

Feb. 21. The U. S. fleet 
returns to Hampton 
Roads after a voyage 
around the world. 

Feb. 23. Patent agree- 
ment between the U. S. 
and Germany signed at 
Washington. 



British Empire. 



1908 

Dec. 1. The House of 
Lords rejects the Licens- 
ing Bill. 



1909 



Feb. 11. Relations be- 
tween Great Britain and 
Germany adjusted in 
conference between 

Chancellor von Billow 
and Sir Charles Hard- 
inge. 



I909 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



323 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere 



1908 



1909 



1908 



1909 



Feb. 9. France and Ger- 
many sign agreement in 
reference to Morocco. 



Dec. 19. Portugal: The 
Cabinet resigns, and 
Dr. Pereira de Lima 
forms a new ministry. 

Dec. 21. Negotiations re- 
sumed between Austria 
and Turkey concerning 
the settlement of the 
Turkish claims to Bos- 
nia and Herzegovina. 



1909 

January. _ The Great 
Powers, including Great 
Britain, France, Ger- 
many, Russia, Austria 
Hungary, and Italy, anc 
the Balkan States are 
occupied with negotia 
tions concerning the 
settlement of questions 
relating to the status of 
the new kingdom o 
Bulgaria and those con 
nected with the assump- 
tion of sovereignty by 
Austria - Hungary over 
Bosnia and Herzegovina 



Feb. 26. Austria and 
Turkey sign protocol 
settling compensation 
for Bosnia and Herze 
govina. 



1908 

Nov. 14. China: Death 

of Emperor Kuang Hsu; 

15. Death of Dowager 

Empress. 

Dec. 21. China: The infant 
heir-apparent is pro- 
claimed emperor; re- 
gency established under 
Prince Chun. 



1909 

Jan. 2. China: Yuan Shih- 
kai deposed as com- 
mander and chief of the 
Chinese army; Na-tung 
appointed in his stead. 

Jan. 12. Turkey accepts 
510,500,000 as compen- 
sation for Bosnia and 
Herzegovina. 



Feb. Rebellion in Persia 
becomes formidable. 

Feb. 15. Mexico: Theater 
fire at Acapulco, Mexico, 
in which 350 persons are 
burned to death. 



324 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I909 A.D. 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


United States. 


British Empire. 


1909 


1909 


1909 


1909 




Mar. 23. Lieutenant 


Mar. 4. W. H. Taft in- 


Mar. 24. New Zealand 




Shackleton reports hav- 


augurated as President 


offers a battleship to the 




ing reached within 111 


of the United States. 


British navy. 




miles of the South Pole. 


Mar. 15. Special session 
of Congress begins. 

Mar. 16. President Taft 
in a message to Congress 
urges revision of tariff. 

Mar. 17.. The Payne 
Tariff Bill introduced in 
House of Representa- 
tives. 

Mar. 20. Col. Duncan 
B. Cooper and son found 
guilty of killing ex- 
Senator Carmack; later 
pardoned by Gov. Pat- 
terson. 








Apr. 9. The Payne Tariff 


Apr. 29. Chancellor of 






Bill passes House of 


the Exchequer Lloyd- 






Representatives by a 


George introduces a 






vote of 217 to 161. 


revolutionary budget in 
House of Commons. 




May 25. Andrew Carne- 


May_ 4. A _ court of _ in- 






gie gives $1,000,000 to 


quiry begins investiga- 






the hero fund of France. 


tion of the Brownsville 
affair to ascertain which 
of the negro soldiers 
are eligible for reenlist- 
ment; the U. S. reestab- 
lishes diplomatic rela- 
tions with Venezuela. 
May 30. General street- 
car strike begins in 
Philadelphia. 






June _ 1. Alaska-Yukon- 


June. Tariff revision de- 


June 10. The Lloyd- 




Pacific Exposition opens 


bates occupy the Senate. 


George Budget passes 




at Seattle. 




second reading, in midst 
of wild excitement, by 
a vote of 367 to 209. 



I909 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



325 



France and Germany. 



1909 1909 

Mar. 16. Paris disturbed 
by strike of telephone 
telegraph, and postal 
employees. 

Mar. 19. French Ministry 
sustained by Chamber 
of Deputies in contest 
with striking state em- 
"ployees. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1909 

Mar. 7. Italy: General 
elections result in vic- 
tory for the Government. 

Mar. 25. Austria's an- 
nexation of Bosnia and 
Herzegovina recognized 
by the Powers. 

Mar. 25. Servia: Crown 
Prince George renounces 
succession to the Ser 
vian throne. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1909 

Mar. 31. Cuba: U. S. 
troops evacuate Cuba, 
thus terminating inter- 
vention. 



Apr. 1. Germany: The 
Gov't introduces bill 
in Reichstag to prevent 
American fertilizer in- 
terests from purchasing 
the Prussian potash 



May 13. Germany: The 
National Liberals and 
Radicals withdraw from 
Reichstag breaking Gov 
eminent "bloc." 

May 13. France: Premie 
Clemenceau sustained 
by Chamber of Depu- 
ties. 



Apr. 13. Turkey: Mutiny 
of the army in Constan- 
tinople; 14. New min- 
istry formed under Tew- 
fik Pasha; 19. The 
Young Turk forces in- 
vest Constantinople, and 
on the 24th enter the 
city; 25. The Sultan's 
guard surrenders; 27. 
Abdul Hamid deposed 
and _ Mohammed V. 
proclaimed Sultan; 30. 
Turkish Ministry reor- 
ganized under Tewfik 
Pasha. 

Apr. 30. Persia: Russian 
forces cross border and 
occupy Tabriz. 

May _ 11. Russia and 
China sign agreement 
concerning Manchurian 
railways. 

May 13. Albania: Revolt 
breaks out amidst tribes- 
men. 



May 4. The Shah of Per- 
sia grants a constitution. 

May. _ Rebellion breaks 
out in Santo Domingo; 
25. Insurgents defeated. 

May 21. Revolution 
started in Colombia. 



326 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I909 A.D. 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


United States. 


British Empire. 


1909 


1909 


1909 


1909 




July 6. Champlain Ter- 


July 5. The United States, 


July 28. The House of 




centenary celebrated at 


Great Britain, and Aus- 


Commons, in order to 




Ticonderoga. 


tria refuse to recognize 


force a vote on the 




July 25. M. Bleriot flies 


the Russo-Chinese agree- 


budget, adopts a rigid 




in his monoplane over 


ment concerning the 


closure rule. 




English channel. 


Manchurian railway. 

July. 8. The Payne-Al- 
drich Tariff Bill passes 
the Senate. 

July 12. Income Tax 
Amendment to the Con- 
stitution adopted by 
Senate. 






Aug. 28. International 


Aug. 5. President Taft 


Aug. 19. South African 




Medical Association 


signs the Payne-Aldrich 


Union Bill passes Brit- 




meets at Budapest. _ 


Tariff Bill. 


ish Parliament. 




Aug. 30. International 


Aug. 27. National Conser- 






Trade _ Congress opens 


vation Congress meets 






at Paris. 


at Seattle. 






Sept. 1. Dr. Frederick 


Sept. 14. President Taft 


Sept. 17. The House of 




A. Cook, of Brooklyn, 


begins tour of West and 


Commons passes the 




announces that, on April 


South. 


Irish Land Bill. 




21, 1908, he reached the 


Sept. 23. President Taft 






North Pole. 


opens the great Gunni- 






Sept. 6. Commander 


son tunnel in Colorado. 






Peary announces that 








he discovered the North 








Pole, on April 6, 1909. 








Sept. 12. Halley's_ cornet 








seen from the University 








of Heidelberg, by Prof. 








Wolff. 








Sept. 13. Commander 








Peary denies that Cook. 








reached the North Pole. 








Sept. 25. Hudson-Fulton 








Celebration inaugurated 








in New York City. 








Oct. 2. The Kalgan Rail- 


Oct. 11. Charles R. Crane 






road, constructed solely 


resigns as ambassador 






by Chinese, begins oper- 


to China after a contro- 






ation. 


versy with Sec. Knox. 






Oct. 2S. John D. Rocke- 








feller gives $1, 000, 000 








to fight hook-worm dis- 








ease. 







I909 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



327 



1909 



France and Germany. 



1909 

July 14. Prince von Bil- 
low resigns and D 
von Bethmann-Hollweg 
named as Chancellor of 
the German Empire. 

July 20. France: Resig 
nation of Ciemenceau 
Ministry. 

July 23. _M. Briand 
forms Cabinet. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1909 

July. Spain: Riots and 
demonstrations against 
the Moorish war. 

July 28. Martial law de- 
clared throughout Spain 



Aug. 16. Denmark: New 
Cabinet formed under 
Count Holstein-Ledre 
borg. 

Aug. 19. Greece and Tur 
key leave Cretan ques 
tion in hands of the four 
Powers. 

Sept. 26. The Spanish 
troops victorious 
Melilla. 



Oct. 13. Spain: Execu- 
tion in Barcelona of 
Prof. Francisco Ferrer 
causes great excitement 
and indignation among 
European Socialists. 

Oct. 15. Greece: The 
Greek Parliament abol- 
ishes right of royal 
princes to hold command 
in the army. 

Oct. 21. The Spanish 
Cabinet resigns, and 
Senor Moret forms new 
ministry. 

Oct. 22. Denmark: The 
Cabinet and Count Hol- 
stein resign; M. Lahle 
forms another gov't on 
27th. 

Oct. 29. Greece: Naval 
mutiny suppressed. 



1909 

July 13. General rebel- 
lion breaks out in Mo- 
rocco; constitutionalists 
in Persia victorious and 
enter Teheran. 

July 16. Mohammed Alim 
dethroned, and the 
Crown Prince, Sultan 
Ahmed Mirza declared 
Shah of Persia. 

July 17. The Greek Cabi- 
net resigns, and M. 
Rhallis forms new gov't. 

July 19. Moorish tribes- 
men attack Spanish 
soldiers at Melilla. 

July 20. Argentina and 
Bolivia differ concerning 
boundary line. 

Aug. 4. Gonzales Valen- 
cia becomes President 
of Colombia. 

Aug. 27. China: A Con- 
stitution, modelled after 
that of Japan, promul- 
gated. 

Sept. Persian rebels suc- 
cessful; refuse to submit 
until Shah convokes 
mejliss. 

Sept. 4. Chinese- Japan- 
ese agreement concern- 
ing Manchuria signed 
at Pekin. 



Oct._ 10. Civil war in 

Nicaragua; 19. Mulai 
Hafid recognized as Sul- 
tan of Morocco on con- 
dition that he guarantees 
provisions of Algeciraa 
agreement. 

Oct. 24. Zelaya forces 
badly defeated. 

Oct. 25. Peruvian and 
B o 1 i v i an Congresses 
ratify boundary proto- 
col. 

Oct. 26- Prince Ito assas- 
sinated at Harbin by a 
Korean. 



328 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I909 A.D.- 



1909 



1910 



Progress of Society, etc 



1909 

Nov. 3. Commander 
Peary's polar records 
approved by the Na 
tional Geographical 

Society. 



Dec. 8. Dr. Cook's polar 
records received for ex 
amination by a commit- 
tee of experts_ from 
faculty of the University 
of Copenhagen; later 
rejected as evidence that 
he had penetrated as far 
North as the pole. 

Deaths in 1909: Barth 
Theodore; Bull, W. T. 
Coquelin, B. C; Craw 
ford. F. M.; Cuyler, T 
L.; De Armond, D. A. 
Gilder, R. W.; Hale, E 
E.; Harriman, E. H. 
Helper, H. R.; Ito 
Prince Hirobumi; John 
son, J. A.; Leopold II 
King of Belgium; Lorn 
broso, Cesare; Meredith 
George; Mitchell, D. G 
(," Ik Marvel"); Mod 
jeska, H.; Newcomb 
Simon; Peckham, R. W 
Swinburne, A. C; von 
Halle, Ernst; Wright, 
C. D.;Zalinski, E. L. G 

1910 

Jan. 19. The Southern 
Health Conference or- 
ganized at Atlanta, Ga., 
to fight the hook-worm 
disease. 



United States. 



1909 

Nov. 11. _ After investiga 
tion, it is announced that 
the Sugar Trust has de- 
prived the Government 
of millions in custom 
frauds. 

Nov._ IS. American war- 
ship sent to Nicaragua. 

Dec. 2. U. S. troops land 
in Nicaragua. 



1910 

Jan. 5 Sec. Knox proposes 
to the Powers that the 
jurisdiction of the Inter- 
national Prize Court 
at The Hague be ex- 
tended so as to make it a 
court of arbitral justice. 
— Sec. Knox proposes 
to the Powers that the 
Manchurian Railway of 
China be financed by 
international syndicate. 

Jan. 6. Atty.-Gen. Wick- 
ersham makes report 
exonerating Sec. Bal- 
linger. 

Jan.J. President Taft dis- 
misses Gifford Pinchot 
from Forestry Bureau, 
for insubordination. 

Jan. 17. The Separate 
Statehood Bill for Ari- 
zona and New Mexico 
passes the House of 
Representatives. 

Jan. 26. Joint committee 
of Congress begins Bal- 
linger-Pinchot investi- 
gation. 



British Empire. 



1909 

Nov. 4. The Lloyd-George 

Budget passes House of 

Commons. 
Nov. 17. The Irish Land 

Bill, somewhat amended. 

passes House of Lords. 
Nov. 30. House of Lords 

reject budget by a vote 

of 350 to 75. 
Dec. 1. New Parliamen- 
tary elections called. 



1910 

Jan. 10. King Edward 
dissolves Parliament and 
orders another to meet 
on Feb. 15. 



I9IO A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



329 



A.D. 


France and Germany. 


Europe, elsewhere. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1909 


1909 


1909 


1909 




Nov. 8. France: Cham- 




Nov. 15. Persia: The 




ber of Deputies rejects 




Shah opens the Persian 




bill changing mode of 




Parliament. 




election of members of 








lower house. 










Dec. 2. Italy: The Cabi- 


Dec. 20. Nicaragua; Jos6 






net of Signor Giqlitti 


Madriz elected president 






resigns; 10. New minis- 


by Congress and Zelaya 






try established by Baron 


is exiled. 






Sidney Sonnino. 








Dec. 17. Death of King 








Leopold II., of Belgium. 








Dec. 22. Portugal: New 








ministry is formed under 








Sefior Beiras. 








Dec. 23. Belgium: Albert 








I. becomes king and 








promises reforms in the 








Congo. 




1910 


1910 


1910 


1910 




Jan. 12. Germany: The 


Jan. 11. Turkey: Hakka 






Government announces 


Bey announces forma- 






approval of American 


tion of new Cabinet. 






policy in Manchuria. 


Jan. 14. Spain: Plot dis- 






Jan. 20. France: Great 


covered to overthrow 






floods throughout 


ministry, followed by 






France ; the Seine reaches 


many arrests. 






highest point in three 


Jan. 22. The Knox plan 






centuries. 


to neutralize the Man- 
churian Railroad re- 
jected by Russia and 
Japan, and on the fol- 
lowing day by Great 
Britain and France. 





330 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I9IO A.D. 



1910 



Progress of Society, etc 



1910 



United States. 



1910 



Mar. 5. The U. S. Postal 
Saving Bank Bill becomes 
law. 

Mar. 16. Speaker Can 
non's decision on a point 
of order _ overruled by 
combination of Repub 
lican insurgents and 
Democrats by a vote of 
163 to 111. 

Mar. 19. Resolution for 
a reorganization of the 
Rules Committee passes 
House of Representa- 
tives. 

Apr. 4. Decision of the 
Supreme Court in the 
Arkansas and Nebraska 
Railroad rate cases ad 
verse to the claims of the 
States. 

Apr. 5. The _ Socialists 
carry the municipal elec- 
tions of Milwaukee. 

Apr. 6. The negro sol- 
diers of the 25th in- 
fantry regiment found 
guilty by a military 
court of the Brownsville 
shooting affair. 



British Empire. 



1910 

Feb. 21. King Edward 
opens Parliament. 



Mar._ 21. Premier As- 
quith introduces Parlia- 
ment Reform Bill in 
House of Commons. 



Apr. 14. The House of 
Commons, by a vote of 
351 to 246, pass the 
resolution limiting the 
veto power of the House 
of Lords. 

Apr. 28. The House of 
Lords adopts the Bud- 
get Bill. 



I9IO A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



331 



1910 



France and Germany. 



1910 

Feb. 5. Germany: Tariff 
agreement with the 
United States approved 
by the Reichstag. 



Mar. _ 6. Berlin: The 

Socialists, in defiance of 
police, hold a large open 
air meeting. 



Europe., elsewhere. 



1910 

Feb. 1. Sweden: M. 
Konow forms a new 
Cabinet. 

Feb. 8. Spain: The Moret 
Ministry overthrown; 
Senor Canalejas forms 
a new Cabinet. 

Feb. 12. Spain: The Gov 
ernment notifies the 
Pope of plans to revise 
the _ concordat with the 
Vatican. 

Feb.. .27. Russia: The 
Minister of Foreign 
Affairs submits to Sec 
Knox an alternative 
plan for the construc- 
tion of the Sougun- 
Chinchow Railroad. 

Mar. 21. Resignation of 
Italian Cabinet. 

Mar. 28. Monaco: Prince 
Charles proclaims a re- 
presentative govern- 
ment with universal 
suffrage. 

Mar. 30. Greece: King 
George issues a royal 
decree for the revision 
of the constitution. 

Mar. 31. Italy: A new 
Cabinet, with Luigi Luz- 
zati as Premier, is 
formed. 

Apr. 4. Italy: The Pope 
declines to see ex-Pres. 
Roosevelt. 

Apr. 7. Turkey: The ad- 
vance of Albanian clans- 
men repelled by Turkish 
troops before Prestina. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1910 

Feb. 2. Mexico: The Mexi- 
can Packing Company 
failsi with liabilities of 
$37,000,000. 

Feb. 18. Nicaragua: Fed- 
eral army defeated, at 
San Vicento, by the 
insurgents. 

Feb. 21. Egypt: Pasha 
Boutros, the Premier, 
assassinated by a Na- 
tionalist student. 

Feb. 23. China: Imperial 
troops occupy Lassa; 
the Dalai Lama flees to 
India. 



Apr. 3. Morocco: Mad 
Mullah is reported to 
have destroyed many 
towns and killed hun- 
dreds of tribesmen. 

Apr. 14: _ China: The for- 
eign missions of Chang- 
sha destroyed by rioters. 

Apr. 27. Venezuela: 
Senor J. V. Gomez 
elected President b y 
Congress, 



332 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I9IO A.D. 



A.D.J 

1910 



Progress of Society, etc 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1910 

May 4. Lieutenant Peary 
receives a gold medai 
from the Royal Geo- 
graphical Society. 

May 18. The earth passes 
through the tail of 
Halley's comet. 



June 18. The World's 
Missionary Conference 
is held in London. 

June 21. The Paris Aca- 
demy of Medicine an- 
nounces discovery of an 
anti-typhoid vaccine. 



July 12. The Pan-Amer- 
ican Congress opened at 
Buenos Aires. 



Aug. 15. The sixth inter- 
national Esperanto Con- 
vention assembles at 
Washington, D. C. 

Aug. 18. A bronze statue of 
Washington, presented 
by the State of Virginia 
to France, unveiled at 
Paris. 



1910 

May 14. Announcement 
from Washington of the 
settlement of proposed 
Chinese Railroad loan 
Great Britain, France 
Germany, Russia and 
U. S. are to participate 
equally. 



June _ 10. The Western 
Union Telegraph Com- 
pany indicted by Federal 
Grand Jury under Sher- 
man Anti-Trust Law; 
the company yields later 
to demands of Govern- 
ment. 

June 20. _ Pres. Taft signs 
the Arizona and New 
Mexico Statehood Bill. 

July 8. Carl Etherington, 
an alleged anti-saloon 
league detective, lynched 
by a mob, in Newark, 
Ohio. 

July 21. Forest fires rage 
in Manitoba, Ontario. 
Montana, Washington 
Michigan, and Wiscon- 
sin. 



Aug. 9. An attempt is 
made to assassinate 
Mayor Gaynor of New 
York City. 

Aug. 31. Ex-Pres. Roose- 
velt at Ossawatomie 
proclaims the New 
Nationalism. 



1910 

May 6. Dsath of King 
Edward VII. 

May _ 7. George V. pro- 
claimed King of Great 
Britain and Emperor of 
India. 



June 10. Sir Chas. Hard- 
inge appointed Viceroy 
of India. 



Aug. 3. The British Par- 
liament adjourns with- 
out settling the question 
of the veto power of the 
House of Lords. 



I9IO A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



333 



1910 



France and Germany. 



1910 



June 9. France: Premier 
Briand outlines the Gov- 
ernment's programme of 
Parliamentary activity; 
electoral reform, im- 
proved budget measures, 
an income tax, and judi- 
cial and administrative 
reform are conspicuous 
features. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1910 

May 13. Russia: Expul- 
sion of Jews resumed at 
Kieff. 



June 7. Italy: Southern 
Italy shaken by a severe 
earthquake; Messina al- 
most destroyed and 
200,000 persons lose 
their lives. 



July 7. Spain: King Al- 
fonso signs a bill pro- 
hibiting the entrance of 
additional religious or- 
ders until the negotia- 
tions with the Vatican 
are satisfactorily con- 
cluded. 

July 29. Spain: The 
Spanish envoy to the 
Vatican is recalled, — no 
settlement having been 
arranged. 

Aug. 28. Montenegro be- 
comes a kingdom, with 
former Prince Nicholas 
as King. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1910 

May 5. Costa Rica; Car- 
tago nearly destroyed 
by an earthquake, ap- 
proximately 1000 being 
killed. 

May 11. Peru and Ecua- 
dor mobilize troops in 
anticipation of war. 

May 24. Egypt: Ex-Pres. 
Roosevelt in a speech 
endorses British occupa- 
tion, and arouses thereby 
opposition of National- 
ist students. 

May 30. Inception of the 
Colonial Federation of 
United South Africa; 
ex-Pres. Roosevelt, at 
Guildhall, in London, 
advises England to sup- 
press anarchy_ or let 
Egypt govern itself. 

June 4. Peru and Ecua- 
dor withdraw troops, 
accepting mediation by 
the United States, 
Brazil, and Argentina. 



Aug. 16. Sefior Pedro 
Montt, President of 
Chile, dies at Bremen. 

Aug. 21. Nicaragua: The 
Revolutionists win a 
decisive battle. 

Aug. 24. Japan formally 
annexes Korea. 

Aug. 26. Panama: Carlos 
Mendoza elected Presi- 
dent by the Assembly. 

Aug. 31. Nicaragua: Gen. 
Juan Estrada is inaugu* 
rated President. 



334 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I9IO A.D. 



1910 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1910 

Sept. 7. The Interna 
tional Court of Arbitra 
tion at The Hague de- 
cides the Newfoundland 
fisheries controversy, 
which had endured, in 
one form or another, 
practically throughout 
the history of United 
States. 

Oct. 5. Dedication of St 
Patrick's Cathedral ir 
New York. 

Oct. 16. Walter Wellman 
and a crew of five at' 
tempt a transatlantic 
flight in dirigible air- 
ship, America IV.; the 
experiment is unsuccess 
ful, and the party and 
ship are rescued in mid- 
ocean by the steamer 
Trent. 



Nov. Washington grants 
complete suffrage to 
women. 



Dec. 10. Puccini's opera 
The Girl of the Golden 
West, is sung for the first 
time at the Metropoli 
tan Opera House, New 
York. 

Deaths in 1910: Agassiz 
Alex.; Bjornson, Bjorns- 
tjerne; Brewer, B. J.; 
Carlisle, J. G.; Clemens, 
S. L. (Mark Twain); 
Eddy, M. B.; Edward 
VII. ; Fuller. M. W.; 
Hill, D. B.;Howe, J. W.; 
Huggins, Sir W.; James 
W.; Koch, R.; LaFarge, 
John; McEnery, S. D.; 
Montt, P.; Nightingale 
F.; Piatt, T. C; Schia- 
parelli, G.; Spencer 
Earl J.; Smith, Goldwin; 
Tolstoi, Count Leo. 



United States. 



1910 

Sept. 3. The National 
Conservation Associa- 
tion meets at St. Paul, 
Minn., and is addressed 
by President Taft. 

Sept. 27., Pres. Taft places 
all assistant postmasters 
under the Civil Service 
regulations. 



Nov. 8. The general elec 
tion results in sweeping 
Democratic gains, the 
House of Representa 
tives becoming Demo 
cratic by a large major 
ity. 



Dec. 7. Secretary of the 
Interior Ballinger is vin- 
dicated by the Congres 
sional Committee of in 
vestigation of all charges 
against him. 

Dec. 12. Pres. Taft ap 
points Edward D. White 
Chief Justice of the 
Supreme Court. 



British Empire. 



1910 



Oct. 17. Great Britain 

threatens, unless order is 
restored within three 
months, to occupy cer- 
tain districts of unrest 
in Persia. 



Nov. 3. Reorganization 
of British Cabinet. 

Nov. 9. English, French, 
and German banks sign 
an agreement to parti- 
cipate with an American 
syndicate in making a 
loan of $50,000,000 to 
China. 

Nov. 16. The Govern- 
ment Bill restricting 
the veto power of the 
House of Lords is intro- 
duced in that body by 
Lord Crewe. 

Nov. 22. British suffra- 
gettes assault Premier 
Asquith and Augustine 
Birrell. 

Nov. 28. Parliament dis- 
solved and new elections 
are ordered. 

Dec. 19. The general 
elections result in a co- 
alition majority for the 
Government, of 126. 



I9IO A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



335 



A.D. 


France and Germany. 


Europe, elsewhere. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1910 


1910 


1910 

Sept. Spain: Serious riots, 
occasioned by the strike 
of coal miners, occur in 
various cities. 

October. Portugal: Seri- 
ous revolutionary out- 
breaks occur in Lisbon. 

Oct. 6. The royal family 
of Portugal takes refuge 
at Gibraltar. 

Oct. 18. Greece: M. Vene- 
zelos forms new Cabinet. 

Oct. 28. The revolution- 
ary Portuguese Govern- 
ment decrees the free- 
dom of the Press and 
the separation of Church 
and State. 

Oct. 30. Ex-Premier 
Franco arrested on 
charges of abuse of 
power in office. 


1910 




Nov. 7. France: The 


Nov. 8. Portugal: Revo- 


Nov. 22. Mexico: Fran- 




Cabinet resigns, and 


lutionists abolish Mon- 


cisco I. Madero pro- 




M. Briand, the premier, 


archy and establish a 


claims himself President. 




forms another. 


Republic; King Manuel 


Nov. 24. Naval rebels at 




Nov. 9. Socialists and 


exiled. 


Rio de Janeiro kill their 




Catholics fail in attempt 




officers and take posses- 




to vote lack of _ confi- 




sion of three ships. 




dence in new Cabinet. 




They shell the other 
warships in the harbor, 
and send an ultimatum 
ashore to which the 
Gov't accedes. 




Dec. 20. France: The 


Dec. 23. Spain: The 


Dec. 1. Gen. Porfirio 




Chamber of Deputies 


Cortes passes "padlock 


Diaz inaugurated Pres. 




votes confidence in 


bill" forbidding, for two 


of Mexico for eighth 




the Gov't's policy in 


years, the further crea- 


term. 




settling the railroad 


tion of religious orders. 






strike. 







336 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I9II A.D. 



1911 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1911 

Jan. 9._ The first South 
American Postal Con 
gress meets at Monte 
video. 

Jan. 11. Kaiser William 
II. 's Society for the Pro 
motion of Scientific Re 
search is formally opened 
in Berlin. 

Jan. 20. Andrew Carne- 
gie adds $10,000,000 to 
the endowment of the 
Carnegie Institute at 
Washington, _D. C. 

Jan. 23. Opening at Paris 
of the Oceanographic 
Institute built by the 
Prince of Monaco. 



Mar. 29. Tercentenary of 
the Authorized Version 
of the Bible is celebrated 
in London. 



United States. 



1911 

Jan. 3. First Postal Say 
ings Bank opened in 
the United States. 

Jan. 5. Pres. Taft, Sec 
Knox, and Ambassador 
Bryce open negotiations 
for an arbitration treaty 
between the U. S. and 
Great Britain. 

Jan. 11. Pres. Taft, in a 
special message, asks 
for $5,000,000 to fortify 
the Panama Canal. 

Jan. 19. The Ways and 
Means Committee given 
power to appoint com 
mittees subject to ap 
proval of the House. 

Jan. 30. _ The Bill creating 
a Tariff Board passes 
the House of Represen 
tatives. 

Feb. 14. The Canadian 
Reciprocity Bill passes 
the House of Represen- 
tatives. 

Feb. 21. Treaty of Com- 
merce and Navigation 
between the United 
States and Japan signed 
at Washington. 



Mar. 1. The title of Sen 
Lorimer to his seat in 
the Senate is confirmed 
by a vote of 46 to 30. 

Mar. 3. Pres. Taft signs 
a bill abolishing federal 
circuit courts. 

Mar. 4. Pres. Taft calls 
an extraordinary session 
of Congress to meet on 
April 4 to consider the 
reciprocity agreement 
with Canada. 

Mar. 7. Resignation of 
Ballinger as Secretary 
of the Interior; W. L 
Fisher appointed in his 
stead. 

Mar. 13. Constitution- 
ality of the federal cor- 
poration tax law affirmed 
by the Supreme Court. 



British Empire. 



1911 

Jan. 1. Pauper disquali- 
fications for the old age 
pensions cease to be 
operative in the United 
Kingdom. 

Jan. 3. The_ Indian Gov- 
ernment issues _ order 
prohibiting emigration 
of indentured Indians 
to the Natal. 

Jan. 28. The Duke of 
Connaught appointed as 
successor to Earl Grey 
as Governor-General of 
Canada. 



Feb. 1. Mylius convicted 
for libelling George V. 

Feb. 9. The House of 
Commons, by a vote of 
324 to 222, endorse the 
principle of free trade. 

Feb. 22. The Canadian 
Parliament passes a 
resolution attesting its 
loyalty to the British 
Empire and its intention 
to control its fiscal poli- 
cies. 

Mar. 11. Sir James Ward, 
premier of New Zealand, 
advocates an Imperial 
Council and graduated 
contributions to an im« 
perial fleet. 



I 91 1 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



337 



France and Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1911 



1911 

Jan. 3. France: The In 
stitute of France de 
cid.es that it will not 
admit women to its 
membership. 

Jan. 10. M. Brisson is 
re-elected President of 
the French Chamber of 
Deputies. 



1911 

Jan. 7. Italy: A commis 
sion of senators recom 
mend that the Italian 
Senate should be made 
more representative in 
character. 



1911 

Jan. 10. Salvador: Man- 
uel _ E. Oranjo elected 
President. 

Jan. 11. Roumania: The 
Ministry resigns, and 
M. Carp_ forms conserva- 
tive cabinet. 

Jan. 19. Paraguay: Pres. 
Gondra resigns, and is 
succeeded by Col. Jara. 



Feb. _ 24. France: The 
majority in favor of the 
Government reduced to 
sixteen. 

Feb. 27. Resignation of 
premier, M. Briand. 



Mar. 1. France: A new 
French Gov't is formed 
under M. Monis 
premier. 

Mar. 7. Germany: The 
Chancellor warns the 
Vatican against issuing 
decrees or bills affecting 
Germans without first 
consulting the Gov't. 

Mar. 10. The Green 
wich standard of time 
adopted in France and 
Algiers. 



Feb. 25. Bulgaria: Five 
ministers charged with 
systematic violation of 
the law. 



Mar. 7. Russia: Jubilee 
of the emancipation of 
the Serfs celebrated 
St. Petersburg. 

Mar. 11. Italy: The trial 
of thirty Neapolitan 
Camorrists, charged 
with murder, begins at 
Viterbo. 

Mar. 18. Italy: Resigna 
tion of Premier Luzzat 
and Cabinet. 



Mar. 1. Uruguay: Jos6 
Batele y Ordonnez 
elected President. 

Mar. 7._ The Mexican 
revolution becomes more 
serious, and_ 2 0,0 
American soldiers are or- 
dered to the border. 

Mar. 27. Madero, leader 
of the Mexican revolu- 
tionists, states that he 
will_ not lay down arms 
until Diaz is displaced. 



33« 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I9II A.D. 



1911 



Progress of Society, etc 



1911 

Apr. 29. The _ Interna- 
tional Exhibition of In- 
dustries opened at Turin 
by King of Italy. 



May 14. The Interna- 
tional Institute of Agri- 
culture holds genera, 
assembly at Rome. 

May 23. Opening of New 
York City public library. 



June 4. A statue of Victor 
Emmanuel II. unveiled 
by King of Italy. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1911 

Apr. 4. Congress meets in 
special session; Champ 
Clark elected Speaker. 

Apr. 12. Resolution for 
an amendment to the 
Constitution providing 
for direct election of 
Senators passes House 
of Rep. by a vote of 
296 to 16. 

A.pr. 21. Bill for reci 
procity with Canada 
passes the House of 
Representatives. 



May 1. Supreme Court 
decides that the federal 
government, not that of 
the States, controls for 
est reserves. 

May 8._ The Farmer's 
Free List Bill passes the 
House. 

May 15. The House of 
Rep. appoints a com' 
mittee with A. O. Stan 
ley as chairman, to 
investigate the affairs 
of the Steel Trust; 
Henry L. Stimson suc- 
ceeds Jacob M. Dic- 
kinson as Sec. of War. 

May 16. Supreme Court 
decides that the Stand- 
ard Oil Company is an 
organization in restraint 
of trade, and orders its 
dissolution within six 
months; distinguishes 
between reasonable and 
unreasonable restraint 
of trade. 

May 29. Supreme Court 
orders dissolution of the 
American Tobacco Com- 
pany. 

June 12. The Senate 
passes the resolution 
for the constitutional 
amendment providing 
for the direct election 
of Senators. 



1911 

Apr. 2. Decennial census 
taken in United King- 
dom; woman suffragists 
attempt to evade enu- 
meration. 

Apr. 3. Great _ Britain 
and Japan sign new 
commercial treaty; 21, 
John Redmond, speak- 
ing at Holyhead, states 
that Irish party will 
vote for Welsh Dis- 
establishment Bill. 

Apr. 24. Parliament re- 
assembles and begins 
consideration of the 
Parliament Bill; 26. 
Amendment to Parlia- 
ment Bill providing for 
referendum of constitu- 
tional questions to the 
electorate rejected in 
Commons by a vote of 
286 to 164. 

May 4. Lloyd-George in- 
troduces National Insur- 
ance Bill in Commons. 

May 8. British and Chi- 
nese Govts, sign an 
agreement in Peking to 
decrease Chinese pro- 
duction of opium and 
its import from India 
in equal proportions for 
seven years. 

May 15. The Parliament 
Bill passes the Commons 
by a vote of 362 to 241. 

May 22. Lord Lans- 
downe's Parliament Bill 
passes House of Lords. 



June 22. The coronation 
of George V. and Queen 
Mary takes place in 
Westminster Abbey. 



191 I A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



339 



1911 



France and Germany. 



1911 

Apr. 12. France: The 
Champagne riots break 
out again in the Epernay 
district. 



May_ 11. The German 
Reichstag rejects Alsace- 
Lorraine constitution 
bill; finally accepts it 
on the 26th. 

May 21. France: Sec. of 
War killed and Premier 
Monis injured by the 
fall of an aeroplane 
at Issy-les-Molineaux; 
French relief column 
enters Fez, after policy 
of intervention is ap- 
plied. 

May 30. Germany Reichs- 
tag passes Working- 
men's Insurance Bill. 



June 7. Germany warns 
France that Moroccan 
sovereignty must be 
respected. 

June 12. France an- 
nounces that she will 
act in concert with 
Spain in the Moroccan 
matter without consult- 
ing the other Powers. 

June 23. The French 
Ministry of Monis is 
defeated and resigns; 27. 
New ministry formed 
under M. Caillaux as 
premier. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1911 



May 29. Russia and 
Japan express a desire 
to share in the interna- 
tional loan to China: 
The_ Pope issues an en- 
cyclical condemning the 
anti-religious attitude of 
the Portuguese Repub 
lie. 



June 8. Belgium: Resig- 
nation of Schollaert 
Cabinet on failure of 
the Education Bill. 

June 14. New ministry 
formed under M. de 
Broqueville. 

June 26. Austria: The Pre- 
mier, Baron Bienerth, 
resigns, and is succeeded 
by Baron Gautsch. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1911 

Apr. 8. Morocco: Fez 
falls before an attack of 
the Berbers. 

Apr. 23. Mexico: After 
varying success, the in- 
surgents and federals 
agree to sign an armis- 
tice for four days' peace. 



May. Mexico: After in- 
terrupted negotiations 
and the capture of Jua- 
rez, articles of peace are 
signed at Juarez. 

May_ 25. Porfirio Diaz 
resigns as Pres. of Mex- 
cio and Francisco de 
la Barra is chosen as 
provisional president. 



June. Albania: The 
guerilla warfare of 
the clansmen continues. 

June 13. Persia: W. Mor- 
gan Shuster, American 
financier, placed in 
charge of Persian 

finances. 

June 15. _ Mexico: The 
International Boundary 
Commission gives Mex- 
ico a part of the Cha- 
miza tract near El Paso, 
Texas. 



340 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I9II A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1911 



1911 

July 26. Universal Races 
Congress meets in Lon- 
don. 



Sept. 9. First aerial postal 
service in United King- 
dom instituted between 
Hendon and Windsor, 



1911 

July 17. _ The Senate 
passes with amendments 
the House Bill provid 
ing for publicity of 
campaign contributions. 

July 19. The Senate rati 
fies the arbitration 
treaty between the 
United States and Great 
Britain. 

July 26. The Reciprocity 
Bill passed by Congress 
and signed by Pres 
Taft. 

July 27. The LaFollette 
compromise Wool Bill 
passed by the Senate. 



Aug. 1. The Senate passes 
the Farmers' Free List 
Bill. 

Aug. 2. Anglo-American 
and Franco-American 
Arbitration treaties 

signed at Washington, 

Aug. 15. Pres. Taft vetoes 
bill admitting Arizona 
and New Mexico to 
statehood; recommends 
certain changes. 

Aug. 17. Pres. Taft vetoes 
Wool Bill and Farmers 
Free List Bill. 

Aug. 18. The Senate 
modifies the Arizona and 
New Mexico Statehood 
Bill in accordance with 
views of the President. 

Aug. 22. Pres. Taft vetoes 
Cotton Bill. 

Sept. 15. Pres. Taft be 
gins a 15,000 mile cam 
paign tour. 



1911 

July 5. Lord Lansdowne's 
amendment to the Par- 
liament Bill adopted in 
the Lords by a vote of 
253 to 46. 

July 13. The Anglo- 
Japanese Treaty of Alli- 
ance renewed for ten 
years. 

July 21. _ Premier Asquith 
states in a letter to Mr. 
Balfour that he will 
advise King to create a 
sufficiently large num- 
ber of peers to carry the 
Parliament Bill. 

July 24. _ Canada: The 
Opposition in the Do- 
minion Parliament de- 
mands that Reciprocity 
Bill be submitted to the 
Canadian people. 

July 29. Canada : Premier 
Laurier advises the dis- 
solution of the Parlia- 
ment. 

Aug. 7. The Balfour mo- 
tion of censure on the 
Government fails by a 
vote of 246 to 346. 

Aug. 8. Commons reject 
the amendments of the 
House of Lords to Par- 
liament Bill; the House 
of Lords decides not to 
insist on its amendment, 
and passes the Parlia- 
ment Bill; the House of 
Commons passes a reso- 
lution in favor of pay- 
ing members an annual 
salary of £400. 



Sept. 21. Canada: the 
general elections result 
in a victory for the Con- 
servatives and a rejec- 
tion of the Reciprocity 
Agreement with the 
United States. 



I9II A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



341 



1911 



France and Germany. 



1911 

July 1. Germany: The 
Government orders a 
gunboat to Agadir to 
protect German inter- 
ests in Morocco. 

July 17. It is announced 
that Germany demands 
a cession of a part of the 
French Congo for fore- 
going her claims in 
Morocco. 



Aug. 3. France: The rail 
way men adopt a reso- 
lution against Sabotage. 

Aug. 4. It is reported 
that Herr Kinderlen- 
Waechter and M. Cam- 
bon arrive at an agree- 
ment concerning the 
Moroccan question. 



Sept. 1. France: Food 
riots in Northern France. 

Sept. 10. Germany: So- 
cialist Conference meets 
at Jena. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1911 

July 10. Russia informs 
Germany that she will 
support France in the 
Morocco matter. 

July 15. Turkey: A Turk- 
ish force, under Edhem 
Pasha, ambushed by 
Albanians near Ipek. 

July 31. Russia: The 
Government demands 
the dismissal of Shuster 
as Financial Agent of 
Persia. 



Aug. 3. The Albanian 
tribesmen, persuaded by 
King Nicholas of Mon 
tenegro, accept the 
Turkish concessions. 

Aug. 24. _ Portugal: 
Manuel Arriaga elected 
President. 



Sept. 2. Portugal: New 
Cabinet formed under 
Senhor Chagas. 

Sept. 14. Russia: M. Sto- 
lypin, the Premier, mor- 
tally wounded at Kieff ; 
18. Premier Stolypin 
dies; 19. M. Kokovtsoff 
appointed Prime Min 
ister. 

Sept. 28. Italy: After 
long negotiations pre- 
sents ultimatum to Tur 
key; 29. No satisfaction 
being obtained Italy 
declares war on Turkey; 
30. The Turkish _ Min- 
istry under Hakki Bey 
resigns; Turkey appeals 
to Powers; Italy bom- 
bards Preveza, and an- 
nounces blockade of 
Tripolitan coast. 

Sept. 29. Sweden: In the 
general elections, the 
Conservatives are de- 
feated, and M. Lindman 
resigns as Premier. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1911 



Aug. 14. Haiti: General 
Leconte elected Presi- 
dent. 



Sept. 8. Fighting occurs 
between Peruvians and 
Bolivians atManuripe. 

Sept. Revolutionary out- 
breaks occur in China. 



342 



TABULAR VIEWS 



191 1 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1911 



1911 

Oct. 9. Internationa! 

Maritime Conference 
meets at Paris. Inter- 
national Committee of 
Cotton Growing Assoc- 
iations meets in Berlin. 



1911 

Oct. 19. Chairman N. W. 
Aldrich presents to the 
U. S. National Mone- 
tary Commission his 
plan for banking and 
currency reform. 



Nov. 9. Dedication of 
granite temple erected 
over the cabin in which 
Abraham Lincoln was 
born. 



Dec. 8. King George se- 
lects position for the All- 
India memorial to Ed- 
ward VII. 

Deaths in 1911: Ab- 
bey, E. A.; Bigelow 
John; Clarke, Sir C. P.; 
Dilke, Sir Chas. ; Dry- 
den, J. F.; Frye, W. P.; 
Gilbert, Sir W. S.; Har- 
lan, J. M.; Higginson, 
T. W.; Hooker, Sir J. D.; 
Houssaye, Henri; John- 
son, T. L.; Koraura, 
Marquis J.; March, F. 
A.; Mills, R. Q.; Mor- 
ton, Paul; Pulitzer, 
Joseph; Rouvier, M.; 
Stolypin, P. A. 



1911 

Oct. 6. Canada: Mr. Bor- 
den becomes Premier 
and forms conservative 
ministry. 

Oct. 19. Mr. Birrell out- 
lines the Government's 
proposed Irish Home 
Rule Bill. 

Oct. 23. Winston Church- 
ill becomes First Lord 
of the Admiralty and 
Reginald McKenna 

Home Secretary. 



Nov. 13. The Sulzer re 
solution providing for 
the abrogation of the 
treaty of 1S32 with Rus- 
sia passes House by a 
vote of 300 to 1. 

Nov. 15. Plan for the 
dissolution of the Stand- 
ard Oil Company 
made public. 



Dec. 2. The McNamara 
brothers confess respon 
sibility for the explosion 
which occurred in the 
building of the Los 
Angeles Times. 

Dec. 18. Pres. Taft noti 
fies the Russian Gov't 
that the treaty of 1S32, 
under which Russia has 
excluded _ Jewish Amer- 
ican citizens, will be 
abrogated on Dec. 31 



Nov. 4. The Ulster Union- 
ists issue a manifesto 
refusing to accept Home 
Rule. 

Nov. 8. Mr. Balfour re- 
signs as leader of the 
Unionist party. 

Nov. 11. King George V. 
leaves England for India 
consigning the govern- 
ment of the realm to a 
commission formed of 
Prince Arthur of Con- 
naught, the Archbishop 
of Canterbury, and Lord 
Morley. 

Nov. 13. Mr. Bonar Law 
selected as leader of 
the Unionist party. 

Nov. 27. Sir Edward Grey, 
in a speech before the 
Commons concerning the 
Moroccan negotiations, 
supports the claims and 
position of France. 

Dec. 6. The Insurance 
Bill passes House of 
Commons. 

Dec. 12. Coronation Dur- 
bar at Delhi, at which 
King George V. an- 
nounces the transfer of 
the capital from Cal- 
cutta to 1 Delhi. 

Dec. 15. The Insurance 
Bill passes House of 
Lords. 



I9II A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



343 



1911 



France and Germany. 



1911 

Oct. 18. Germany: The 
Kaiser unveils, at Aix> 
la-Chapelle, statue of 
Frederick the Great. 

Oct. 25. After many 
diplomatic exchanges, 
France and Germany 
arrive at agreement con- 
cerning points of dif- 

' ference in Moroccan 
controversy. 



Nov. 2. France and Ger- 
many negotiate treaty 
concerning exchange of 
territory in Africa; 4. 
The treaty agreed upon 
and signed. 

Nov. 24. Publication in 
London of the five secret 
articles of the Anglo- 
French declaration of 
1904 concerning Egypt 
and Morocco. 

Nov. 27. German Navy 
League begins campaign 
advocating the enlarge- 
ment of the naval force. 



Dec. 20. France: The 
Chamber assents to 
Franco-German agree- 
ment by a vote of 393 to 
36. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1911 

Oct. 3. Italy announces 

complete blockade of 

Tripolitan ports. 
Oct. 4. Said Pasha forms 

new Turkish Ministry. 
Oct. 5. Italian flag raised 

at Tripoli. 
Oct. 7. Sweden: M. Staaff 

forms new ministry. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Nov. 3. Russia demands 
an apology for insult to 
consular officers by Per- 
sian gendarmerie. 

Nov. 5. Italy, by Royal 
Decree, annexes Tripoli 
and Cyrenaica. 

Nov. 8. The Portuguese 
Cabinet resigns. 

Nov. 11. Portugal: New 
ministry formed under 
Senhor Vasconcelles. 



Dec. 1. Russia sends an- 
other ultimatum to Per- 
sia demanding dismissal 
of Shuster; 3. Sends 
troops into Persia. 



1911 

Oct. 1. _ Mexico: General 
Francisco I. Madero 
elected President. 

Oct. 14. China: Because 
of the serious revolu- 
tionary activities in 
China, Yuan Shih-kai 
is recalled from banish- 
ment and made Viceroy. 

Oct. 16. Mexico: Fight- 
ing between Maderistas 
and Zapatistas. 

Oct. 19. Persia_ appeals 
to Great Britain for as- 
sistance against Russia. 

Oct. 26. China: The Revo- 
lutionist leader Li- 
Huan-Hung proclaims 
a republic. 

Oct. 30. China: The Em- 
peror grants a constitu- 
tion. 

Nov. 8. Shuster charges 
both Russia and Great 
Britain with unwar- 
ranted interference in 
Persian affairs. 

Nov. 14. China: An im- 
perial edict commands 
Yuan Shih-kai to accept 
premiership; 26. Revo- 
lutionists attack Nan- 
king. 



Dec. 1. China: Rebels 
capture Nanking; 5. 
Prince Chun, the regent, 
abdicates, and guardians 
are appointed for infant 
emperor. 

Dec. 4. Persia appeals 
to the world for aid 
against _ Russia; 22: 
Persia yields to the de- 
mands of Russia; dis- 
misses Shuster. 



344 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1912 A.D. 



1912 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1912 



Mar. 7. Amundsen, the 
Norwegian explorer, an- 
nounces the discovery of 
the South Pole, which 
he reached on Dec. 
1911. 



United States. 



1912 

Jan. 4. Pres. Taft issues 
proclamation recogniz- 
ing the admission of New 
Mexico to the American 
Union of States. 

Jan. 14. The Supreme 
Court decides that the 
amended Employers 
Liability Law is consti- 
tutional. 

Jan. 16. Pres. Taft noti- 
fies the Cuban Govern- 
ment that intervention 
will result unless the 
military _ authorities 
cease to interfere ir 
civil affairs. 

Jan. 29. Clarence S. Dar 
row indicted on charge 
of bribing McNamara 
jurors. 

Feb.. 10. The Senate Com 
mittee on Privileges and 
Elections exonerates 

Senator _ Stephenson, of 
Wisconsin, from charges 
of corruption. 

Feb. 14. Pres. Taft pro- 
claims the admission of 
Arizona to statehood. 

Feb. 19. Supreme Court 
decides that, in accord- 
ance with the constitu- 
tional guaranty, it 
function of Congress to 
determine whether 
not the adoption of the 
initiative and referen- 
dum renders govern 
ment of a State unrepub 
lican in form. 

Feb. _ 25. Col. Roosevelt 
writes to seven gover- 
nors that he will accept 
the Republican nomina- 
tion for President. 

Mar. 2. Pres. Taft issues 
proclamation of neutral- 
ity in reference to Mexi- 
co. 

Mar. 7. _ The Senate, after 
adopting certain amend- 
ments, ratifies arbitra- 
tion treaties with Great 
Britain and France. 

Mar. 14. _ Pres. Taft for- 
bids shipment of arms 
into Mexico. 



British Empire. 



1912 



Feb. 14. Bill for the dis- 
establishment of Welsh 
Church introduced in 
House of Commons. 



Mar. 1. General strike of 
coal miners begins in 
Great Britain; more 
than a million men stop 
work, the mines sus- 
pend operation, and in- 
dustries generally suffer. 

Mar. 21. Minimum Wage 
Bill passes House of 
Commons, and House 
of Lords on the 28th; 
crisis in miners' strike 
is passed. 

Mar. Suffragettes be- 

come particularly vio- 
lent, smashing hundreds 
of windows. 



1912 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



345 



1912 



1912 

Jan. 10. France: As 
result of sensational 
charges of M. Clemen 
ceau, in reference to the 
conduct of the negotia- 
tions regarding Morocco 
the premier, M. Cail- 
laux, and the Cabinet 
resign; 13. A new Cabi 
net formed under M. 
Poincare; 17. Violent 
outburst of anti-Italian 
feeling follows seizure 
of French liners by 
Italian warships (see 
Italy); matter later re< 
ferred to arbitration. 



Feb. 1. France: "War De- 
partment abolishes sys- 
tem of secret reports; 
10; Senate ratifies Mo- 
rocco agreement bill. 

Feb. Germany: In gen- 
eral elections, the Social- 
ists make remarkable 
gains. 



Mar. 11. Westphalian 
and French miners strike 
i n sympathy with 
Engish miners. 

Mar. 30. France estab- 
lishes protectorate over 
Morocco. 



1912 

Jan. 12. Naval engage 
ment takes place in the 
Red Sea between Italian 
cruisers and _ Turkish 
gunboats, in which seven 
Turkish ships are sunk; 
17. Italian torpedo boats 
seize the French liners 
Carthage and Manouba 
alleging that they carry 
contraband; strained 
diplomatic relations be 
tween two countries. 



Feb. 22. Italy: The Par- 
liament passes a bill 
for the annexation of 
Tripoli. 



Mar. 7. Austria-Hungary: 
The Hungarian Premier, 
Count Khuen-Hedevary, 
resigns, but continues 
in power. 



1912 

Jan. 2. China: Dr. Sun 
Yat Sen proclaims him- 
self provisional Presi- 
dent of the Republic of 
China. 

January. Mexico: Inci- 
pient revolts against the 
Madero Government 
break out. 



Feb. 2. Honduras: Gen- 
eral Bonilla assumes the 
presidency. 

Feb. 5. Santo Domingo: 
Eladio Victoria elected 
President. 

Feb. 12. China: The Em- 
peror abdicates, and a 
Republic is established^ 
15. Yuan Shih-kai 
elected President by the 
National Assembly. 



Mar. 21. Paraguay: The 
Government overthrown 
by a revolution led by 
General Navero. 

Mar. 29. China: Tang- 
Shao-yi becomes first 
premier of the Republic. 



346 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1912 A.D. 



1912 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1912 

Apr. 12. _ Memorial _ to 
Queen Victoria unveiled 
at Cimiez. 

Apr. 16. Miss Harriet 
Quimby, a woman avi- 
ator, flies across the 
English Channel. 



May 1. New typhoid se- 
rum submitted to the 
French Academy by 
Drs. Metchnikoff and 
Broughton Alcock; and 
a new medicinal treat- 
ment of cancer an- 
nounced by Dr. Grezda 
of Agram. 



June 8. Memorial to 
Christopher Columbus 
unveiled at Washington 
D. C. 



July 24. First Interna 
tional Congress on Eu 
genics held in London 
Prof. Herschell Parker 
and Belmore Brown 
announce that they have 
ascended within three 
hundred feet of the 
summit of Mt. McKin 
ley. 



United States. 



1912 

Apr. 1. Wool Bill passes 
House. 

Apr. 27. Committee on 
Banking and _ Currency 
in House begin investi- 
gation of the Money 
Trust. 

Apr. 29. Inquiry ordered 
by the Senate into con- 
tributions and campaign 
funds for the years 1904- 
1908. 

May 17. Eugene V. Debs 
nominated for President 
by the Socialist National 
Convention. 

May 28. The Smith Com- 
mittee of Inquiry of the 
Senate make report on 
the sinking of the Ti- 
tanic. 

May 30. Steel Bill passes 
Senate. 



June 17. President Taft 
vetoes Army Appropri- 
ation Bill. 

June 18. Republican Na- 
tional Convention meets 
in Chicago. 

June 22. President Taft 
• renominated by Repub- 
licans; followers of 
Roosevelt "bolt" and 
propose organization of 
new Progressive Party. 

June 25. Democratic 
National Convention as- 
sembles at Baltimore. 

July 2. Dr. Woodrow Wil- 
son nominated on 46th 
ballot by Democratic 
National Convention. 

July 11. House of Rep. im 
peaches Judge Archbald. 

July 13. Senator Lorimer 
unseated. 

July 29. Lieutenant Beck 
er, of the New York 
City Police, arrested for 
having instigated mur- 
der of Herman Rosen- 
thal; in subsequent de- 
velopments, a great 
scandal arises from al- 
leged grafting practises 
of the police. 



British Empire. 



1912 

Apr. 15. The White Star 
liner Titanic strikes ice- 
berg off the coast of New- 
foundland and sinks, 
with loss of 1513. 

Apr. 17. The proposed 
loan to China becomes 
open equally to six 
Powers: Great Britain, 
France, Germany, Japan, 
Russia, and the United 
States. 

May 2. Titanic inquiry 
opens under presidency 
of Lord Mersey. 

May 23. General strike 
proclaimed of all trans- 
port workers of London; 
ends July 29. 

May-June. Discussions 
in House of Commons 
concerning Irish Home 
Rule. 



June 12. Col. J. E. B. 
Seeley becomes Secre- 
tary of State for war in 
British Gov't. 

June 19. The House of 
Commons, by a majority 
of 69, declines to exclude 
Ulster from operation of 
Home Rule Bill. 



July 9. New Zealand: 
MacKen.,ie Ministry re- 
signs, and Mr. Massey 
forms another on the 
10th. 

July 11. Great Britain 
protests against exemp- 
tion of American coast- 
wise ships in Canal Tolls 
Bill, pending in U. S. 
Congress. 



1912 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



347 



1912 



France and Germany. 



1912 

Apr. 15. Germany: De 
fense Bill, providing for 
great increase in naval 
and military expendi 
tures, introduced in 
Reichstag, 

Apr. 17. France: Native 
Moroccan troops mu- 
tiny; 22. Order restored 
after bloody fighting. 



May 8. Germany: The 
Reichstag adopts new 
rule of practice by which 
members have right to 
interpellate ministers. 

May 13. Germany: Em 
peror William, in pri 
vate conversation with 
Burgomaster of Strass- 
burg, threatens to abol 
ish the constitution of 
Alsace and Lorraine and 
incorporate provinces 
with Prussia. 

May 21. Germany: De- 
fense Bill passed by 
Reichstag. 

May 23. France: M. 
Paul Deschanel elected 
President of Chamber of 
Deputies in place of M. 
Brisson (deceased). 

June 30. France: Cele- 
bration at Paris of bi- 
centenary of Rousseau. 



July 9. France: Chamber 
of Deputies accepts the 
principle of the Govern- 
ment's electoral reform 
bill; io. Despite violent 
demonstration by Op- 
position, the bill passes 
by vote of 339 to 217. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1912 

Apr. 18. Italian warships 
bombard forts at en- 
trance of Dardanelles. 

Apr. 21. Austria-Hung- 
gary: George Lukacs be- 
comes Hungarian Pre- 
mier. 

Apr. 30. Portugal: Royal- 
ist raid occurs at 
Monsao. 



May 15. King Frederick 
of Denmark dies and is 
succeeded by Christian 
X. 

May 22. Austria-Hun 
gary: On reopening of 
Hungarian Chamber 
Count Tisra is elected 
President amid scenes 
of great confusion. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1912 

Apr. 17. Mexico declines 
to recognize right of 
U. S. Government to 
interfere in her affairs. 



June 5. Hungary: Scenes 
of wild disorder occur 
in Chamber when the 
opponents of the Tisra 
Army Bill are expelled 
by the police. 

June 19. Montenegro: 
General Martinovitch 
forms new Cabinet. 

June. Guerilla warfare 
between Italians and 
Arabs continues in Tri 
poli. 



July 8. Italy: Trial of 
the Camorrists at Vi- 
terbo ends, and twenty- 
six men are convicted 
— the sentences of im- 
prisonment varying from 
five to thirty years. 

July 17. Turkey: Min- 
istry under Said Pasha 
resigns, and is succeeded, 
on 1 8th, by Tewfik 
Pasha; on the same day 
the last named ministry 
is overthrown and Ghazi 
Mukhtar Pasha forms 
a Cabinet. 



June 28. The Chinese Pre- 
mier, Tang Shao-yi, 
resigns; succeeded by 
Lu Cheng-Nsieng. 



July 29. Japan: Mutsu- 
hito, Emperor of Japan, 
dies: he is succeeded on 
the 30th by his son 
Yoshihito. 



348 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1912 A.D. 



1912 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1912 

Aug. 14. The Duke of 
Connaught dedicates 
National Memorial to 
Nova Scotian Assembly 
which was first opened 
in 1758. 



Sept. 4. Eighth Interna 
tional Congress of Ap- 
plied Chemistry meets 
at Washington, D. C. 

Sept. 9. Prof. Vilhjalmar 
Stefansson returns after 
four years' exploration 
in arctic regions. 

Sept. 10. International 
Congress for Labor 
Legislation opens at 
Zurich. 

Sept. 30. Opening of the 
Pulitzer School of Jour- 
nalism at Columbia Uni- 
versity. 



United States. 



1912 

Aug. 2. The Monroe Doc 
trine extended, by Lodge 
resolution in the Senate 
to cover foreign corpo- 
rations holding land on 
American continents; 
the Stanley Committee 
for investigating U. S. 
Steel Corporation reports 
to House of Representa- 
tives and suggests legisla- 
tion to control industrial 
combinations and trusts. 

Aug. 5. Progressive Na- 
tional Convention opens 
in Chicago, and on the 
7th nominates Theodore 
Roosevelt for President. 

Aug. 9. Senate passes 
Canal Tolls Bill; Presi- 
dent Taft vetoes Wool 
Bill. 

Aug. 14. Steel and Iron 
Tariff Revision Bill, 
which was_ vetoed by 
Pres. Taft, is passed over 
his veto by House of 
Rep., but veto is sus- 
tained in the Senate. 

Sept. 13. The United 
States Government de- 
cides to intervene in 
Santo Domingo, be- 
cause of civil war ob- 
taining there. 



British Empire. 



1912 

Aug. 19. Great Britain 
accepts the invitation of 
Count Berchtold to ex- 
change ideas relative to 
situation in Balkan 
States. 



Sept. 6. The British 

Trade Union Congress at 
Newport votes against 
Syndicalism and re-af- 
firms its support of in- 
dependent working-class 
political action. 
Sept. 19. After making 
demonstrations against 
Home Rule, Ulster 
Unionists sign a Solemn 
Covenant^ pledging con- 
tinued resistance. 



1912 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



349 



1912 



France and Germany. 



1912 

Aug. 17. France and Ger 
many accept invitation 
of Count Berchtold to 
join in "conversation" 
with reference to Balkan 
affairs. 



Sept. 10. France: The 
Government announces 
that in future practically 
the entire fleet will be 
concentrated in Medi- 
terranean. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1912 

Aug. 5. Frontier fights 
between Montenegrins 
and Turks. 

Aug. 8. Turkish Minister 
leaves Cettigne. 

Aug. 16. Austria: Count 
Berchtold, Austrian 

Foreign Minister, in- 
vites Powers to join 
in "conversation" on 
Balkan situation. 



Sep. 6. Russia and China 
renew treaty of St 
Petersburg for ten years. 

Sept. 9. Servia: The 
Tripkovitch Ministry re 
signs; 12. M. Pashitch 
forms new Gov't. 

Sept. 30. The Balkan 
powers, Bulgaria, Servia. 
Montenegro, and Greece 
begin mobilization of 
troops in their respective 
capitals. 



The World, elsewhere, 



1912 

Aug. 7. Russia and Japan 
arrive at agreement au- 
thorizing spheres of in- 
fluence in Manchuria. 

Aug. 9. Haiti: Tancrede 
Auguste made President 
after death of Leconte. 

Aug. 19. Peru: Guillermo 
E. Billinghurst elected 
President. 



35° 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1912 A.D. 




1912 1912 



United States. 



Nov. 22. Cambridge Uni- 
versity abolishes rule 
limiting divinity degrees 
to members of the 
Church of England. 

Nov. California, Arizona 
Kansas, and Oregon 
grant complete suffrage 
to women 



1912 

Oct. —The Clapp Com 
mittee continues inves 
tigations; 4. Ex-Presi- 
dent Roosevelt admits 
that corporations con- 
tributed to his campaign 
fund in 1904, but denies 
that they secured any 
material advantage as a 
return. 

Oct. 6. United States ma 
rines capture Leon, the 
greatest stronghold of 
the Nicaraguan revolu- 
tionists; the insurrection 
is suppressed and order 
for the time, restored. 

Oct. 7. Trial of Lieut 
Becker begins in New- 
York City. 

Oct. 14. _ Attempted as 
sassination of Col.Roose 
velt in Chicago. 

Oct. 24. Becker found 
guilty. 



Nov. 4. Supreme Court 
formulates simplified 
rules of equity procedure 
in federal courts. 

Nov. 5. The general elec- 
tion results in success of 
Wilson and Marshall, 
the Democratic nomi 
nees for President and 
Vice-President. 



British Empire. 



1912 

Oct. 22. House of Com- 
mons appoints commit- 
tee to investigate 
alleged atrocities _ in the 
Putumayo district of 
Peru. 



Nov. 9. James Bryce, 
ambassador to U. S., 
resigns. 

Nov. 11. Government de- 
feated by 22 votes dur- 
ing committee stage of 
Home Rule Bill. 

Nov. 28. An organized 
attempt made by suf- 
fragettes to destroy pil- 
lar-box mail. 



igi2 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



351 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere, 



1912 1912 

Oct. 5. Premier Poincare 
submits proposals to 
the Powers whereby war 
in the Balkans may be 
prevented, and suggests 
joint intervention by 
Austria-Hungary and 
Russia. 
Oct. 11. Germany: Resig- 
nation of Herr Kaeinpi", 
President of Reichstag. 



Nov. 4. France rejects 
Turkish appeal for in- 
tervention; o. Parlia- 
mentary commission ap- 
pointed to inquire into 
depopulation. 



1912 

Oct. S. Montenegro, de 
spite protest of Powers, 
declares war against Tur 
key; 9. Attacks Turkish 
forces at Podgoritza and 
captures the Planinitza 
and Detchitch moun- 
tains; 13. Bulgaria, Ser- 
via, and Greece present 
notes to Turkey demand- 
ing autonomy for Mace 
donia within six months; 
IS. The powers men 
tioned declare war 
against Turkey, andtheir 
armies advance into 
Turkish territory; Peace 
treaty between Italy and 
Turkey signed at Ouchy 
Switzerland; the Powers 
later recognize Italian 
sovereignty in Tripoli 
22. Kirdjali captured by 
Bulgarians, Prishtina by 
Servians; Bulgarians win 
great victory at Kirk 
Ivillise; 24. Bulgarians 
advance on Adrianople 
and Greeks occupy Kaz- 
hani; 26. Servians occupy 
Uskub; 29-30. Great 
battle fought near Lule 
Burgas between Bui 
garians and Turks, after 
which Turks are forced 
to retreat toward Chat- 
aldja lines; 30. Ghazi 
Mukhtar Pasha resigns 
and Kiamil Pasha forms 
new government. 

Nov. 3. The Balkans: 
Turkey requests Powers 
to intervene; 5. Bui 
garians force Turks with 
in the Chataldja lines 
with great loss; 8. Salo 
nika surrenders to the 
Crown Prince of Greece; 
13. Turkey opens peace 
negotiations with Bui 
garia; 17. Servians cap- 
ture Monastir; 21. Af- 
ter short suspension of 
hostilities during the 
negotiations, the war is 
resumed, Turkey having 
declined the peace con 
ditions offered. 

Nov. 10. Socialists ii 
Vienna make demon- 
stration against war in 
Balkans. 

Nov. 12. Premier Cana- 
lejas, of Spain, assas- 
sinated; 14. Count 
Romanoncs forms new 
Cabinet. 



I i 1 1 2 

Oct. _ 16. Mexico: Revo- 
lution breaks out in 
Vera Cruz; later sup- 
pressed, and its leader, 
Felix Diaz, is captured 
and condemned to death 
— a penalty subsequently 
revoked. 

Oct. — Peru: Diplomatic 
exchanges with United 
States with reference to 
alleged Putumayo atro- 
cities in which Peru 
protests against com- 
mission of investigation. 



Nov. 1. Cuba: Gen. Ma- 
rio G. Menocal elected 
President. 

Nov._ 11. Diplomatic re- 
lations between Peru 
and Chile are resumed 
after a suspension of 
2Y2. years. 

Nov._ 2S. Gen. Victoria 
resigns as Pres. of Santo 
Domingo, and is suc- 
ceeded by Archbishop 
Nouel. 



352 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1912 A.D.- 



1912 



1913 



Progress of Society, etc 



1912 

Dec. 3. Oxford Univer 
sity abolishes rule re- 
stricting divinity de 
grees to members of the 
Church of England. 

Deaths in 1912: Alma- 
Tadema, Sir L.; Astor 
J. J.; Booth, Wm. 
Brisson, Henri; Cana- 
lejas, Jos6; Evans, R.D.: 
Frederick VII., King of 
Denmark; Labouchere, 
Henry; Lang, Andrew; 
Lister, Baron, J.; Loy- 
son, C; Mutsuhito, Em- 
peror of Japan; Nogi, 
M.; Rayner, Isidore; 
Sherman J. S.; Stead, 
W. T.; Weaver, J. B. 

1913 

Jan. 1. The Parcels Post 
system inaugurated 
throughout the United 
States. 



Feb. 10. It is reported 
that Capt. R. F. Scott 
the polar explorer, 
reached the South Pole, 
but that, on the return 
journey, he and fou 
members of the party 
perished. 



United States. 



1912 

Dec. 3. The Archbald 
impeachment trial be- 
gins. 

Dec. 18. -Burnett Immi- 
gration Bill with illiter- 
acy test attached passes 
the House of Repre- 
sentatives. 



1913 

Jan. 13. Judge Archbald 
found guilty upon five 
articles of impeachment 
and disqualified from 
ever holding public office 
in the United States. 

Jan. 23. Bill limiting cam- 
paign contributions to 
$5000 passes the Senate. 



Feb. 1. Senate adopts the 
proposed amendment to 
the Constitution re- 
stricting Presidents to 
one term of six years. 

Feb. 3. The Income Tax 
amendment to the Con- 
stitution is ratified by 
the required number of 
States, and becomes a 
part of the organic law. 

Feb._ 4. Pres. Taft vetoes 
Rivers and Harbors Ap- 
propriation Bill. 

Feb. 8. House of Rep. 
passes the Webb Liquor 
Bill; 10. Senate passes 
Webb Bill; 14. Pres. 
Taft vetoes the Immi- 
gration Bill; _ 18. The 
Senate overrides veto 
of Immigration Bill, but 
House sustains it; 28. 
The Senate overrides 
the veto of the Webb 
Bill. 

Feb. Pres. Taft declines 
to recognize the Huerta 
government of Mexico — 
a policy continued by 
Pres. Wilson. 



British Empire. 



1912 

Dec. 14. South Africa: 
Premier Botha resigns; 
20. Forms new Cabinet. 

Dec. 16. Bonar Law, in 
important speech at 
Ashton- under-Tyne, 
outlines Unionist Tariff 
policy. 

Dec. 17. Meeting of the 
ambassadors of the 
Great Powers in London 
to discuss the Balkan 
situation. 

Dec. 21. British Medical 
Ass'n rejects Gov't's 
proposals regarding pro- 
visions of Insurance Act. 



1913 

Jan. 16. The Irish Home 
Rule Bill passes the 
House of Commons by a 
majority of 110 (first 
passage). 

Jan. 27. The Speaker of 
the House of Commons 
rules out the Woman's 
Suffrage Bill because of 
changes in the text 
after the first reading. 

Jan. 30. Home Rule Bill 
rejected in the House of 
Lords. 

Feb. 13. The House of 
Lords reject the Welsh 
Disestablishment Bill. 



1913 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



353 



a.d. France and Germany. 



1913 



1912 

Dec. 7. Germany: The 
Triple Alliance renewed 
without change. 

Dec. 26. France: Premier 
Poincare announces can- 
didature for Presidency. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1913 

Jan. 17. France: The 
National Assembly se- 
lects Raymond Poincare 
as _ President; 20. M. 
Aristide Briand, after 
resignation of M. Poin- 
care, forms new Cabinet. 



Feb. 14. Germany: 
Largely through efforts 
of Socialists, the Gov't 
acquires majority of 
stock in new petroleum 
monopoly; 27. A com- 
mittee of the Reichstag 
decides to limit the profit 
of the Gov't in oil to 5 
per cent. 

Feb. 18. France: Poin- 
care inaugurated as 
President. 



1912 

Dec. _ The Balkans: Bul- 
garia, Servia, and Mon- 
tenegro sign armistice 
with Turkey, but Greece 
abstains; 5. The signa^ 
tories to the armistice 
agreement appoint dele 
gates to peace confer- 
ence at London; 16. 
Representatives of Tur 
key and the Balkan 
States assemble in Lon 
don for conference; 28. 
The allies reject pro 
posals of Turkey. 



1913 

Jan. 22. Turkey: The 
Gov't, decides to yield 
Adrianople; 23. The war 
party in Constantinople 
revolts, because of pro- 
posed treaty concessions- 
and Nazim Pasha, min- 
ister of war, is assas 
sinated. 

Jan. 30. The Balkan Al- 
lies give notice that the 
armistice has terminated 
and that war will be 
resumed. 

Feb. The Balkans: Re 
sumption of hostilities 
by Allies and a genera 
advance on Turkish 
lines. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1912 

Dec. 4. Japan: Resigna- 
tion of the premier, 
Marquis Saionji; 19. 
Prince Katsura forms 
new Government. 



1913 

January. Serious disorder 
continues in Mexico. 



Feb. Mexico: A battle 13 
fought in the streets of 
Mexico City between 
the federal troops and 
the followers of Felix 
Diaz; 18. Pres. Madero 
is taken prisoner, and 
Victoriano Huerta 13 
proclaimed provisional 
President; 23. ex-Pres. 
Madero and ex-Vice- 
Pres. Suarez killed while 
being transferred to the 
penitentiary in Mexico 
City. 

Feb._ 10. Japan: The pre- 
mier, Katsura, and his 
Cabinet resign; he is 
succeeded by Count 
Yomomato. 



354 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1913 A.D 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


United States. 


British Empire. 


1913 


1913 


1913 


1913 






Mar. 1. The House over- 


Mar. 26. Winston Church- 






rides veto of the Webb 


ill, speaking in the 






Bill. 


House of Commons, 






Mar. 3. First territorial 


urges Great Britain and 






legislature of Alaska 


Germany to suspend 






meets at Juneau. 


naval construction for 






Mar. 4. Pres. Taft signs bill 


a year. 






creating Department of 








Labor; Woodrow Wilson 








inaugurated as President 








of the United States. 








Mar. 17. Pres. Wilson 








calls special session of 








Congress to revise the 








tariff law- 








Mar. 18. Pres. Wilson dis- 








courages American 








Bankers from continuing 








in the six-Power Chinese 








loan group. 








Apr. 3. _ The U. S. Gov't 


Apr. 3. Mrs. Emmeline 






recognizes Republic of 


Pankhurst sentenced to 






China. 


three years' imprison- 






Apr. 7. _ Congress _ con- 


ment on charge of in- 






venes in extraordinary 


stigating destruction of 






session. 


property. 






Apr. 8. Seventeenth 








Amendment to the Con- 








stitution is ratified by 








the requisite number of 








States. 








Apr. 19. Pres. Wilson 








urges the State of Cali- 








fornia to make the pio- 








posed legislation con- 








cerning ownership of 








land by aliens less ob- 








jectionable to Japan. 








Apr. 30. The Webb Anti- 








Alien Land Bill passed 








by Legislature of Cali- 








fornia. 






May 1. The National 


May 4. Gov. _ Johnson 






Peace Congress meets at 


signs Anti-Alien Land 






St. Louis. 


Bill. 






May 8. First inter-de- 


May 8. The Underwood 






nominational conference 


Tariff Bill passes the 






in America meets in New 


House of Represen- 






York to consider the 


tatives by a vote of 2S1 






possibility of uniting all 


to 139. 






Christian organizations. 








May 1 2. International 








Peace Conference meets 








at Washington, D. C. 







1913 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



355 



A.D. 


France and Germany. 


Europe, elsewhere. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1913 


1913 


1913 


1913 




Alar. 18. France: Pre- 


Mar. 6. The Balkans: 


Mar. 7. Mexico: Huerta 




mier Briand and his 


Janina, with 32,000 


denies that Madero and 




Cabinet resign. 


troops, surrenders to 


Suarez were murdered. 




Mar. 21. France: The 


Greeks; The Hungarian 


Mar. 21. Honduras: Pres. 




Barthou ministry is 


Chamber enact a suf- 


Manual Bonilla dies. 




announced. 


frage law granting a 


and is succeeded by Vice- 






limited franchise to wo- 


Pres. Francisco Ber- 






men; 18. King George 


trand. 






of Greece is assassinated 








at Salonika; 19. Crown 








Prince Constantine is 








proclaimed King of 








Greece; 26. Adrianople, 








after prolonged siege, 








surrenders to combined 








force of Bulgarians and 








Servians. 








Mar. 11. Russia and 








Austria-Hungary agree 








to demobilize troops on 








the Russo-A u s t r i a n 








border. 






Apr. IS. Germany: Herr 


Apr. 23. The Balkans: 


Apr. 8. The first Parlia- 




Liebknecht, Socialist 


Montenegrin s 1 d i e rs 


ment of the Chinese 




leader, causes sensation 


capture Scutari. 


Republic convenes. 




by charging the Krupps 


Apr.— May. Negotiations 


Apr. 12. Japan: The 




and other gun manu- 


instituted for peace be- 


Japanese Ambassador 




facturers with bribing 


tween Balkan allies and 


presents formal protest 




officers in the War De- 


Turkey. 


to United States against 




partment and with creat- 




the discriminatory pro- 




ing war scares in other 




visions of the proposed 




countries for the pur- 




anti-alien land legisla- 




pose of business advant- 




tion in California. 




age. 










May 5. Montenegro. 


May 4. Michel Oreste 






yielding to pressure of 


elected President of 






the Powers, evacuates 


Haiti. 






Scutari. 


May 8. Bolivia: Gen. 






May_ 30. The Balkan 


Ismael Montes elected 






Allies and Turkey sign 


President. 






treaty f peace at 


May 10. China: The 






London. 


Gov't, accepts loan of 
$125,000,000 from the 
international banking 
syndicate. 
May. Rebellion against 
the Huerta government 
breaks out in Northern 
Mexico. 



356 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1913 A.D. 



1913 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1913 

June-July Celebration of 
the semi- centennial of 
the Battle of Gettys 
burg. 



June. Alaska grants com- 
plete suffrage to women. 

July 26. Illinois grants 
partial suffrage to 
women. 



Aug. 15. A memorial to 
the Pilgrim Fathers un- 
veiled at Southampton, 
England. 

Aug. 20. The Universal 
Peace Congress con- 
venes at The Hague. 

Aug. 28. Dedication of 
the Palace of Peace at 
The Hague. 



Sept. 14. Prof. Malladra 
descends 1200 feet into 
the crater of Vesuvius, 
and registers a tempera- 
ture of 626° P. 



Oct. 10. Pres. Wilson 
presses electric button 
which causes the blowing 
up of the Gamboa dike, 
the last obstruction to 
t he navigation from 
ocean to ocean through 
the Panama Canal. 

Oct. 14. Benjamin Alt- 
man bequeaths to New 
York City a $15,000,000 
art collection. 



United States. 



1913 

June 10. The Supreme 
Court decides that the 
States have the right to 
fix intra-state railroad 
rates so long as they do 
not make them confisca- 
tory. 

June 23. _ Pres. Wilson 
reads his message to 
Congress urging reform 
of the banking and cur- 
rency law. 

June 28. Sec. Bryan and 
Ambassador Chinda 

sign renewal of the 
arbitration _ agreement 
between United States 
and Japan. 

July 11. The Senate be 
gins an investigation of 
the alleged political acti- 
vities of the National 
Manufacturing Ass'n. 



Aug. 1. The State De- 
partment announces that 
Great Britain, Russia, 
and Turkey have de- 
clined to participate in 
the Panama-Pacific Ex- 
position. 

Aug. 4. Pres. Wilson se 
lects ex-Gov. Lind, of 
Minn., as special envoy 
to Mexico. 

Aug. 27. Pres. Wilson 
outlines before Congress 
his Mexican policy which 
among other things in- 
cludes the retirement 
from power of Huerta 
and the holding of an 
election for president. 

Sept. 9. The Underwood- 
Simmons Tariff Bill 
passes Senate; 18. The 
A dministrationCurrency 
Bill passes the House of 
Rep.; The impeachment 
trial of Gov._, Sulzer 
begins. 



Oct. 16. The Sulzer Im 
peachment trial _ ends 
he is found guilty of 
three of the offenses 
charged in the eight ar- 
ticles of impeachment; 
he is deposed as gover- 
nor, but not disqualified 
from holding office. 



British Empire. 



1913 

June 11. A committee of 
the House of Commons 
exonerates certain Cabi- 
net members of wrong- 
doing in purchasing 
shares of Marconi stock. 



July 7. The Irish Home 
Rule Bill passes the 
House of Commons, this 
being its second passage. 

July 8. , The Welsh Dis- 
establishment Bill passes 
the Commons for second 
time. 

July 14. Bill abolishing 
plural voting passes 
House of Commons. 



Sept. The Ulster de- 
monstrations continue. 

Sept. 29. Great Britain 
announces _ withdrawal 
from the international 
group of five Powers 
which was to lend money 
to China; it is alleged 
that the group is dis- 
solved. 

Oct. 22. Lloyd-George 
makes known plan _ of 
the Gov't, for getting 
the people back to the 
land. 



1913 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



357 



191; 



Prance and Germany. 



1913 

June 30. The bill provid 
ing for an increase of 
the German army passes 
Reichstag. 



July 7. France: The 
Chamber of Deputies 
adopts the three-year 
military service bill by 
a vote of 339 to 223. 



Aug. 7. The French Sen 
ate passes the three-year 
military service law by 
a vote of 245 to 37. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1913 

June 7. The Powers of 
Europe demand that 
the Balkan _ States de- 
mobilize their armies. 



July 8. The Balkans: Ser- 
via, declares war against 
Bulgaria, and captures 
Istip after severe bat- 
tle; Greece declares 
war against Bulgaria; 
16. King Charles mobi- 
lizes Roumanian troops; 
20. Turkish soldiers re- 
occupy Adrianople. 



Sept. 15. The Balkans: 
Bulgaria and Turkey 
sign agreement concern- 
ing boundary. 



Oct. 6. Russia and Japan 
recognize the Republic 
of China. 

Oct. 25. Premier Roma- 
nones of Spain resigns 
27. Eduardo Dato forms 
a Conservative ministry 
for Spain. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1913 



Julv. Serious revolution- 
ary outbreaks occur in 
southern China. _ 

July 15. Bulgaria: Dr. 
Danev and Cabinet re- 
sign. 



Aug. 10. A treaty of 
peace between Rouma- 
nia, Servia, Montenegro, 
and Greece and Bulgaria 
is signed at Bucharest. 

Aug. 18. _ Mexico: Huer- 
ta declines offer of medi- 
ation from the United 
States Government. 



Oct. 6. _ China: Yuan 
Shih-kai is elected per- 
manent President by 
the Chinese Parliament. 

October: _ Mexico. The 
Revolutionists are gen- 
erally successful; 26. 
Election held in territory 
under federal control, 
but few vote; result 
undecisive; Huerta re- 
tains executive powers. 



353 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1913 A.D. 



A.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


United States. 


British Empire. 


1913 


1913 


1913 


1913 

Nov. 10. Premier As- 
quith, for the British 
Government, states that 
there has been no 
thought of intervention 
in the Mexican affairs, 
and that England en- 
dorses with the utmost 
cordiality the American 
policy. 




Deaths in 1913: Avebury, 


Dec. 2. Pres. Wilson in 


Dec. 5. The British Gov- 




Lord; Bebel, A. F.; 


his annual address be- 


ernment forbids im- 




Brady, A. N.; Doane, 


fore Congress announces 


portation of arms into 




W. C; George, King of 


that he plans to follow 


Ireland; Premier As- 




Greece; Katsura, Prince 


a policy of "watchful 


quith announces his wil- 




Taro; Madero, F. I.; 


waiting" with reference 


lingness to compromise 




Miller, C. H.; Morgan, 


to Mexico. 


the Home Rule contro- 




J. P.; Nebeker, E. H.; 


Dec. 19. The Senate 


versy upon the prin- 




Ollivier, E.; Picard, A. 


passes the Glass-Owen 


ciples expressed by Sir 




M.; Rochefort, H.; Wal- 


Currency Bill. 


Edward Carson. 




lace, A. R.; Wolseley, Sir 








G.J. 






1914 


1914 


1914 


1914 




Jan. 5. Henry Ford an- 


Jan. 25. The Alaska Rail- 


January. Ulster opposi- 




nounces that the Ford 


way Bill passes the 


tion to Home Rule 




Motor Company will 


Senate. 


evinces itself in numer- 




set aside $10,000,000 




ous demonstrations. 




of the 1914 profits for 








the benefit of the em- 








ployees, and establishes 








a minimum wage of $5 








per day for all employed. 








Feb. 13. It is reported 


Feb. 3. Pres. Wilson re- 






from Italy that torpe- 


moves embargo on ship- 






does have been exploded 


ment of arms into 






two miles away by ultra- 


Mexico. 






violet rays in experi- 


Feb.. 4. The Burnett Im- 






ments conducted by the 


migration Bill passes 






Government; Validity 


the House of Rep. 






of experiments denied 


Feb. 9. The Senate enacts 






later. 


new military law to su- 






Feb. 26.. The antarctic 


persede that of 1806. 






expedition led by Dr. 


Feb. 18. The Alaska Rail- 






Frederick Mawson re- 


way Bill passes the 






turns to Adelaide. 


House of Representa- 
tives. 





1913 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



359 



1913 



1914 



France and Germany. 



1913 

Nov. 5. France: The 
Chamber of Deputies 
rejects a woman suffrage 
amendment to the pro 
posed electoral reform 
bill by a vote of 311 to 
313; Nov. 18. France 
The electoral reform bill, 
providing for propor 
t i o n a 1 representation, 
passes the Chamber of 
Deputies. 

Dec. 2. France: J. L. 
Barthou resigns the pre 
miership of France; 8. 
M. Gaston Doumergue 
forms new ministry. 

Dec. 2. Germany: Intense 
feeling of opposition 
created by clash of the 
military with the citi- 
zens of Alsace at Zabern; 
4. The Reichstag votes 
lack of confidence in 
Chancellor von Beth- 
mann-Hollweg and his 
ministry because of the 
support given the mili- 
tary authorities in Al- 
sace. 



1914 

Jan. 10. Germany: A 
court martial acquits 
Col. von Reuter and 
Lieut. Schad of charges 
preferred against them 
in connection with the 
Zabern affair. 

Jan. 24. The Reichstag 
orders an investigation 
of Zabern affair. 

Feb. 25. France: The 
French Senate rejects 
the Government propo- 
sition to replace direct 
taxation with an income 
tax. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1913 

Nov. 3. Russia: Mendel 

Beilsis tried at Kieff 

acquitted of charge of 

killing a Christian by 

"ritual murder." 
Nov. 5. Bavaria: The 

mad King Otto is de 

posed; the regent, Prince 

Ludwig, proclaimed king 

as Ludwig III. 
Nov. 13. Greece and Tup 

key sign treaty of peace 

at Athens. 
Dec. 11. Switzerland: Dr 

Arthur Hoffman elected 

President. 
Dec. 14. Greece annexes 

the Island of Crete. 



1914 

Jan. 2. Spain: King Al 

fonso dissolves the Cor 

tes and orders a general 

election. 
Jan. 27. Portugal: The 

Cabinet headed by Dr. 

Alfonso Costa resigns 



Feb. 8. Portugal; Ber 
nardino Machado forms 
new ministry. 

Feb. 10. Sweden: Premier 
Albert Staaff resigns 
because of differences of 
opinion in Cabinet con 
cerning necessity of in- 
creasing means of de- 
fense in Sweden. 

Feb. 11. Russia: M. Ko- 
kovtsoff, the Premier, 
resigns; 13. M. Koremy- 
kin forms new ministry. 

Feb. 16. Sweden: Dr. 
Knut Hammarckjold 
forms new Cabinet. 

Feb. 21. Prince William 
of Wied accepts throne 
of Albania. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1913 

Nov. 14. Mexico: Great 
Britain, Germany, and 
other nations advise 
Huerta to yield to the 
demands of the United 
States; 27. The rebels 
capture Mazatlan. 



Dec. 9. The Mexican 
Congress declares the 
election of Oct. 26. void, 
and empowers Huerta 
to continue the adminis- 
tration of the office; 28. 
The rebels attack Oji- 
naga, the last strong- 
hold of the federals in 
the North. 

Dec. 22. King Menelik, 
of Abyssinia, reported 
to have died on Dec. 12 . 



1914 

Jan. 10. Mexico: Gen. 

Villa wins the battle of 

Ojinaga. 
Jan. 11. China: Pres. 

Yuan Shih-kai dissolves 

the Chinese Parliament. 



Feb. 4. Peru: Pres. Bil- 

linghurst is deposed and 
exiled by revolutionists. 



36o 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I914 A.D. 



1914 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1914 



Apr. 4. Experiments near 
Madrid, Spain, demon 
strate that electric 
lamps may be lighted by 
wireless current. 



United States. 



1914 

Mar. 5. Pres. Wilson 
asks Congress for repeal 
of the tolls-exemption 
clause of the Panama 
Canal Tolls Act. 

Mar. 19. Amendment 
granting woman suffrage 
defeated in Senate. 



Apr. 4. Sec. Daniels for- 
bids service of intoxl 
eating liquors at the 
officers' mess in navy; 8. 
Outlines of a proposed 
treaty with Colombia 
become known, in which 
it is suggested that the 
United States is to pay 
Colombia _ $25,000,000 
for her claims to Panama 
and that Colombia 
to have free use of the 
Canal; 14. The U. S 
fleet is ordered to Tam- 
pico and other points on 
the Gulf of Mexico as a 
result of insults to the 
flag by the Huerta 
agents; 19. Pres. Wilson 
requests authority from 
Congress to secure repa- 
ration for insults to 
American flag; 20. The 
House approves the ac- 
tion of the Executive 
and authorizes use of the 
army and navy to secure 
reparation; 21. Vera 
Cruz is captured by 
U. S. marines, command- 
ed by Rear-Admiral 
Fletcher; 22. The Sen- 
ate passes resolution 
approving the course of 
the President after con- 
siderable debate con 
cerning the motives to 
be ascribed for action 
25. The U. S. accept 
offer of good offices of 
Argentina, Brazil, and 
Chile; 28. Pres. Wilson 
orders federal troops 
into Colorado because 
of civil war which virtu- 
ally obtains there. 



British Empire. 



1914 

Mar. 2. The South Afri- 
can Assembly approves 
deportation of labor 
leaders who directed the 
late railroad strike; 5. 
The Irish Home Rule 
Bill is introduced for 
third passage in the 
House of Commons; 
9. Premier Asquith pro- 
poses temporary exclu- 
sion of Ulster from the 
operation of the Home 
Rule Bill; 19. The Op- 
position rejects the As- 
quith compromise pro- 
positions; 24. Resigna- 
tions of Army officers 
check movement upon 
Ulster; King George 
criticized when officers 
are_ reinstated, but As- 
quith assumes responsi- 
bility and states that no 
assurance of permanent 
exemption _ from duty 
has been given to recal- 
citrant officers; 30. As- 
quith accepts resigna- 
tion, of Col. J. E. B. 
Seeley, and assumes the 
portfolio of war himself; 
announces that he will 
retire temporarily from 
Parliament and stand 
for reelection. 

Apr. Warlike prepara- 
tions for opposition to 
Home Rule continue in 
Ulster. 

Apr. 8. Premier Asquith 
is reelected to House of 
Commons, unopposed, 
by his constituency of 
East Fife, Scotland. 

Apr. 28. Certain British 
officers again refuse to 
lead their troops against 
Ulster. 



1914 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



36I 



1914 



France and Germany. 



1914 

Mar. 16. The slaying of 
Gaston Calmette editor 
of the Paris Figaro, by 
the wife of Finance 
Minister Caillaux causes 
crisis in French Cabinet 
and great sensation 
throughout France. 



Apr. 1. France: The Com- 
mittee investigating the 
Rochette affair censure 
Caillaux and Monis; 3. 
The Chamber refuses to 
prosecute Caillaux and 
Monis. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1914 

Mar. 1. Albania: Epirus 
declares its independence 
and a rebellion breaks 
out. 

Mar. 3. Swedish parlia 
ment dissolved as i 
result of dissensions 
concerning proposed in- 
crease of armaments and 
new election ordered . 
new election (in April) 
results in success of Con 
servatives who represent 
those _ desiring greater 
defensive means. 

Mar. 8. Italy: The Pre- 
mier, Signor Giolitti, 
resigns. 

Mar. 13. Italy: Signor 
Salandra invited to form 
new Government. 

Mar. 14. ServiaandTur 
key sign a peace treaty 
at Constantinople. 



1914 

Mar. 21. Mexico: Gen. 
Villa makes the long-ex- 
pected attack on Tor- 
reon; fighting continues 
throughout March. 

Mar. 23. Japan; The 
Emperor Yoshihito pro- 
rogues Diet because of 
continued deadlock con- 
cerning naval appropria- 
tion bill. 



Apr. 2. Mexico: The re- 
bels under Gen. Villa 
capture Torreon after 
eleven days of fighting. 

Apr. 7. Japan: Viscount 
Kejoura informs the 
Emperor of his inability 
to form new ministry; 
Count Okuma, on the 
15th, succeeds in form- 
ing new Government. 

Apr. 10._ Mexico: A party 
of United States marines, 
landing for supplies, are 
arrested . in Tampico, 
and subjected to insults; 
Huerta apologizes brief- 
ly for arrest of marines; 
19. Huerta refuses to 
salute _ United States 
flag within the time 
alloted, i. e., by six 
o'clock of that day; 23. 
Gen. Bustillos becomes 
president of Venezuela; 
24. The rebels capture 
Monterey; 27. Huerta 
accepts offer of media- 
tion from the A. B. C. 
Powers. 



362 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I914 A.D. 



1914 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1914 

May 14. Anglo-Ameri- 
can Exposition at Shep- 
herd's Bush, London, is 
formally opened. 



June 8. Thirty-seven 
nations are represented 
at the International 
Business Conference at 
Paris. 

June 16. By will, James 
Campbell bequeaths 

$35,000,000 to found 
hospital and medical 
school in connection 
with St. Louis Univer 
sity. 



United States. 



1914 

May 6. The administra- 
tion's Anti-trust Bill is 
introduced in House of 
Representatives. 

May 14. Chas. S. Mel- 
len testifies before Inter- 
state Commerce Com- 
mission concerning finan- 
cial and political trans- 
actions of the New York 
and New Haven Rail 
road. 



June 1. The House of 
Rep. vote unanimously 
to exempt labor organ- 
izations from prosecu- 
tion under the Sherman 
Anti-Trust Law. 

June 11. The Senate 
passes the Panama 
Canal Tolls Repeal Law. 

June 25. The H. B. 
Claflin & Co., mer- 
chants; of .New .York, 
fail with liabilities of 
$30,000,000. 

July 11. The House of 
Representatives passe; 
the Hay Bill creating 
an aviation service in 
the Army Signal Corps. 



British Empire. 



1914 

May 12. Premier Asquith 
announces that in case 
the Home Rule Bill 
passes a third time he 
will introduce amend- 
ments looking toward 
satisfactory settlement 
of Ulster demands. 

May 25. The Irish Home 
Rule Bill passes House 
of Commons. 

May .29. The Canadian 
Pacific Railroad ship 
Empress of Ireland is 
struck in the St. Law- 
rence River by the col- 
lier Storslad and sunk, 
causing death of 1024 
persons; later investi- 
gations place entire re- 
sponsibility for accident 
on the Slorsiad. 



July 1. The Ulster Volun- 
teers succeed in landing 
arms and ammunition 
despite the vigilance of 
the authorities; 10. Uls- 
ter organizes "provis- 
ional government," giv- 
ing Sir Edward Carson 
power to.call the Volun- 
teers to arms. 

July 27. Sir Edward 
Grey, in an attempt to 
avert a general European 
war, seeks to convene 
a conference of the in- 
terested Powers at Lon- 
don; the effort is unsuc- 
cessful . 

July 29. 'British fleet 
leaves Portsmouth under 
sealed orders. 

July 30. Great Britain 
declines to pledge neu- 
trality on the basis of 
terms offered by Ger- 
many which were in 
effect that Germany 
would guarantee the in- 
tegrity of continental 
France, but not of the 
French colonies. 



1914 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



363 



1914 



France and Germany. 



1914 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1914 

May 28. Albania: The 
rebels bombard the capi- 
tal, Durazzo, and King 
William takes refuge 
aboard warship of Italy. 



June 2. The French Min- 
istry resigns; 7. M. A. 
F. Ribot forms Cabinet, 
but on the first division, 
June 12, is defeated by 
a vote of 262 to 306; 13. 
M. Rene Viviani heads 
new Cabinet as premier. 



July 27. France : Mme. 
Caillaux acquitted. 

July 30. Germany: sends 
an ultimatum to Russia 
demanding that mobili- 
zation cease within 
twenty-four hours and 
stating that otherwise 
German forces will be 
mobilized. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1914 

May 5. The South Ameri- 
can mediators announce 
that a peace conference 
will be held at Niagara 
Falls, Canada. 

May 13. Mexico: Rebels 
capture Tampico. 

May 23. Japan ratifies 
the new arbitration 
treaty with the U. S. 



June 28. Austria-Hun 
gary: The heir to the 
throne of the dual mon- 
archy the Archduke 
Francis Ferdinand, and 
his wife, Duchess of 
Hohenburg, are assas- 
sinated at Sarajevo, 
Bosnia, by a group of 
Serbs of Bosnia. 



July 2. Austria-Hungary: 
The assassin of Archduke 
Francis Ferdinand makes 
a confession implicating 
the Pan-Servian Union 
and other societies; 23. 
Austria sends ultima- 
tum to Servia, demand- 
ing among other things 
the punishment of the 
parties who plotted the 
death of the Archduke, 
and prescribing that their 
apprehension be accom- 
plished with the collab- 
oration of Austrian of- 
ficers; 24. Servia grants 
all demands except that 
relative to the employ 
ment of Austrian officers; 
28. Austria declares war 
on Servia; 29. Austria 
bombards Belgrade; Rus- 
sia begins mobilization 
of troops with the evi- 
dent determination of 
assisting Servia. 



June 2. Mexico: The 
Mexican delegates at 
Niagara announce that 
Huerta is willing to re- 
sign; 24. The rebels cap- 
ture Zacatecas. 



July 9. Guadalajara 
taken by the rebels; 15. 
Gen. Huerta resigns the 
presidency and is suc- 
ceeded by Senor Fran- 
cisco Carbajal. 



364 



TABULAR VIEWS 



I914 A.D. 



1914 



Progress of Society, etc 



1914 



United States. 



1914 

Aug. 3. Pres. Wilson 
offers the good offices 
of the United States 
in mediating the differ- 
ences between the Euro- 
pean nations at war. 

Aug. 11. Senate passes 
the emergency ship bill 
admitting foreign-built 
vessels to the t United 
States registry. 

Aug. 29. House of Repre- 
sentatives passes bill 
providing for the crea- 
tion of a Federal bureau 
for war risk marine in- 
surance. 

Aug. — . Many conven- 
tions held in Southern 
states to devise means 
for alleviation of condi- 
tions incident to the low 
price of cotton due to 
the European war. 



Deaths in 1914: 

Amend, E. B. ; Aoki, Vis 
count S. ; Bacon, A. 0.; 
Baer, G.F.; Bertillon, A.; 
Buckner, S. B.; Cham 
berlain, Joseph; Collier, 
Price; Couzins, Phoebe; 
Cullom, S. M.; Derou 
lede, Paul; De Vinne, 
Theodore; Draper, Eben 
S.;Fels, Joseph; Gill, Sir 
David; Ginn, Edward; 
Griswold, Putnam ; 
Heyse, Paul; Holland, 
J. P.; I to, Count; Japan, 
Dowager Empress of; 
Keith, B. F.; Kossuth, 
Francis; McBurney, 
Charles; Marches i, 
Mme.; Mercalli, G.; 
Mistral, Frederic; Mit- 
chell, S. Weir; Nordica, 
Mme.; Pius X., Pope; 
Riis, Jacob; Stevenson, 
Adlai E.; Strathcona, 
Lord; von Suttner, Bar- 
oness; Swan, Sir J. W.; 
Tenniel, Sir John; Wal- 
lace, A. R.; Westing- 
house, George. 



British Empire. 



1914 

Aug. 4. England requests 
Germany and France to 
give pledges that each 
would respect the neu- 
trality and territorial in- 
tegrity of Belguim; re- 
quirement agreed to by 
France, refused by Ger- 
many. 

Aug. 5. England declares 
war on Germany. 

Aug. 13. England declares 
a state of war exists with 
Austria-Hungary. 

Aug. 28. British fleet off 
Heligoland sinks five 
German war vessels. 



I 



1914 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



365 



1914 



France and Germany. 



1914 

Aug. 1. Germany declares 
war on Russia; the French 
government orders gen 
eral mobilization; 2. Ger 
many, without declara- 
tion of war against 
France, invades Luxem- 
burg and (on the 3d) 
Belgium in order to 
attack France; Ger- 
many addresses a de- 
mand to Belgium for free 
passage of troops through 
the latter 's territory; 3. 
France declares that a 
state of war exists with 
Germany; Germany de- 
mands an avowal of neu- 
trality from Holland 
and Sweden; the ambas- 
sador to France leaves 
Paris; 4. Germany de- 
clines to pledge ob- 
servance of Belgian neu- 
trality, stating that to 
do so would reveal im- 
portant military plans, 
but declares war on 
Belgium; engagements 
between Germans and 
French are reported near 
Belfort; German forces 
enter Belgium and at 
tack Li6ge, and other di 
visions invade France; 
7. German troops enter 
Liege, and French forces 
enter Alsace; 10. France 
announces that a state of 
war exists with Austria; 
17. After fighting five 
days the French are 
driven out of Alsace; 18, 
German forces advance 
on Brussels and overrun 
a large part of Belgium; 
21. Germans occupy 
Brussels; 23. Army of 
the Moselle captures 
Luneville; 26. French 
Cabinet reorganized; 
Germans burn Lou vain; 
French and English re 
treat from Mons toward 
Paris; 30. _ After taking 
St. Quentin, the Ger 
mans approach and cap- 
ture Amiens. 

Sept. Germans within 
twenty miles of Paris; 
Germans driven back at 
battle of the Marne; de- 
sperate fighting along 
the Aisne and the whole 
line. 



1914 

Aug. 1. Austria: Em- 
eror Francis Joseph or- 
ders general mobilization 
of the army and navy; 
Russia: Government re- 
jects the German ulti- 
matum. 

Aug. 3. Belgium appeals 
to England to assist her 
in maintaining neutral- 
ity. 

Aug. 6. Italy notifies 
Great Britain of in- 
tention to remain neu- 
tral; Austria declares 
war on Russia. 

Aug. 10. Servian troops 
are reported to have 
invaded Bosnia; Mon- 
tenegro declares war on 
Germany and Austria; 
Portugal proffers assist- 
ance to Great Britain. 

Aug. 13. Russian forces in 
vade Galicia. 

Aug. 17. Belgium: Gov- 
ernment announces re- 
moval of capital from 
Brussels to Antwerp. 

Aug. 27. Russia begins 
invasion of East Prussia, 
but is defeated at Oer- 
telsburg; troops advance 
upon Lemberg in 
Galicia. 

Sept. 1. Russia: The Czar 
changes name of capital 
from St. Petersburg to 
Petrograd. 

Oct. 9. Belgium: Antwerp 
surrenders to the Ger- 
mans. 

Oct. 16. Ostend surren- 
ders. Belgian govern- 
ment moved to Boulogne. 

Oct. 23. Russia: Germans 
within few miles of War- 
saw driven back along 
entire front. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1914 

Aug. 15. Mexico: Provi- 
sional President Carbajal 
resigns after appointing 
General Carranzaas Sec- 
retary of Foreign Affairs; 
Japan sends Germany an 
ultimatum, demanding 
the evacuation and sur- 
render of Kiao-chowand 
the withdrawal of Ger- 
man warships from east- 
ern waters; Japan prom- 
ises eventually to restore 
Kiao-chow to China. 

Aug. 21. General Carranza 
enters Mexico City, and 
in his inaugural address 
announces a programme 
of justice and reform. 

Aug. 23. Japan declares 
war on Germany; Japan 
blockades Kiao-chow. 



366 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1915 A.D. 



1914 



1915 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1914 



1915 

Jan. 7. Pres. Poincare 
signs decree establishing 
prohibition in France. 

Jan. 14. Alabama adopts 
prohibition. 

Jan. 25. First trans-con- 
tinental telephonic com- 
munication under direc- 
tion of Alexander Bell. 

Jan. 30. S. Dakota abol- 
ishes the death penalty. 

Feb. 6. Arkansas adopts 
prohibition. 

Feb. 7. _ Wireless commu- 
nication between mov- 
ing trains established by 
Lackawanna R. R. 

Feb. 12. At The Hague, 
representatives of the 
United States, Holland, 
and China sign anti- 
opium protocol. 

Feb. 12. Iowa adopts wo- 
man suffrage. 

Feb. 12. Iowa adopts pro- 
hibition. 

Mar. 2. Idaho adopts 
prohibition. 

Mar. 5. No. Dakota abol- 
ishes death penalty. 



April 30. Satisfactory 
wireless communication 
by day established be 
tween Washington and 
Panama Canal Zone. 

May 23. Thomas A. Edi 
son announces invention 
of the telescribe, an ap- 
paratus for recording 
telephone conversations. 



United States. 



1914 



1915 



Feb. 10. " Strict account- 
ability" note, warning 
Germany in regard to 
her "war zone" decree. 



Apr. 14. New York abol- 
ishes the office of coro- 



May 13. Pres. Wilson 
sends first Lusitania 
note to Germany. 



British Empire. 



1914 



Dec. 8. British naval 
victory off Falkland 
Islands. 

Dec. 16. German cruisers 
bombard Scarborough 
and Hartlepool. 



1915 

Jan. 24. Naval battle in 

North Sea. German. 

cruiser Blucher sunk. 



Feb. IS. German sub- 
marine "blockade" of 
Great Britain begins. 



May 31. First Zeppelin 
raid on London. 



1915 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



367 



A.D. 


France and Germany. 


Europe, elsewhere 


The World, elsewhere. 


1914 


1914 


1914 


1914 




Nov. 1. German naval 




Nov. 10. The Emden de- 




victory off the coast of 




stroyed. 




Chili. 








Nov. 10-12. Second bat- 








tle of Ypres. 


Dec. 2. Austrians occupy 






Dec. 6. Germans occupy 


Belgrade. 






Lodz. 


Dec. 5. Servians defeat 
Austrians in three-day 
battle. 








Dec. 15. Austrians eva- 


Dec. 18. Egypt declared 






cuate Belgrade. 


a British protectorate. 


1915 


1915 


1915 


1915 




Jan. 14. French driven 


Jan. 13. Austria: Count 


Jan. 12. Mexico: Ex- 




across Aisne River, after 


Berchtold resigns^ Aus- 


President Gutierrez sur- 




week's battle. 


tro-Hungarian Minister 


renders to Carranza. 






of Foreign Affairs Office. 


Jan. 16. Constitutional 
leaders select as Presi- 
dent Colonel Garza. 




Mar. 10. British advance 


Mar. 6. Greece: Venize- 


Mar. 3. China extends 




at Neuve Chapelle. 


los, Greek Premier, re- 


for 99 years to Japan, 




Mar. 21. First bombard- 


signs. 


Russia's lease of Dalny 




ment of Paris by Zep- 


Mar. 22. Surrender of 


and Port Arthur. 




pelins. 


Przemysl to Russians, 


Mar. 18.. Three allied 






after siege of 201 days, 


battleships sunk at Dar- 






longest in modern war- 


danelles. 






fare. 


Mar. 28. Steamer Falaba 

sunk by submarine. 
Apr. 25. Allied forces 

land on both shores of 

the Dardanelles. 
Apr. 30. American tanker 

Gidflight torpedoed off 

Scilly Islands. 






May 1-3. Austro-Ger- 


May 7. Lusitania sunk 






mans break through 


with loss of nearly 1200 






Russian lines in Galicia. 


lives. 






May 17. Jaago Chagas, 


May 9. China _ accepts 






Premier of Portugal, 


demands made in Japan- 






severely wounded by a 


ese ultimatum. 






Senator. 








May 23. Italy declares 








war upon Austria. 





368 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1915 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States 



British Empire. 



1915 



1915 



June 5. New Danish Con- 
stitution gives suffrage 
to women. 



July 21. Prohibition ad- 
opted by voters of Al- 
berta Province, Canada. 



Aug. 24. _ Eastman Kodak 
Co. dissolved by U. S. 
District Attorney at 
Buffalo, as an illegal 
combination in restraint 
of trade. 



Sept. 4. Discovery of ex- 
tracting dyes from coal 
tar announced. 

Sept. 14. So. Carolina 
adopts prohibition (to 
take effect Jan. 1, 1916). 

Sept. 17. Vilhjalmar Ste- 
fansson, Arctic explorer, 
after an absence of 18 
months, reports discov- 
ery of new arctic land 
northwest of Prince Pat- 
rick Island. 

Sept. 29. Wireless tele- 
phonic conversation es- 
tablished between Vir- 
ginia and Honolulu, a 
distance of nearly 5000 
miles. 

Oct. 19. Woman suffrage 
rejected in New Jersey 
by 50,000 majority. 



1915 



June 7. William J. Bryan 
Secretary of State, re- 
signs. 

June 19. Superdread- 
nought .4 ri zo n a launched 
at New York Navy Yard. 

June 23. Robert Lansing 
appointed Secretary of 
State. 



July 3. Frank Holt, a 
German sympathizer 
seriously wounds J. P. 
Morgan, after having ex- 
ploded a bomb in the 
Capitol at Washington. 



Aug. 10. Government es 
tablishes national camp 
at Plattsburg, N. Y., for 
the military training of 
citizens. 



Sept. 6. Pres. Wilson de- 
mands recall of Austrian 
Ambassador at Wash- 
ington, Dr. Dumba. 

Sept. 16. Treaty between 
U. S. and Haiti, signed 
at Port au Prince, pro- 
vides for American su- 
pervision over Haitian 
finances and police. 



1915 



Sept. 28. Sir Edward 
Grey pledges armed sup- 
port to Balkan sympa- 
thizers of Allies. 



Oct. 6. Von Bernstorff 
presents note concern 
ing disavowal and repa- 
ration in Arabic case. 

Oct. 20. U. S. declares an 
embargo on arms for 
Mexico. except those 
destined for Carranza 
forces. 



1915 A.D. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



369 



1915 



France and Germany. 



1915 



Sept. 24-25. French and 
English attack on Cham- 
pagne and around Lens, 
winning about 50 sq. 
miles and 25,000 prison- 
ers and many guns. 



Oct. Germany makes dis- 
avowal with promise of 
reparation in A rabic 
case. 

Oct. 13. Foreign Minister 
Delcass6, of France, re- 
signs. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1915 

May 26. General Sukhom 
linoff, Russian Min 
ister of War, resigns. 

June 3. Austro-Germans 
again occupy Przemysl. 

June 5. Denmark: New 
Danish Constitution 
signed by King Chris 
tian, giving suffrage to 
women and reducing the 
political power of land 
owners. 

June 22. Austrians reen 
ter Lemberg. 

July 15. Germans cap- 
ture Przasnysz. 



Aug. 5. Germans occupy 
Warsaw and Ivangorod. 

Aug. 6. Portugal: Ber- 
nardino Machado elec- 
ted President of Portu- 
gal re Manuel de Arriaga 
resigned. 

Aug. 16-21. German naval 
defeat in Gulf of Riga. 

Aug. 20. Italy declares 
war on Turkey. 

Sept. 7. Czar assumes 
command of Russian 
armies; Grand Duke 
Nicholas transferred to 
the Caucasus. 

Sept. 19. Germans begin 
bombardment of Servi- 
an frontier. 

Sept. 21. Bulgaria mobil- 
izes. 

Sept. 24. Greece mobil- 
izes. 



Oct. 4. Russia presents 

ultimatum to Bulgaria. 
Oct. 5. Allied troops land 

at Salonica. 
Oct. 6. Bulgaria rejects 

Russian ultimatum. 

Premier Venizelos, of 

Greece, resigns. 
Oct. 9. Austro-Germans 

capture Belgrade. 
Oct. 12. Edith Cavell, 

English nurse, executed 

by Germans in Belgium. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1915 



June 27. Mexico: Gene- 
rals Huerta and Orozco, 
charged with planning 
revolt for Mexico, ar- 
rested by U. S. officials 
near the border. 



July 8. South Africa: Last 
German forces in South 
Africa surrender. 

July 21. Chile: Juan Luis 
San Fuentes elected 
President of Chile. 

July 27. Haiti: Dr. Rosal- 
bo Bobo leads new re- 
volution in Haiti; ex- 
Pres. Orestes Zamor and 
160 political prisoners 
executed. 

Aug. 19. The Arabic tor- 
pedoed off Fastnet. 

Aug. 19. Mexico: Gen. 
Villa accepts the good 
offices of the U. S. and 
other American repub- 
lics. 



Sept. 4. 
sunk. 



Liner Hesperian 



370 



TABULAR VIEWS 



1915 A.D. 



1915 



Progress of Society, etc. 



1915 



Nov. 2. Woman Suffrage 
rejected in New York by 
188,000; in Mass. by 
133,000; and in Pennsyl- 
vania by 53,000. 
Ohio rejects prohibition 
by 35,000. 

Deaths in 1915: Aldrich, 
Nelson W.; Alexander, 
John W.; Bitter, Karl; 
Bullen, Frank T.; Crane, 
Walter; Creelman, 

James T.; Comstock, 
Anthony; Diaz, Porfirio; 
Ehrlich, Dr. Paul; Fa- 
bre, Jean Henri; Flint, 
Dr. Austin; Forman, 
Justus Miles; Frohman, 
Charles; Fuller, Frank; 
Fuller, Paul; Gregory, 
Eliot; Gross, Hans; 
Guild, Curtis; Hardie, 
James K.; Harper, John 
Wesley; Herreshoff, 

John Brown; Hervieu, 
Paul; Hubbard, Elbert; 
Ivins, William; Joseffy, 
Rafael; Klein, Charles; 
Leschetizky, Theodore; 
Long, John D.; Ludlow, 
Rear- Admiral Nicoll; 
" Maartens Maartens" ; 
Phillips, Stephen; Pitou, 
August; Putnam, J. 
Bishop; Ridder, Her- 
man; Robertson, Mor- 
gan; Rossa, Jeremiah O' 
Donovan; Rostand, Eu- 
gene; Schlechter, Solo- 
mon; Smith, F. Hopkin- 
son; Story, Thomas 
Waldo; Tracy, Benj. F. 
Tupper, Sir Charles 
Vanderbilt, Alfred G. 
Wilder, Marshall P. 
Witte, Count Sergius 
Woodruff, Col. Charle 
Edw. 



United States. 



1915 



Dec. 2. Four officials of 
the Hamburg-American 
Line convicted in court 
of conspiring to furnish 
false manifests to vessels 
engaged in supplying 
German warships. 

Dec. 4. Henry Ford and 
his peace party sail for 
Europe. 



British Empire. 



1915 



Dec. 15. General Sir 

Douglas Haig succeeds 
Field Marshal Sir John 
French as Commander- 
in-Chief of British forces 
in Belgium and France. 



1915 A - D - 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



371 



France and Germany. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1915 



1915 

Oct. 27. Premier Viviani 
of France, resigns. 



Dec. 2. General Joffre 
made supreme comman 
der of all French forces 
save those in colonies 



1915 

Oct. 14. Bulgaria declares 

war on Serbia. 
Oct. 15. Greece officially 

announces her decision 

not to support Serbia, 
Oct. 24. Bulgars occupy 

Uskub. 
Nov. 3. Zaimis resigns 

Greek Ministry. 
Nov. 5. Bulgars occupy 

Nish. 



Dec. 10. Allies retire from 
Serbia. 

Dec. 14. Greek army 
withdraws from Saloni- 
ca hinterland, leaving 
Franco-English forces 
in military command. 

Dec. 30. Austria offers 
indemnity in Ancona 
case and promises safety 
at sea. 



1915 

Oct. 19. Mexico: The U. 
S. and eight American 
republics formally recog- 
nize General Carranza 
as leader of the pre- 
vailing power in Mexico. 

Nov. 9. The Ancona tor- 
pedoed in the Mediter- 
ranean. 



372 



TABULAR VIEWS OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES 



1789 
1792 
1796 
1800 
1804 
1808 
1812 
1816 
1820 
1824 
1828 
1832 
1836 

1840 J 

1844 
1848 
1852 
1856 
i860 

1864] 

1868 
1872 
1876 

1880 

1884 
1888 
1892 
1896 

1900 

1904 
1908 
1912 



Presidents 

George Washington 
George Washington 
John Adams 
Thomas Jefferson 
Thomas Jefferson 
James Madison 
James Madison 
James Monroe 
James Monroe 
John Quincy Adams 
Andrew Jackson 
Andrew Jackson 
Martin Van Buren 
W. H. Harrison 
John Tyler 
James K. Polk 
Zachary Taylor 
Franklin Pierce 
James Buchanan 
Abraham Lincoln 
Abraham Lincoln 
Andrew Johnson 
Ulysses S. Grant 
Ulysses S. Grant 
Rutherford B. Hayes 
James A. Garfield 
Chester A. Arthur 
Grover Cleveland 
Benjamin Harrison 
Grover Cleveland 
William McKinley 
William McKinley 
Theodore Roosevelt 
Theodore Roosevelt 
William H. Taft 
Woodrow Wilson 



Vice-Presidents 

John Adams 
John Adams 
Thomas Jefferson 
Aaron Burr 
George Clinton 
George Clinton 
Elbridge Gerry 
David D. Tompkins 
David D. Tompkins 
John C. Callahan 
John C. Callahan 
Martin Van Buren 
R. M. Johnson 
John Tyler 

George M. Dallas 
Millard Fillmore 
William R. King 
J. C. Breckenridge 

Hannibal Hamlin 
Andrew Johnson 

Schuyler Colfax 
Henry Wilson 
William A. Wheeler 
Chester A. Arthur 

T. A. Hendricks 
Levi P. Morton 
Adlai E. Stevenson 
Garret A. Hobart 
Theodore Roosevelt 

Charles W. Fairbanks 
James C. Sherman 
Thomas R. Marshall 



GENEALOGICAL TABLES 

NOTE. — The dagger (t) attached to a date means "died.' 5 



373 



GENEALOGICAL TABLES 



375 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS, 802-1916 

ANGLO-SAXON. 



Egbert. 

802-837. 



Charles the Bald. 
Emperor. 



FLANDERS. 



Ethelwulf = (1) Judith, who 
837-858. I afterwards m. 

I ( 2 )Ethelbald. (3): 



Ethelbald. 

858-860. 



Ethelbert. 

860-866. 



Ethelred. 



Alfred. 



866-871. 871-901. 



; NORMANDY. 



Baldwin I. 

I t879. 
^Baldwin II. 

t 9i8. 



Edward 1 son, 2 dau. 

the Elder. 901-925. 



Elfthryth ■ 



Athelstan. 

925-940. 



Edmund. 

940-946. 



Edred. 

946-955 



Rollo. 

I 
William 

Longsword. 



Edwig. 955-959. 



Richard 
Edgar. 959-975. the Fearless. 



Edward the Martyr. Ethelred II. = 2 Emma. Richard 

975-978. 978-1016. the Good. 



Arnulf I. 
t 965. 
I 
Baldwin (III.) 
t 962. 



Arnulf II. 



Baldwin IV- 
t 1036. 



Godwin 
Earl of Mercia. 

I 



Edmund | Edward Robert Baldwin V. 

Ironsides. Harold. Edith = the Confessor. the Magnificent f 1067. 

1016. 1066. 1042-1066. or the Devil. 



Edward 



William the Conqueror = Matilda. 
1066-1087. 



Edgar Atheling. Margaret = Malcolm 

king of Scots. 



Edgar 

king of Scots. 



Robert. William Rufus. Henry I. Adela 

1087-1100. 1100-1135. m. Stephen 
Matilda ~~~~~~~~~~ ~ • c. of Blois. 



Matilda = Geoffrey of Anjou, 
Plantagenet. 

Henry II. 11 54-1 189. 



Stephen 
H3S-II54 



Henry. 



Richard 

Cceur-de-Lion. 
1189-1199. 



Geoffrey. John Lackland. 
1199-1216. 
Arthur. | 

t 1203. Henry III. 1216-1272. 

Edward I. 

b. 1239, f 1307 

m. 1, Eleanor of Castile 

Edward II. 

b. 1284 
murdered 1327 
m. Isabel of France 
I 
Edward III. 
b. 1312, f 1377 
m. Philippa of Hainault. 



376 



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OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



377 



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OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



379 



ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS, 802-1916 



The House of Hanover, 1760-19 14 

George III. = Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 
1760-1820. 



1 1 [ 1 1 

George IV., William IV., Frederic, Edward, Ernest, 


1 
Adolphus, 


1820-1830. 1830-1837. d. of York. d. of Kent. d. of Cum- d 


. of Cam- 


t without issue, f without issue. _ f 1827, f 1820. berland; k. 


bridge. 


without issue. of Hanover. 


t 1850. 


1 1837-1851- 




Albert of = Victoria, 




Saxe-Coburg- [ 1837-1901. 




Gotha. fi86i. j 




Victoria, Edward VII. Alice, Alfred, Helena, Louise, Arthur, Leopold. 


I 
, Beatrice, 


m. Ger- 1901-1910 m. gr. d. of Ed- m. pr. m. mar- d. of d. of Al- 


m. pr. 


man Em- m. Alexandra d. of inburgh, of _ quis of Con- bany. 


Henry of 


peror. d. of k. of Hesse, t 1900, Schleswig- Lome, naught t I 884. 


Batten- 


J1901. Denmark. ti878. as d. Holstein. 


berg. 


of Saxe- 




Coburg- 




| Gotha. 




1 1 1 1-1 
Albert Victor, George V. Louise, Victoria. Maud, 




d. of Clarence, 1910- m. d. of m. Charles, 




fi892. m. Mary of Teck, Fife. pr. of Den- 




g. g. d. of mark. 




George III 





Edward Albert. Albert. Victoria. Henry. George. John. 



38o 



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OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



381 



THE HOUSE OF VALOIS 

A YOUNGER BRANCH OF THE CAPETS 

1223-1364. 

Louis VIII., 1223-1226. 



Louis IX., St. Louis, 
1226-1270. 



Charles, count of Anjou and Provence, 
ancestor of the kings of Naples. 



Philip III., le Hardi, 
1270-1285. 



Robert (6th son), count of Clermont^ 
ancestor of the Bourbons. 



Philip IV., le Bel, 
1285-1314. 



Charles, count of Valois, 
ancestor of the house of 
Valois. 



Louis, count of Ev- 
reux. 



Louis X., Philip V., Charles IV., 

le Hutin, le Long, le Bel, 

1314-1316. 1316-1322. 1322-1328. 



daughters. daughter. 



Isabelle 
m. Ed- 
ward II. 

of England. 

Edward III., 

of England. 



Jeanne, 
queen of 
Navarre. 



John, 
1316. 
lived seven days. 



Philip VI., 

1328-1350. 



John II., 

le Bon, 
1350-1364. 



382 



TABULAR VIEWS 



THE HOUSES OF LORRAINE AND GUISE 

1435-1588. 

Rene le Bon, d. of Anjou 
and titular king of Naples 

and Sicily, 1435-1442, 
m. Isabella, d. of Lorraine. 



Margaret, 
m. Henry VI., 
k. of England. 



John II., 

d. of 
Lorraine 
and Bar. 

I 
Nicolas, 
d. of Lorraine and Bar. 
ti473. < 

no male issue. 



Yolande, 

d. of Lorraine, 

m. Ferri II., c. of 

Vaudemont, Guise, etc. 

I 

Rene II., 

d. of Lorraine and Bar. 

. of Vaudemont, Guise, etc. 

ti508. 



Antoine, d. of 
Lorraine and 
Bar. t*544. 



Claude L, c. 01 
Aumale, d. of 
Guise (1527). 



Francis I., 

d. of Lorraine 

and Bar. 



Charles II., d. of 

Lorraine and Bar. 

ti6o8. 



Francis, d. of 
Guise, mur- 
dered 1563. 



Charles, 
Card, of 
Lorraine. 



Claude, d. 
of Aumale. 



I I 

Louis, Mary, 
Card, of m. 
Guise. James V. 
of 
Scotland. 
I 
Mary, queen 
of Scots. 



Henry, d. 

of Guise. 

fi588. 



Charles, d. of 
Mayenne. 



Louis, Cardinal 
of Gtiise. 
fi588. 



OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



383 



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INDEX 



Aahmes I., King of Egypt, 3 

Abbassides, the, 73 

Abderrhman, 73; III., 8r 

Abdul Aziz, Sultan of Turkey, 223, 241 

Abdul Hamid, Sultan of Turkey, 175; II., 
241, 325 

Abdul Medjid, Sultan of Turkey, 223 

Abdul Rahman, Ameer of Cabul, 247 

Abelard, Peter, 94 

Aboukir, naval battle of, 181 

Abruzzi, Duke of the, 286 

Abubeker, 69 

Abydos,_ siege of, 33 

Abyssinia, war with Italy, 275 

Acadia, colonized at Port Royal, 142; 
ceded to France, 154; restored to 
French, 160; given to English, 164 

Accidentinsurancelaw for workingmen, 251 

Achaean League, 27, 31 

Acre, battle of, 93; capture of, 107 

Act of uniformities, of supremacy, 134; of 
toleration, 150; of uniformity, 154; 
toleration, 158; the declaratory, 174; 
confiscation, 224; elementary education, 
234; Irish Land, 235; tenure of office, 
252; Sherman Silver, 258, 266 

Actium, battle of, 45 

Adams, John, 178, 180, 186, 188 

Adams, Samuel, 174 

Adasa, battle of, 34 

Addison, 164 

Adeodatus, Pope, 70 

Adolph I., of Nassau, Emperor of Ger- 
many, 106 

Adolphus Frederick, King of Sweden, 171 

Adowa, battle of, 275 

Adrian VI., Pope, 129 

Adrianople, 189, 243, 24s, 351 

jElfric Grammaticus, 84 

.lElius Donatus, 60 

yEmilianus, 57 

^Emilius Macer, 44 

jEschylus, 14 

^Etius, 63 

jEtolian League, 35 

Afrhanistan, war with England, 245 

Afiica, explored by Portuguese, 116 

African war, 43 

Agadir affair, 339, 341 

Agapetus, Pope, 66; II., 82 

Agatho, Pope, 70 

Agathocles, 25 

Agesilaus, 18, 21 

Agincourt, battle of, 114, 115 

Agis IV., King of Sparta, 31 



Agnadello, battle of, 127 

Agricola, 51 

Agriculture, department of, created, 256 

Agrippa, 44, 46 

Agrippina, 51 

Aguinaldo, 279, 280, 281, 288 

Ahmed Mirza, Shah of Persia, 327 

Ahmed II., Sultan of Turkey, 161; III., 

. l6 3 
Air pump invented, 152 
Aisne, battle of the, 365 
Aix-la-Chapelle, synod at, 76; peace of, 

154, 170; congress of, 186 
Alabama, secedes, 222; claims, 236 
Aladja Dagh, battle of, 243 
Alamo, massacre of the, 190 
Aland, conquered by Russia, 165 
Alaric, 61, 63, 6s 
Alaska purchased, 230; railway bill, 358; 

first legislature, 354 
Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, 324 
Albania, 359; rebellion in, 361, 363 
Alberoni, 167 

Albert I., King of Belgium, 329 
Albert I., Emperor of Germany, io6;II.,n6 
Albert, [Prince-Consort of Queen Victoria, 

192, 222 
Alberta, province of, created, 298 
Albigenses, 96 
Alboin, 67 

Albuera, battle of, 184 
Alcazarquivir, battle of, 138 
Alcibiades, 19 
Aldhelm, 70 

Aldrich, Nelson W., 342 
Alemanni the, 55 
Alexander. Prince of Battenberg (Prince 

of Bulgaria), 24s 
Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia, 

21; 22; 23, 25 
Alexander Jannaeus, 38, 39 
Alexander, Popes, I., 52; II., 88; III., 96; 

IV., 102; V., 114; VI., 125; VII., 153; 

VIII., 159 
Alexander I., Czar of Russia, 183; II., 213, 

245, 247; III., 247, 249, 251, 271 
Alexander I., King of Scotland, 93; II., 

101; III., 103, 105 
Alexander I., King of Servia, 257, 265, 

269, 293 
Alexander II., King of Syria, 38 
Alexandra of Denmark, Queen of England, 

224 
Alexandra, Queen of Judaea, 40 
Alexandria, museum and library, 25 ; 

centre of trade, 26; taken by Caesar, 

43; battle of, 182 



391 



392 



INDEX 



Alexius I. (Comnenus) Emperor, 91; 

II., 99; III., 99; IV., 101 
Alfonso I., of Aragon, 94; II., 96; III., 106; 

V., 114, 119 
Alfonso VI., King of Leon and of Castile, 

89, 90, 92; VII., 94; IX., 98; XL, 108 
Alfonso V., King of Portugal, 117 
Alfonso I., King of Spain, 92; XII., 239, 

241, 243, 245. 253; XIII. , 253, 333 
Alfred the Great, 79, 80 
Algeciras conference, 305, 327 
Algiers, bombardment of, 186 
Alhambra palace, 102 
Alien and Sedition Laws, i8d 
Allahabad, treaty of, 172 
Alliance, Triple, 154, 249, 255, 261, 291, 

353; Grand, 158; of Denmark, Russia, 

Poland, 161; Seven Years' Subsidiary, 

172; French and American colonies, 176; 

Holy, 185, 186, 187; Quadruple, 191; 

between England, France, and Turkey, 

208; Austria and Prussia, 209 
Alma, battle of the, 211 
Al Mansur, caliph, 73 
Almanza, battle of, 162, 163 
Almoravides, the, 90 
Alsace, ceded to France by peace of 

Westphalia, 150; acquired by France, 

152; seized by France, 159; ceded to 

Germany, 237; Zabern incident, 359; 

entered by France, 365 
Altranstadt, peace of, 163 
Alva, Duke of, 134 
Alvarez, President of Mexico, 213 
Amadeus, King of Spain, 239 
Amboise, peace of, 134 
Ambrones, 39 
Ambrose, St., 60 

Amenemhat III., King of Egypt, 2 
Amenhotep IV. (Amenophis), King of 

Egypt, 3 
Amenophis (see Amenhotep IV.) 
America, discovery of, 124 
America, yacht, 200 
"American treaty" between England 

and Spain, 156 
Amiens, peace of, 182, 183; captured by 

the Germans, 365 
Ammianus Marcellinus, 60 
Ammonius Saccas, 54 
Amundsen, explorer, 344 
Amurath I., Sultan of Turkey, 113; II., 

117; IIL. 137; IV., 14s 
Anabaptists, 129, 131 
Anacletus, I., Pope, 50; II., 94 
Anastasius, it., Pope, 64; IV., 96, Anasta- 

sius I., Emperor, 65; It., 73 
Anaxagoras, 16 
Andrassy, note, 241 
Andree, 276 
Andronicus I., Emperor, 99; II., 107, 109; 

III., in 
Andros, Sir Edmund, 158 
Andrussovo, peace of, 155 
Anglia East, 67 
Anglo- Japanese treaty, 340 
Anglo-Saxon monarchy, 80; dynasty, end 

of, 89 
Anglo-Tibetan treaty, 307 
Anicetus, Pope, 52 
Anna Comnena, 94 
Annam, French protectorate, 249 



Anne of Austria, Queen of France, 144, 
ISO 

Anne Boleyn, 130 

Anne of Cleves, 130 

Anne, Empress of Russia, 169 

Anne, Queen of England, 162, 164 

Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, 92 

Ansgarius, Pope, 76 

Antalcidas, peace of, 20 

Anterus, Pope, 56 

Anthemius, 63, 65 

Antigonus, 44 

Antigonus Doson, 33 

Antigonus Gonatus, King of Macedon, 29 

Antioch, 26 

Antiochus I., King of Syria, 26; II., 30; 

IIL, 30, 32, 34. 35; IV., 34; V.. 34; VII., 

36, 38; VIIL, 40 
Anti-Alien Land Bill in California, 354, 

355 
Anti-Japanese demonstrations, 314 
Antipater, 42, 44 
Anti-Rentism, 192 

Anti-Slavery Society, New England, 190 
Anti-trust movement, 268, 298, 302, 328, 

332, 338, 342, 362 
Antofagasta, battle of, 245 
Antoninus, Marcus, 43, 44, 4s 
Antoninus Pius, 53 
Antwerp, sacked by Spain, 136; taken by 

the French, 191; surrenders to the Ger- 
mans, 365 
Apion of Alexandria, 48 
Apollonius, 30 

Apollonius of Rhodes, 34; of Tyana, 50 
Apostles, council of the, 48 
"Appellants," the, 166 
Appian, 52 
Appius, Claudius, 29 
Aqua? Sextias, battle of, 39 
Aquinas, Thomas, 104 
Aquitaine, wrested from the Visigoths, 65; 

rises against English, 112 
Arabi Pasha, 247, 249 
Aragon, kingdom of, 87; annexes Naples, 

12s 
Aratus, 30, 31 
Arbela, battle of, 22 
Arbitration, court of, 282 
Arbogastes the Gaul, 61 
Arc, Joan of, 116, 117 
Arcadius, 61 

Archelaus, King of Macedon, 19 
Archimedes, 30 
Architecture, Corinthian, 16; cathedrals 

in England, 70; Gothic, 92 
Arcole, battle of, 181 
Ardoin ; King of Italy, 84 
Argentine Confederation, 219 
Argos conquered by Sparta, 31 
Argyle, rebellion of , 158 
Ariarathes II., King of Cappadocia, 20, 34 
Arica bombarded, 247 
Ariobarzanes, 20, 28, 40 
Arista, General Mariana, 203, 207 
Aristarchus, 36 
Aristides, 15 
Aristobulus, 38 
Aristonicus, 39 
Aristophanes, 18, 32 
Aristotle, 22 
Arius, 58 



INDEX 



393 



Arizona admitted, 344 

Arkansas secedes, 222 

Armada, Spanish, 138 

Armenia, 34, 46, 51, 52, 61, 66; reforms 
in demanded, 271, 273; massacres in, 
275 . 

Arminius, 49 

Arnobius of Africa, 58 

Arnold, Benedict, 176 

Arnold of Brescia, 96 

Arnulf, King of Germany, 80 

Arques, battle of, 138 

Arran, Earl of, 130 

Arras, peace of, 116 

Arriaga, Manuel, President of Portugal, 
341 

Arrian, 52 

Arsaces, King of Parthia, II., 30; III., 32; 
IV.. 32 

Artaxerxes I., King of Persia, 14; III., 20 

Artevelde, King of Flanders, no, 112 

Arthur. Chester A., President of United 
States, 246 

Arundelian marbles, 5 

Ascalon, battle of, 93 

Ascham, Roger, 130 

Asculum, battle of, 27 

Ashanti War, 238, 272 

Asoka, King of Magadha, 28 

Aspern, battle of, 183 

Aspromonte, battle of, 225 

Asquith, H. H., 318, 358, 360, 362 

Assam, annexed to England, 188 

Asshurnasirpal, King of Assyria, 4, 

Assize of arms, 99 

Assouan dam, 280 

Assyria, under priest-kings, 3; beginning 
of Assyrian greatness. 4; Sargon con- 
quers Samaria, 6; attains its highest 
development, 6; divided, reunited, 8; 
conquers Elam, 8; conquers Egypt, 9 

Asturias, kingdom of, 73, 81 

Athanasius, 58 

Athelstan, King of Wessex, 81, 82 

Athens, legislation of Draco, 9; legislation 
of Solpn, 11; burnt by Xerxes, rebuilt, 
15; joins Achaean League, 29, 31; taken 
by Rome, 41; by the Turks, 189; treaty 
of, 359 

Attalus I., King of Pergamus, 30 

Attila, 63 

Audubon, J. J., 200 

Auerstadt, battle of, 183 

Augsburg, diet of, 131; peace of, 133; 
league of, 158; diet of, 161 

Augustine, St., 60, 68 

Augustus (Octavius Caesar), 45, 46, 47, 49 

Aurelian, 57 

Aurelius, Marcus, 53, 54 

Aurelius, Victor, 60 

Aurungzeb, Emperor of India, 155 

Ausonius, 60 

Austerlitz, battle of, 183 

Australia, Queensland separated from New 
South Wales, 218; constitution, 278; 
commonwealth of, 286 

Austrasia, 67 

Austria, war with Switzerland, 113; made 
an archduchy, 118 ; obtains Sicily in 
exchange for Sardinia, 169; revolution 
of 184S, 195, 197; Austrian power re- 
established in Northern Italy, 197; war 



against France, 219; war with Prussia 
and Italy, 231; see Austria-Hungary. 

Austria-Hungary, organization of the 
Dual Monarchy, 233; triple alliance, 246; 
trouble with Servia, 321; annexes Bos- 
nia and Herzegovina, 321; ultimatum to 
Servia, 363; declares war, 363; declares 
war on Russia and France, 365; war 
with Montenegro, 365 

Austrian succession, war of the, 171 

Austro-Turkish convention, 211 

Avars, the, 69, 76 

Aviation, 268, 286, 288, 290, 296, 302, 
308, 326, 334, 340 

Avignon, popes at, 108; ceded to the 
pope, 17s 

Avitus, 63 

Azores discovered, 116 



Baalbec, 52 

Babylonia, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 34 

Babylonian captivity of the papacy, 108, 

112 
Bach, composer, 170 
Bacon's rebellion, 156 
Bacon, Lord Francis, 142, 144 
Bacon, Roger, of Oxford, 104 
Bactria conquered by Parthia, 34 
Badajos, battle of, 185 
Bagdad, capital, 73; peace of, 169 
Bajazet I., Sultan of Turkey, 115; II., 123 
Balaklava, battle of, 211 
Balas, Alexander, 36 
Balbinus, 57 

Baldwin I., Emperor, 101; II., 103 
Balfour, A. J., 290, 302 
Baliol, King of Scotland, in 
Balkan War, 349, 351, 353, 355 
Ballinger, Secretary, 328, 334 
Baltimore fire, 294 
Baltimore, Lord, 146 
Baner, Swedish general, 149 
Bank of Venice, 96; of England, 160; 

First United States, 178; of France, 

183; Second United States, 186, 190 
Banks, N. P., 212, 224 
Bannockburn, battle of, 109 
Barbarossa, Frederick {see I., Emperor of 

H. R. E.,) 96 
Barcelona taken by Berwick, 165 
Bardanes, Philip, 71 
Barebone's Parliament, 152 
Barnet, battle of, 120 
Barometer invented, 150 
Barra, Francesco de la, 339 
Basel, battle of, 181 
Basil, Bishop of Cassarea, 60 
Basil, Emperor, 79; II., 83 
Basiliscus, 65 

Basle, Council of, 116; Treaty of, 152 
Bassorah, battle of, 143, 175 
Bastile at Paris, founded, 112; storming 

of, 179 
Batavian Republic, 181 
Bathori, Stephen, King of Poland, 137 
Baths of Diocletian, 58 
Batthyany, 199 
Bautzen, battle of, 185 
Bavarian Succession, Wars of the, 177 
Bavaria, 73 



394 



INDEX 



Bazaine, General, 235, 239 

Beachy Head, naval victory, 160 

Beaconsfield, Lord (see Disraeli) 

Becket, Thomas a, 97 

Bede, the Venerable, 70, 72 

Bedford, battle of, 67 

Beecher, Henry Ward, 238 

Beethoven, 178 

Behring Sea dispute, 262, 266 

Behring's Strait discovered, 168 

Belfast, 262 

Belfort, battles near, 365 

Belgium, and the Belgians, conquered by 
France, 181; union of, with Holland, 
185; revolts from Holland, declared 
independent, 189; Congo Free State, 
253, 31s; invaded by Germany, 364, 
365; capital removed to Antwerp, to 
Boulogne, 365 

Belgrade, attacked by the Turks, 121, 
22S; taken by Turks, 129; battle of, 
161; recovered by Turks, 161; peace of, 
171; bombarded, 363 

Belisarius, 67 

Belle-Isle, capture of, 173 

Belmont, battle of, 282 

Benedetti, 235 

Benedict L, Pope, 68; II., 70; III., 78; 
IV., 80; V., 82; VI., 84; VII., 84; VIII., 
84; IX., 86, 88; XI., 106; XII., no; 
XIII., 114, 169; XIV., 171 

Benedictine monks, 66 

Beneventum, battle of, 29, 81 

Benevolences, 144 

Bengal ceded to East India Company, 
172 

Bennington, battle of, 176 

Benton, Thomas H., 216 

Berber, capture of, 251 

Berchtold, Count, 348, 349 

Berengar, Emperor, 80; of Tours, 88 

Berenice, Queen of Egypt, 43 

Berlin, Treaty of, 243 

Berlin, University of, founded, 182 

Bernadotte {see Charles XIV. of Sweden), 
183, 187 

Bernhard of Saxe- Weimar, 146, 149 

Bernicia, 69 

Berosus, 28 

Berrhcea, battle of, 95 

Bessarabia, part of, acquired by Russia, 
185 

Bessemer process, 212 

Bethmann-Hollweg, 327, 359 

Bible, Gothic version of, 60; English 
translation of, 142; the Indian, 154; 
tercentenary, 336 

Bill, of Rights, 158; Freedman's Bureau, 
230; Civil Rights, 230; Tenure of Office, 
230; Disestablishment, 232; General 
Amnesty, 236; Civil Rights (for negroes), 
238; Bland Silver, 242; Anti-Socialist, 
243; Coercion, 246; Irish Land, 246, 274; 
Ferry Educational, 247; Inter-State 
Commerce 252; Irish Crimes, 254; Re- 
organization, in United States, 286; 
Cuban Reciprocity, 290; Old Age Pen- 
sions, 318; Vreeland Currency, 318; 
Canadian Reciprocity, 336; National 
Insurance, 338; Workingmen's Insur- 
ance, 339; Insurance, 342; Minimum 
Wage, 344; Canal Tolls, 346; Anti-Alien 



Land, 354; Glass-Owen Currency, 356, 
358; Alaska Railway, 358; Emergency 
Ship, 364 

Biloxi settled, 160 

Bismarck, Prince of Prussia, 225, 247, 
259, 261, 266 

Bithynia, 20 

Black Death in England, ill 

Black Friday, 232 

Blackstone, 172 

Blaine, James G., 262 

Blake, Admiral, 152 

Bleneau, battle of, 152 

Bleriot, 326 

Blockade of southern ports of United 
States, 222 

Bloemfontein, 282 

Blood, circulation of the, 144 

Bloody tribunal, 135 

Boadicea, Queen of Britain, 51 

Bocanegra, Simon, first doge of Genoa, 
in 

Boccaccio, 112 

Boethius, 66 

Bohemia, and Bohemians, embrace Chris- 
tianity, 80; tributary to Germany, 82; 
made kingdom, 91 

Bohemond, 92 

Boileau, 154, 160 

Boleslav I., King of Poland, 85; II., 9 1 ; 
III., 93 

Bolivar, General, 185, 187 

Bologna, University of, 100 

Bomarsund capitulates, 211 

Bombay, mutiny at, 158 

Bonaparte, Jerome, 183 

Bonaparte, Joseph, 183 

Bonaparte, Louis, King of Holland, 183 

Bonaparte, Napoleon, popular insurrec- 
tion suppressed by, 181; in Italy, 181; 
in Egypt, 181; first consul, 181; presi- 
dent of Italian republic, 183; crowned 
emperor, I S3; see Napoleon I. 

Boniface I., Pope, 62; II., 66; III., 68; 
IV., 68; V., 68; VI., 80; VIII., 106; 
IX., 114 

Boniface of Montferrat, 100 

Bonn, University of, 186 

Boone, Daniel, 174 

Booth, John Wilkes, 228 

Bordeaux, seat of government of France, 
235, 365 

Borden, Premier of Canada, 342 

Bosnia, subjected to the Turks, 119; 
annexed to Austria, 321; invaded by 
Servia, 365 
Bossuet, 160 

Boston settled, 146; Massacre, 174; Tea- 
party, 174; Port Bill, 174; evacuation 
of, 176; great fire, 236 
Bosworth Field, battle of, 123 
Botha, General, 288 
Bothwell, Earl of, 134 
BoufHers, 162 _ 

Boundary, disputes, between United 
States and Canada, 190, 192, 194; 
Texas, 196; United States and Mexico, 
198; Brazil and_ Argentina, 270; Vene- 
zuela and British Guiana, Alaska 
Canada, 276; Venezuela and Great 
Britain, 282; Alaskan, 292, 294; United 
States and Canada, 312; Abyssinia and 



INDEX 



395 



Boundary. — Continued 

Italian Somaliland, 319; Turkey and 
Persia, 321; Argentine and Bolivia, 327; 
Bulgaria and Turkey, 357; Mexico and 
United States, 339 

Bourbaki, 237 

Bourbon family compact, 173; House of, 
restored, 185 

Bovianum, battle of, 27 

Boxer, uprising, 285, 287, 289; indemnity, 
318 

Boyne, battle of the, 160 

Braddock's defeat, 172 

Brahe, Tycho, astronomer, 138 

Brandenburg invaded by the Swedes, 157 

Brandywine, battle of, 176 

Branham Moor, battle of, 115 

Brazil, recovered by Portugal from the 
Dutch, 152; independent, 187; revolu- 
tion in, 191; republic established, 257; 
revolution, 261 

Breda^ taken by Spinola, 145; peace of, 
154 

Breisach, battle of, 149; ceded to France, 
ISO 

Breitenfeld, battle of, 147 

Brennus, 19, 29 

Bretigny, peace of, 112 

Brian Boru, 87 

Briand, Aristide, 353 

Britain, the Britons, invaded by Caesar, 
43; invaded by Severus, 5S; subjected 
to Rome, usurped by Carausius, re- 
gained by Constantius, 59; invaded by 
Picts and Scots, 61; the Jutes in, 63; 
evacuated by the Romans, 63; East 
Anglia, 67; Mercia, 69; Northumbria, 
69, 71; invaded by Danes, 75, 81; in- 
vaded by Norse and Danes, 85 

Britannicus, 49 

British Empire, establishment of, 173 

British museum founded, 172 

Bromsebro, peace of, 151 

Brooklyn Bridge, 250 

Brown, John, 218 

Brownsville affair, 308, 310, 324, 330 

Bruce, Robert, King of Scotland, 109 

Brunanburh, battle of, 83 

Brussels, bombarded by the French, 161; 
occupied by the Germans, 365 

Bryan, William J., 274, 286, 318, 356 

Bryce, James, 310, 322, 336, 350 

Buchanan, James, President of United 
States, 214 

Bucharest, peace of, 185; treaty of, 357 

Buda taken by Germany, 159 

Buda-Pesth, revolution in, 195 

Buddha (Gautama), born, 10 

Buena Vista, battle of, 194 

Buenos Ayres, leaves the Argentine Con- 
federation, 203; rejoins, 219 

Bulgaria, and Bulgarians, founded, 71; 
war with empire, 73; war with Michael 
!•> 775. war with Saracens, 81; Great 
Bulgarian war, 8s; subdued, 87; new 
kingdom, 99; conquered by Byzantines, 
103; Turks subdue risings in, 241; 
annexes Roumelia, 251; war with Ser- 
via, 251; treaty of peace, 253; declara- 
tion of independence, 321; war with 
Turkey, 351; with Servia, 357; with 
Greece, 357 



Buller, General, 284 

Bulls, papal, 106, 125, 164 

Bulow, Prince von, 287, 301, 327 

Bunker Hill, battle of, 174 

Bunyan, John, 156 

Burgoyne's surrender, 176 

Burgundy, the Burgundians, 63, 65; 
annexed to France, 86 

Burke and Cavendish, assassinated, 248 

Burkersdorf, battle of, 173 

Burma, war with England, 186; annexed 
to British Empire, 204, 253 

Burns, Robert, 176 

Burnside, General, 222, 246 

Burr, Aaron, 182 

Burton and Speke, 216 

Busaco, battle of, 184 

Byron, Lord, 184, 187 

Byzantium (Constantinople), founded, 9; 
captured by Athenians, 19; besieged by 
Philip, 23; besieged by Severus, 55; 
power in Italy, 67; overwhelmed by 
Turks, 97; defeats the Bulgarians, 103 



Cabal Ministry, 156 

Cabira, battle of, 40 

Cabot, John, and Sebastian, 124 

Cabul, 24s 

Cade, Jack, insurrection of, 119 

Cadesia, battle of, 71 

Cadiz (Gadir), founded, 5 

Casdmon, 70 

Caesar, Caius {see Caligula) 

Caesar, Julius, 39, 43, 45 

Caesar, Octavius, 45 

Caesarea founded, 44 

Caillaux, Mme., 361, 363 

Caius, Pope, 58 

Calais, siege of, 1 1 1 

Calcutta, Black Hole of, 173 

Caldera bombarded, 245 

Calendar, 42, 46, 138, 172 

Calhoun, John C, 196 

California, taken possession of by United 
States, 194; admitted, 196; Japanese 
school children, 314 

California, Lower, 131 

Caligula (Caius Caesar), 49 

Calixtus I., Pope, 54; II., 94; III. (anti- 
pope), 96 

Callao bombarded, 231, 247 

Calmette, Gaston, 361 

Calvin, John, 130 

Cambodia annexed to France, 249 

Cambray, Treaty of, 130; Congress of , 169 

Cambridge platform, 150 

Cambridge, University of, founded, 100 

Cambyses, King of Persia, 12 

Camden, battle of, 176 

Camillus, 19 

Camorrists, trial of, 337, 347 

Campaign fund investigation, 346, 350, 
352 

Campbell, Sir Colin, 214 

Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, 280, 318 

Campo Formio, peace of, 181 

Canada, invasion of, 172; ceded to Great 
Britain, 172; Dominion of, established, 
230 
Canal Tolls Bill, 348; repeal of, 362 



396 



INDEX 



Canalejas, 351 

Canls, Languedoc, 154, the Erie, 186; 
Ganges, 209; Suez opened, 232; Man- 
chester ship, 260; Baltic ship, 254; in 
Germany, 287 

Candia, siege of, 151 

Caney El, battle of, 278 

Canossa, 90 

Canterbury, 68 

Canton, taken by the British, 193; re- 
stored to China, 223 

Canute, King of England, 87; II., (the 
Great), 87; IV., of Denmark, 99 

Cape Breton taken by the English, 170 

Capitolinus, 21 

Cappadocia, 20, 34, 40 

Capua taken by the Romans, 33 

Caracalla, baths of, 54; Emperor, 55 

Caracas, 185 

Caractacus, 49 

Carbajal, President of Mexico, 363, 365 

Cardinal, first American, 238 

Carlists, 190, 241 

Carloman, Emperor, 73 

Carlos, Don, pretender to the Spanish 
throne, 191, 213 

Carlos I., King of Portugal, 257, 317 

Carlyle, Thomas, 190, 246 

Carmelites, Order of the, 96 

Carneades, 37 

Carnegie, Andrew, 288, 300, 312, 324, 336 

Carnegie Institute, 336 

Carnot, President of France, 255, 269 

Carolina, granted, 154; separated, 168 

Caroline, Queen of England, 186 

Caroline Islands bought by Germany, 283 

Carranza, General, 365 

Carrera, President of Mexico, 213 

Carrha?, battle of, 42 

Carson, Sir Edward, 358 

Carthage, Carthaginians, founded, 7 ; 
invade Sicily, and defeated, 15; defeat 
Regulus, 29; defeated by Rome and 
driven out of Spain, ^2', conquest and 
destruction by Rome, 37; rebuilt, 39; 
taken by the Vandals, 63; taken by 
Arabs, 71 

Carthagena founded, 31; 239 

Carthusians, Order of the, 90 

Cartier, Jacques, 131 

Carus, 59 

Carver, John, 144 

Casco, Me., destroyed by the French, 160 

Casimir the Just, King of Poland, 97; the 
Great, 111; III., 113; IV., 119; John, 

I ? 1 . 
Casimir-Pener, President of France, 270, 

271 
Cassano, battle of, 181 
Cassel, battle of, no 
Cassiodorus, 66 
Cassius, Dio, 54 
Castiglione, battle of, 181 
Castile, 87; Leon separated from, 96 
Castor, 15 

Castro, President of Venezuela, 283, 321 
Castruccio of Lucca and Pisa, 109 
Catalans enter Greece, 109 
Catalonia, revolt of, 159 
Cateau-Cambresis, peace of, 134 
Catherine I., Empress of Russia, 169; II., 

173 



Catherine of Portugal, Queen of England, 
154 . 

Catholic Church, defection from, in Ger- 
many, 192 

Catholic emancipation, 188 

Catholicism abolished in Scotland, 134 

Catiline's conspiracy, 43 

Catinat, Marshal, 161 

Cato, 33, 35, 37 

Catullus, 42 

Caudine Forks, battle of, 25 

Cavagnari, Major, 245 

Cavour, 217, 219, 222, 223 

Cawnpore, mutiny at, 214 

Caxton, printer, 122 

Celestine L, Pope, 62; II., 94; III., 98; 
IV., 102 

Celestines, the Order of, founded, 102 

Celsus, 48 

Celtiberians, 35 

Censorinus, 54 

Cerro Gordo, battle of, 194 

Cervantes, 144 

Cervera, Admiral, 27S 

Cetewayo, 244, 249 

Chasronea, battle of, 23, 40 

Chalcedon, Council of, 66 

Chalgrove, battle of, 150 

Chamberlain, Joseph, 262, 272, 292, 294 

Champlain tercentenary, 326 

Chapultepec, battle of, 194 

Charford, battle of, 67 

Charity Bazar disaster, 277 

Charles I., King of England, 144, 150; II., 
152, 154. 156 

Charles III. (the Simple), King of France 
80; IV., 108; V., 112; VI., 112, 114, 116; 
VII., 116; VIII., 122; IX., 134, X., 187, 
189 

Charles the Great (Charlemagne), Emper- 
or of H R. E., 72, 73, 76; the Bald, 76; 
III., the Fat, 78; IV., no; V., 128, 129, 
130, 131. 132, 133; VI., 165, 169; VII., 
171 

Charles Martel, 73 

Charles of Anjou, King of Naples, 104 

Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, 19s, 197 

Charles I., King of all Spain and the 
Netherlands, 126; II., of Spain, 154, 
163; III., 173; IV., 179 

Charles VII., King of Sweden, 119; IX., 
143; X., 153; XL, iss; XII., 161, 163, 
165, 167; XIII., 183; XIV., 187; XV., 
219, 237 

Charles Edward, pretender to the English 
throne, 170 

Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy, 139 

Charles Robert of Anjou, King of Hun- 
gary, 109 

Charleston (S. C), founded, 156; taken by 
British, 176; occupied by Union forces, 
228 

Charter of Liberties, 93 

Chartist agitation, 192, 194 

Chataldja,3Si 

Chateaubriand, 184 

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 112, 114 

Chaumont, treaty of, 184 

Chemnitz, battle of, 149 

Chemulpo, battle of, 295 

Cheops (Khufu), King of Egypt, 2 

Cherasco, peace of, 147 



INDEX 



397 



Cherokee strip opened, 266 

Chesterfield, Lord, 168 

Chevy Chase (see Otterbourne) 

Chicago, great fire, 236; University of, 
264; World's Fair, 266 

Childebert II., King, 71 

Childeric I., King of the Franks, 65; II., 
71; III., 73 

Chile, independence of, 187; war with 
Peru, 24s, 247; revolution in, 261 

Chilperic II., King, 73 

China, Chow dynasty, 5; Tsin dynasty, 
28; dynasty of Han, 32; paper made in, 
34; Tang dynasty, 69; war with Tartars, 
83; Pekin made capitol of, 105; last of 
Mongol emperors, 111; Ming dynasty, 
113; Portuguese settlement at Macao, 
131; invaded by the Manchus, 145: 
Manchu dynasty, 151; opium trade 
forbidden, 193; Taiping rebellion, 197; 
treaty of Tien Tsin, 217; war with 
England and France, 221; end of Tai- 
ping rebellion, 227; treaty with United 
States, 246; immigration from United 
States suspended, 248 ; war with France, 
251; Chinese excluded from the United 
States, 254, 262; war with Japan, 269, 
271; customs and post established, 275; 
Kwang Hsu, 285, 323; "open door" in, 
Boxer uprising, 285; Boxer troubles, 
287; massacre of missionaries, "open 
door," 287; Boxer indemnity, 289; con- 
stitution, 327; revolution, 343; republic, 
345; recognized by other countries, 354, 
357; first parliament, 355 

Chios taken by the Venetians, 161 

Chippewa, battle of, 184 

Choate, Rufus, 218 

Choiseul, 175 

Cholera, 190, 210, 231, 251 

Chorillos, battle of, 247 

Christian I., of Oldenburg, King of Den- 
mark, 119; II., 129; III., 131; IV., 139, 
14S, 147; V., 157; VI., 169; VII., 175; 
VIII., 193; IX., 227; X., 347 

Christianity, Christians, first persecution, 
second, 50; third, 52; fourth, fifth, 54; 
sixth, seventh, eighth, 56; ninth, tenth, 
Edict of Toleration, first general council, 
58; second general council, C. in Ethio- 
pia, 60; conversion of Clovis, 64; C. 
era introduced, C. in Scotland, 66; in 
Britain, 68; Nestorian in China, 70; in- 
troduced into Denmark, 76; in Sweden, 
76; in Bohemia, 80; in Poland, 82; in 
Russia, 85; in Norway, 87 

Christina, Queen of Sweden, 147, 153 

Christopher II., King of Denmark, 109 

Chrysippus, 30 

Chrysostom, 60 

Church and State, separation of, in France, 
293. 297, 305; in Portugal, 335 

Churches, Eastern and Western, final 
schism between, 88 

Churchill, Winston, 342, 354 

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 42, 43, 45 

Cilicia, 34 

Cimabue, 106 

Cimbri, 39 

Cimon, IS 

Cincinnatus, 17 

Circassia finally conquered by Russia, 227 



Ciudad Rodrigo, battle of, 184 

Civil Rights Bill, 230 

Civil Service Reform, in England, 212; in 
United States, 236, 248, 334 

Civil War: in Rome 41, 43; in England, 
I20,_ 148, 150; in France, 134, 136; in 
Spain, 191, 239; in United States, 222 

Civil War in United States, battles of the. 
Big Bethel, Rich Mountain, Bull Run, 
Wilson's Creek, Ball's Bluff, Belmont, 
Mill Spring, Roanoke Island, Pea 
Ridge, Newbern, Yorktown, Shiloh, 
222; Williamsburg, Hanover C. H., 
Fair Oaks, Cross Keys, Mechanicsville, 
Savage Station, Frazier's Farm, Mal- 
vern Hill, Cedar Mountain, Harrison's 
Landing, Bull Run, Chantilly, South 
Mountain, Antietam, Iuka, Corinth, 
Perryville, Fredericksburg, Murfrees- 
boro, 224; Chancellorsville, Winchester, 
Gettysburg, Chickamauga, Chatta- 
nooga, Lookout Mountain, Missionary 
Ridge, Sabine Cross Roads, Wilderness, 
Dalton, Spottsylvania, Resaca, Cold 
Harbor, Kenesaw Mountain, Monocacy, 
Atlanta, Mobile Bay, Winchester, 226; 
Cedar Creek, Franklin, Nashville, 
Bentonville, N. C, Five Forks, Sailors' 
Creek, 228 _ 

Clapp Committee, 350 

Clarendon, Assize of, 97 

Clarendon, Earl of, 154 

Claudian, poet, 60 

Claudius I., 49; II., 57 

Clay, Henry, 204 

Clayton-Bulwer treaty, 198, 284 

Clemens, Pope, 50 

Clement, of Alexandria, 54; II., Pope, 88; 
III., anti- Pope, 90; III., Pope, 98; IV., 
104; V., 108; VI., no; VII., 112, 129; 
VIII., 141; IX., 155; X., 157; XL, 163; 
XII., 169; XIII., 173; XIV., 17s 

Cleomenes, King of Sparta, 31, 33 

Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, 38, 43, 44, 45 

Cleopatra's needle, 240 

Clepsydra {see Water-clock) 

Clermont, Council of, 92 

Cleveland, Grover, President of United 
States, 250, 252, 254, 262, 264, 266, 272, 
302 

Clissow, battle of, 163 

Clive in India, 172 

Clontarf, battle of, 87 

Clotaire II., 67, 69; III., 71 

Clovis I., King of the Franks, 6s; III., 71 

Cluny, 80 

Coalition, first against France, 181 ; second, 
181; third, 182; fourth, 182; fifth, 182; 
sixth, 184 

Cochin China, six provinces ceded to 
France, 223 

Code, Hadrian's perpetual, 52; Theodo- 
sian, 62; Pandects, and Institutes, Jus- 
tinian, 66; the Basilican, 79; of King 
Christian, 159; the Napoleon, 182 

Cceli, Spanish Minister, 159 

Coinage, uniform in Germany, in Den- 
mark, Sweden, and Norway, 237 

Coke, Edward, 144 

Colbert, controller-general of finance, 154 

Colenso, battle of, 284 

Coleridge, poet, 184 



398 



INDEX 



Coligny, 135 

Coloman, King of Hungary, 93 

Colombia, Republic of, 187: separated 
from Venezuela, 189; treaty with United 
States, 250, 360; rejects canal treaty, 
29S 

Colonna family, the, no 

Colorado, admitted, 240; virtual civil war 
in, 360 

Colosseum at Rome, so 

Columbia College founded, 172 

Columbus, Christopher, voyages of, 124, 
125, 126 

Columella, 48 

Comines, Philip de, 120 

Commerce and Labor, Department of, 292 

Commodus, 55 

Commonwealth, the, in England, ISO 

Comonfort, President of Mexico, 213, 
217 

Compass, the, 106 

Conchas Blancas, battle of, 24s 

Concordat of Sienna, 118 

Cond6, 152, 156 

Confederate States of America, Congress, 
222 

Confederation, Articles of, 176 

Confederation of the Rhine, 183 

Confirmalio Carlarum, 107 

Conflans, peace of, 120 

Confucius, 12, 14 

Congo Free State, 231, 253. 315 

Congress, Continental, 174 

Congress, international, on laws of war, 
238 . 

Congressional Library, new, 276 

Connaught, Duke of, 336, 348 

Connecticut, settled, 146; Constitution, 
148; chartered, 154 

Conon, Pope, 70 

Conrad I., Emperor (of Franconia), 80; 
II. (the Salic), 86; III., 94 

Conservation, 318, 326, 334, 338 

Constance, peace of, 98; Council of, 116 

Constantine I., Pope, 70 

Constantine II., King of Scotland, 81 

Constantine IV., Emperor, 71; V. (Cop- 
ronymus), 72, 73; VI., 75; VII., 81, 83; 
VIII., 83; IX. (Monomachus), 87; X. 
(Ducas), 89; XIII., 119 

Constantinople, capital of the Roman 
Empire, 58; siege of, by Saracens, 71; 
invested by Arabs, 73; attacked by 
Russians, 89; captured by the Turks, 
119; revolution in, 159; treaty of, 277, 
361 

Constitution of United States, adopted, 
178; Thirteenth Amendment, 228; Four- 
teenth Amendment, 230; Fifteenth 
Amendment, 232; Income Tax Amend- 
ment, 352 

Constitution and the Guerriere, 184 

Conti, 152 

Convocation of States- General, first, in 
France, 106 

Cook, Dr. F. A., 326, 328 

Cook's voyages, 174, 176 

Coomassie, 239, 272 

Copenhagen, peace of, 155 

Copernicus, 130 

Copyright law, international, 260, 274 

Corday, Charlotte, 181 



Cordova, 82 

Corea, invaded by Japan, 141; stormed 
by United States and France, 237 ; 
independence of, 271; invaded, 295; 
emperor abdicates, 315; formally an- 
nexed by Japan, 333 

Corfu, siege of, 165 

Corinth, Greece, tyranny overthrown, n; 
united with Achaean league, 31; de- 
stroyed by Mummius, 37; Paul at, 48; 
taken by the Turks, 165 

Corinth, Mississippi, occupied by Union 
forces, 224 

Coriolanus, 15 

Corneille, 148, 154 

Corn Laws, in England, 184; repealed, 192 

Cornwallis, Lord, surrender of, 176; 
succeeds Warren Hastings, 178 

Coronado, explorer, 131 

Coronea, battle of, 17, 19 

Correggio, 124 

Corsica, revolt of, 173; ceded to France, 
175 

Cortes, 131 

Corunna, battle of, 182 

Cosmo III., Grand Duke of Tuscany, 157 

Costa Rica, Walker's invasion, 213, 215; 
revolution in, 219 

Cotton-gin, the, 180 

Council, of Nice, 58; the Quinisext, 70; 
great, in Venice, 107; of ten, 109; of 
Pisa, 114; of Constance, 114; of Basle, 
116; the Aulic, 125; of Tours, 126; of 
Trent, 131, 135 

Councils, general, first at Nice, 58; second, 
Constantinople, 60; third, Ephesus, 
fourth, Chalcedon, 62; fifth, Constan- 
tinople, 66; sixth, Constantinople, 70; 
seventh, Nice, 74; eighth, Constan- 
tinople, 78; eleventh, 98; twelfth, 100; 
at Lyons, 102, 104; at Vienne, 108 

Court of High Commission re-established, 
158 

Courtrai, battle of, 106 

Courts of law, separation of the, in Eng- 
land, 104 

Covenant, solemn, of Ulster, 348 

Cowpens, battle of, 176 

Coxey's army, 268 

Cracow annexed to Austria, 193 

Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, 130 

Crassus, 41, 42, 43 

Crecy, battle of, no 

Crefeldt, battle of, 172 

Crespy, peace of, 130 

Crete, Saracens obtain possession of, 77; 
taken by Turks, 155; Greeks revolt 
against Turks, 231; evacuated by 
Turkey, 281; annexed by Greece, 359 

Crimea, the, subjugated by Turks, 121; 
united to Russia, 177 

Crimean War, 211, 213 

Crispi, Francesco, 289 

Croatia subdued by Germany, 159 

Croesus, King of Lydia, 10, 12 

Cromwell, Oliver, 150, 152, 154 

Cromwell, Richard, 154 

Cromwell, Thomas, 130 

Cronje, General, 284 

Croton aqueduct, 192 

Crown Point, 172 

Crusades, the, cause of 91; first, 92; cap- 



INDEX 



399 



Crusades — Continued 

ture of Jerusalem, 93; second, 94, 95; 
third, 98, 99; fourth, fifth, 100; of 
Frederick II., 102; of Louis IX., 102, 
104; general influence of, 106 

Crystal Palace exhibition, 198 

Cuba, the Lopez expedition, 198; final 
abolition of slavery, 252; revolution in, 
271, 273; independence, 280; end of 
Spanish sovereignty, 281; evacuated by 
United States troops, 325 

Culloden, battle of, 170 

Cumffi, 19 

Cunaxa, battle of, 18 

Curzola, battle of, 107 

Curzon, Lord, 302 

Custer Massacre, 240 

Custozza, battle of, 195 

Cyaxares, King of the Medes, 8 

Cynoscephala?, battle of, 33 

Cypselus, tyrant of Corinth, 9 

Cyprian, 56 

Cyprus, kingdom of, 9-9; reduced by the 
Turks, 137; ceded to Great Britain, 242 

Cyrenaica annexed by Italy, 343 

Cyrene, 41 

Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem, 60; of Alexan- 
dria, 62 

Cyrus, King of Persia, IS 

Cyzicus, battle of, 19 

D 

Dacia, 53 

Dagobert I., 69, 71; III., 71 

Dahomey, 259, 265 

Dalmatia and the Dalmatians, 49, 63 

Dalny, 309 

Damasus I., Pope, 60; II., 88 

Damietta surrenders, 249 

Dana, R. H., 240 

Danes invade Britain, 75 

Dante, poet, 106 

Danton, 181 

Daras, battle of, 67 

Darius, King of Persia, 12; II., 16 

Darnley, Lord, 134 

Darrow, Clarence S., 344 

Darwin, 218, 248 

Dasymon, battle of, 77 

David, King of the Jews, 4; I., King of 

Scotland, 95; III., 111 
Davis, Jefferson, President Confederacy, 

222; captured, 228; prosecution ended 

Daye, Stephen, first printer in America, 

148 
Deane, Silas, 176 
Debs, Eugene V., 346 
Decemvirs, 17 
Decius, 57 
Declaration of Independence in United 

States, 176 
Decretals, the false, 78 
Deerfield Massacre, 162 
" Defender of the Faith," 128 
De Foe, Daniel, 164 
Deira, kingdom of, 67, 69 
Delaware, settled, 148; conquered by 

Stuyvesant, 152 
Delhi, us, 171, 214 
Demetrius, 27; Soter, 34; II., 36, 38 



Demirhissar, battle of, 87 

Demosthenes, 22 

Denmark, Christianity in, 76; absolute 

monarchy, established, 155 
Derby, Lord, 216 
Dervishes, the, 257, 261, 269, 274, 278, 

280 
Descartes, 152 
Desiderius, King, 73 
De Soto, Hernando, 127, 131 
Dessau, battle of, 14s 
D'Estaing, Admiral, 176 
Dettingen, battle of, 171 
Deusdedit, Pope, 68 
Devonshire, Duke of, 272 
Dewey, Admiral, 278, 282 
Diaconus, Paulus, 74 
Diamond necklace, affair of, 179 
Diana, Temple of, 21 
Dias, Bartholomew, explorer, 122 
Diaz, Felix, 351 
Diaz, Porfirio, President of Mexico, 241, 

251, 255, 262, 335, 337, 339 
Dickens, Charles, 190 
Dickinson, Jacob M., 338 
Dictionary of the French Academy, 160 
Dillon, John, 272 
Dio Chrysostom, 50 
Diogenes, 20, 37; Laertius, 54 
Dion, 23 

Dionysius the younger, 21 
Dionysius, historian, 44; Pope, 56; Bishop, 

56; Exiguus, 66 
Directory in France, 181 
Disrasli, Benjamin, 216, 232, 238, 246 
Djerbe, battle of, 135 
Dolores, battle of, 24s 
Domitian, 51, S3 
Donabew, battle of, 207 
Donatists, the, 59 
Donus, Pope, 70 
Doomsday Book, the, 90 
Dorr Insurrection, 192 
Dorystolum, battle of, 83 
Draco, legislation of, in Athens, 9 
Draft riots, 226 
Draga, Queen of Servia, 293 
Drake, Sir Francis, 136 
Dred Scott decision, 214 
Drepana, battle of, 31 
Dresden, 173; battle of, 185 
Dreux, battle of, 134 
Dreyfus, affair, 271, 277, 279, 281, 283, 

283, 29s, 309 
Drogheda, sack of, 150 
Druses, the, 221, 259 
Drusus, 47 

Dryden, poet, 156, 158 
DuBarry, Madame, 175 
Ducas, John, Emperor of Nicaea, 103 
Duff, King of Scotland, 83 
Dufferin, Earl of, 251 
Du Guesclin, 112 
Duilius, 29 

Dulcigno evacuated, 247 
Duma, the,. 307, 309 
Duncan, King of Scotland, 87 
Dunkirk sold to France, 154 
Dunraven, Lord, 300 
Dunstan, St., 82 
Durazzo, battle of, 91 
Durbar, Coronation, 342 



400 



INDEX 



Diirer, Albrecht, painter, 128 
Durham Station, N. C, 228 
Dutch West India Company, 145 
Dyrrhachium, battle of, 43 

E 

Early, General Jubal E., 226 

Earth, circumference of, first measured, 30 

East India Company, 142, 216 

Eastern Empire, end of, 119 

Eckmuhl, battle of, 183 

Edessa, principality of, 93; retaken by 
Turks, 95 

Edgehill, battle of, 148 

Edict, of the Three Chapters, 66; the 
Perpetual, 136; of Restitution, 147; 
of Nantes, 158 

Edictum Perpeluum, 53 

Edmund I., King of Britain, 83 

Edmund, St., of Canterbury, 102 

Edred, King of Britain, 83 

Education, common school, in France, 191 

Edward, the Black Prince, 111, 113 

Edward (the Martyr), King of England, 
85; the Confessor, 87; I., 105, 107, 109; 
II., 109; III., 109; IV., 120; V., 122; VI., 
132; VII., 285, 286, 290, 328, 332 

Edwin, King of Northumbria, 69 

Edwy, King of Britain, 83 

Egbert, King, 77 

Eginhard, 76 

Egypt and Egyptians, first king of, 2; 
under the Hyksos, 3; plunders Jerusa- 
lem, 4; invaded by pirates, 5; attempts 
to connect Nile and Red Sea by canal, 
8; conquered by Assyria, 9; invaded by 
Nebuchadrezzar, 11; becomes Persian 
province, 13; revolts against Persia, 15; 
drives out Persians, 18; conquered by 
Artaxerxes, 22; conquered by Persia, 
23, conquered by Alexander, 23; ex- 
pelled from Jerusalem, 32; subdued, 59; 
conquered by Arabs, 71; throws off 
dependence on Caliphs, 79; war with 
Turkey, 193 

Elandslaagte, battle of, 282 

Elbe, disaster, 271 

Eleanor, Queen of France, 96 

Electric railroad, first, 244; first in United 
States, 252 

Electro-magnetism discovered, 186 

Eleutherus, Pope, 54 

Elgin, Lord, 266 

Eliot, Charles W., 320 

Eliot, George, 246 

Eliot, John, 150, 154 

Elizabeth, Empress of Austria, 281 

Elizabeth, Empress of Russia, 171 

Elizabeth, Queen of England, 132, 136, 
138 

El-Obeid, battle of, 249 

Embargo on American ports, 182 

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 192, 248 

Emin Pasha, 255 

Emmett's insurrection, 182 

Empire, of Charlemagne, division of, 76; 
of the West, the new, 76; Holy Roman, 
beginning of, 82 

Employers' Liability Law, 344 

Empress of Ireland disaster, 362 

Encyclopaedia Britannica, 174 



Endicott, John, 146 

Enghien, Duke of, 150 

England, divided into shires, 80; given to 
William, Duke of Normandy, 88; end of 
Anglo-Saxon dynasty, 89; William I., 
first of Norman line, 89; war with 
France, 90, 107, 144; feudal system in- 
troduced 91; loses Normandy, Maine, 
Anjou, 101; first Parliament, 104; Wales 
subjugated, 107; loses French posses- 
sions, retaining only Calais, Bordeaux, 
Bayonne, 112; House of Lancaster, 115; 
House of Tudor, 122; invaded by Scots, 
126; Church of, founded, 130; Catho- 
licism restored, 132; Spanish Armada, 
138; English and Scottish Crowns 
united, 142; civil war, 148; the com- 
monwealth, 151; invaded by France, 
160; treaty of union with Scotland, 162; 
first united Parliament, 162; begin- 
ning of naval and colonial supremacy, 
1645 House of Hanover, 164; Scotch re- 
bellion, 170; British Empire established, 
173; Burmese War, 186: Sikh War, war 
with China, in Syria, 192; Kaffir War 9 
198; treaty with Japan, 210; Crimean 
War, 211, 213; war with China, 221? 
Ashanti War, 238, 272; annexes the 
Transvaal, 240, 286; Zulu War, 244; war 
with Afghanistan, 24s; troubles in Zulu- 
land, 246; rising in Transvaal, 247; war 
in Egypt and Sudan, 249; annexes 
Zululand, 252; Burmah, 252; acquires 
Zanzibar, cedes Heligoland, 258; Home 
Rule, 266; war with Transvaal, 282; 
treaty with Tibet, 296; alliance with 
Japan, 302; declines to pledge neutral- 
-y 1 362; declares war on Germany, 364 

Engraving on wood, 120 

Ennius, 32 

Epaminondas, 21 

Ephesus, 21 

Epictetus, 50 

Epicurus, 26 

Episcopacy introduced in New York, 160 

Erasmus, 126 

Eratosthenes, 30 

Erfurt, conference at, 183 

Eric VI., King of Denmark, 103, 107 

Eric VII., of Pomerania, King of Denmark, 
Norway, and Sweden, 115 

EricBlodoxe, King of Norway, 83; II., 105 

Eric IX., King of Sweden, 97; XIV., 135 

Erie Canal, 186 

Erigena, Scotus, 76 

Erivan taken by Russia, 189 

Esperanto Congress, 308, 320, 332 

Essarhaddon, King of Assyria, 8 

Essex, Earl of, 142 

Esthonia ceded to Sweden, 155 

Estremoz, battle of, 155 

Ethandun, battle of, 79 

Ethelbert, 68, 69 

Ethelfrith, 69 

Ethelred, King of Wessex, 79; II- (the 
Unready), King of England, 85, 87 

Ethelwolf, King, 77, 79 

Ether, the use of, 192 

Etruriaand Etrurians, 25, 183 

Eucharistic Congress, 320 

Euclid, 26 

Eugenics, 346 



INDEX 



4OI 



Eugenie, Empress of France, 207 
Eugenius, 61; I., Pope, 70; II., 76; III., 

94; IV., 116 
Eumenes II., King of Pergamus, 32 
Euric, 65 
Euripides, 16 
Europe, political reconstruction of, 

effected, 18s 
Eusebius, Bishop of Csesarea, 56 
Eusebius, Bishop of Dorylffium, 62 
Eusebius, Pope, 58 

Eustathius, Bishop of Thessalonica, 96 
Eutropius, 60 
Eutychianus, Pope, 58 
Evagoras of Cyprus, 20 
Evagrius, 66 
Evaristus, Pope, 52 
Evil-Merodach, King of Babylonia, 10 
Exodus, the, 4 
Eylau, battle of, 183 
Ezra, 16 



Fabianus, Pope, 56 

Fabius Maximus, 25, 33 

Fabius Pictor, 30 

Factory Bill, 190 

Falaise, treaty of, 97 

Falk Laws, 239 

Falkirk, battle of, 107 

Fallieres, President of France, 303 

Famine in Ireland, 192 

Farini, 219 

Farragut, Admiral, 224 

Fashoda affair, 280 

Fatimites, the, 83 

Faure, President of France, 271, 277, 281 

Fehrbellin, battle of, 157 

Felix I., Pope, 56; III., 64; IV., 66; V., 

116, 118 "* 

Felix, Minucius, 54 
Fenelon, 160 
Fenian troubles, 232 
Feodor I., Emperor of Russia, 141 
Ferdinand I., King of Aragon, 114 
Ferdinand I., Emperor of Austria, 191, 197 
Ferdinand I., King of Castile and Leon, 

87; IV., 106, 108 
Ferdinand II., Emperor of Germany, 14s; 

HI., 149 
Ferdinand I., Emperor and King of Hun- 
gary and Bohemia, 133 
Ferdinand II., King of Naples, 219 
Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha elected 

King of Bulgaria, 255 
Ferdinand VI., King of Spain, 171; VII., 

187 
Ferdinand II., King of Tuscany, 145; II., 

179 
Ferdinand I. (IV.), King of United Naples 

and Sicily, 187 
Ferrer, Francisco, 327 
Ferry ministry, 247 
Feudal system in England, 88 
"Field of the Cloth of Gold, " 128 
Fillmore, Millard, President of United 

States, 196 
Finland, conquered by Russia, 165; 

southern part ceded to Russia, 171; 

Russification policy, 281 
Finnish Diet, women elected to, 313 
26 



Fiji Islands annexed by Great Britain, 
239 

Fisheries, 242, 246, 261, 300, 308, 322, 334 

Flagellants, the, 102 

Flaminius, battle of, 33 

Flanders, and the Flemings, seat of western 
industry, 82; defeated by France, 108; 
flourishing period of trade, 118 

Flavian, 62 

Fleurus, battle of, 160 

Fleury, Abbott of, 84; Cardinal, 169 

Flodden, battle of, 126 

Florence, capital of Italy, 227 

Florianus, Emperor of Eastern Empire, 59 

Florida discovered, 127; invaded by 
Indians and Spaniards, 170; ceded to 
United States, 186; secedes, 222 

Fontanet, battle of, 76 

Fontenoy, battle of, 171 

Force bills, 266 

Formosa, 251; ceded to Japan, 271 

Formosus, Pope, 80 

Fornovo, battle of, 124 

Fort du Quesne, 172; William Henry, 172 
St. Nicholas, 209; Sumter, 222; Hat 
teras, 222; Henry, 222; Donelson, 222 
Pulaski, 224; Wagner, 226; Pillow, 226 
McAllister, 228; Fisher, 228; Sumter, 
228 

Forum, Trajan, 52 

Fox, George, 150 

France, set apart from Germany by 
treaty of Verdun, 70; final separation, 
80; war with England, 90, 107; fruitless 
attempt to invade England, 112; adds 
Burgundy and Artois, 122; Brittany 
united to the Crown, 124; annexes 
Genoa, 126; obtains Metz, Toul, Verdun, 
132; civil wars in, 134, 136, 138; alliance 
with Holland, 146; receives Metz, Toul, 
Verdun, Alsace, Breisach, 150; secures 
Alsace, 152; war with Netherlands, 154; 
war with Germany, 157; most formid- 
able Power in Europe, 156; invades 
England, 160; loses Canada, 173; 
French Revolution, 179, 181; war with 
Prussia and Austria, 179; declared a 
Republic, _ 1 79; end of Reign of Terror, 
181; acquires all German territory west 
of Rhine, 183; invades Portugal, 183; 
monarchy restored, 185; Revolution of 
1848, Republic proclaimed, 195; Revolu- 
tion of 1851, national assembly dis- 
solved, 201; second empire, 205; de- 
clares war against Austria, 219; annexes 
Nice and Savoy, 221; war with China, 
221, 251; Mexican expedition, 227; ac- 
quires Venetia, 231; Franco-Prussian 
War, 235, 237; Republic declared, 235; 
compulsory education act, 249; separa- 
tion of, 297; declares war on Austria 
and Germany, 365 

Franche-Comte ceded to France, 156 

Francis I., Emperor of H. R. E., 171: 
II., 179; assumes title of Francis I., of 
Austria, 183 

Francis I., King of France, 126; II., 134 
Francis of Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tus- 
cany, 169 
Francis II., King of Naples, 219 
Francis Ferdinand, Archduke of Hungary, 
363 



402 



INDEX 



Francis Joseph I., Emperor of Austria, 
197. 251, 365 

Franciscan Friars, Order of, instituted, 100 

Franco-Prussian war, battles of, Nieder- 
bronn, Saarbriick, Weissenburg, Woerth, 
Forbach, Metz, Courcelles, Vionville, 
Gravelotte, Rezonville, Chalons, Sedan, 
Orleans, Soissons, Mont Valerien, 
Coulmiers, Beaune-la-Rolande, Pont- 
Noyelles, 23s; Bapaume, Le Mans, 
Belfort, St. Quentin, 237 

Frankfort, Synod of, 74; Diet of, no; 
Congress at, 227 

Frankish Empire, Burgundians subjected, 
65; separation of French and German 
languages, 70; Frankish kingdoms 
united, 71 

Franklin, Benjamin, 172, 177 

Franklin, Sir John, 192, 198, 202, 206 

Frauenstaat, battle of, 163 

Frederick I., King of Denmark and Nor- 
way, 129; II., 13s; IV., 161; V., 171; 
VI., 183; VII., 195; VIII.. 30s 

Frederick I., Barbarossa, Emperor of H. R. 
E., 96, 98, 99; II., 100, 102; III., 116, 
118 

Frederick, Elector Palatine of Germany, 
143 

Frederick Augustus I., King of Poland, 
161, 165; II., 169 

Frederick William I., King of Prussia, 165, 
II., 179; III., 181; IV., 223 

Frederick Augustus II., King of Saxony, 
209 

Frederick I., King of Sweden, 169 

Frederick William the Great, Elector of 
Brandenburg, 149, 153, 157 

Frederick III., Emperor of Germany, 255 

Frederick I., King of Prussia, 163; II., 
(the Great), 171, 179 

Frederick III., Elector of Brandenburg 
(Frederick I., King of Prussia), 159, 
163 

Fredericshall, 167 

Freemasons, first lodge in America, 168 

Free Soil Party, 194 

Fremont, General John C, 214 

French Academy, 146 

Friedland, battle of, 183 

Froissart's Chronicles, 112 

Fuentes del Onoro, battle of, 184 

Fugitive Slave Law, 196, 212 

Fulton, Robert, 182 

Funston, General, 288 

Fiirstenbund, the, 179 

Fushun, 301 

G 

Gabinius, 43 

Gadir (Cadiz) founded, 5 

Gadsden Purchase, 206 

Gaeta, 221, 223 

Gainsborough, painter, 178 

Galba, 37, 51 

Galen, 54 

Galerius, 59 

Galicia invaded by Russia, 365 

Galileo, 146 

Gama, Vasco da, 124 

Gambetta, 235, 241, 247, 248 

Garcia IV., King of Navarre, 94 



Garfield, James A., President of United 
States, 246 

Garibaldi, 197, 219, 221, 225, 226, 231, 
233, 314 

Garrison, William Lloyd, 188 

Gastein, convention of, 229 

Gatacre, General, 284 

Gaul, the Gauls, 19, 21, 27, 28, 29, 31, 
43. 63, 65 

Gautama (Buddha), born, 10 

Gaynor, Mayor, 332 

Geary Law, 254, 262 

Geiza, King of Hungary, 85 

Gelasius I., Pope, 64; II., 94 

Gelo, tyrant of Syracuse, 15 

Geneva award, 236 

Genghis Khan, Emperor of the Mongols, 
101, 103 

Genoa, the Genoese, rise to power, 107; 
united to France, 126 

Genseric, 63 

Geoffrey of Monmouth, 94 

Geok-Tepe captured by the Russians, 247 

George I., King of England, 164, 168; II., 
168; III., 172, 184; IV., 186; V., 332, 336, 
338, 342 

George I., King of Schleswig-Holstein, 
King of Greece, 227 

George Podiebrad, King of Bohemia, 121 

Georgia, secedes, 222 

Germanic Confederation, 185 

Germanic Diet, 201 

Germanicus, 49 

Germantown, battle of, 176 

Germany, and the Germans, defeated by 
Cassar, 43; invaded by Maximinus, 57; 
by Northmen, 76; by Normans, 79; 
final separation of, from France, 80 ; 
nation, beginning of, 82; war with 
Hungary, 123; war with Turkey, 141; 
Prussia ceded by Poland, 153; war with 
France, 157; war with Turkey, 159; 
Germanic Confederation, 185, 187; Ger- 
man Union, 197; Congress at Frankfort, 
227; North German Confederation, 231; 
Triple Alliance, 249; colonial policy, 
251; acquires, Heligoland, 258; buys 
Caroline, Pelew, Ladrone Islands, 283; 
new naval program, 285; Defence Bill, 
347; ultimatum to Russia, 363; declares 
war with Russia, 365; invades Luxem- 
burg and Belgium, 365; war with 
France, 365; declares war on Belgium, 
365; war with Japan, 365; war with 
Montenegro, 365 

Geronimo, 252 

Geta, 55 

Gettysburg, battle of, 226; semi-cen- 
tennial, 356 

Ghazi Muktar Pasha, 347, 351 

Ghent, pacification of, 136; peace of, 184 

Ghuzni taken by the British, 193 

Gibbon, historian, 176 

Gibraltar taken by England, 162; held 
against Spanish and French, 177 

Gildas, 66 

Gilling, monastery of, 70 

Gingholova, 244 

Giotto, artist, no 

Girard College founded, 190 

Gizeh, 2 

Gladiators, first, 28 



INDEX 



403 



Gladstone, W. E., ministry out, 238; de- 
nunciation of Turkish atrocities, 240; 
government, 246; ministry defeated, 
250; formation of Liberal ministry, 252; 
Irish Home Rule Bill, 264; denounces 
House of Lords, 266; resigns office, 268; 
criticizes action of European Powers, 
276; death, 278 

Glass-Owen Currency Bill, 356, 358 

Glastonbury Abbey, 72 

Glencoe, massacre, 160; battle of, 282 

Glendower, Owen, 115 

Globe, terrestrial first, 122; first circum- 
navigated, 128 

Glycerius, 65 

Gobelin tapestry, 154 

Godfrey of Bouillon, 92 

Godwin, Earl, rebellion of, 89 

Goebel, Senator, 284 

Goethals, Geo. W., 310 

Goethe, 176 

Gold, discovered in California, 194; in 
Alaska, 274 

Golden Bull, the, 103 

Golden Fleece, Order of, 116 

Goldsmith, Oliver, 176 

Good Hope, Cape of, discovered, 122 

Gordian I. Emperor, 57; II., 57; III., 57 

Gordon, "Chinese," 227, 249 

Gordon, "No Popery" riots, 176 

Gorm the Elder, King, 79 

Goths, invasion of Rome by, 57; sack 
Rome, 63; extirpate the Alani, 63 

Gottschalk, 78 

Government, Diocletian's Oriental form, 
58 

Governors, Board of, 318 

Gower, John, 112 

Gowrie conspiracy, 142 

Gracchus, Caius, 39 

Gramont, Duke of, 235 

Gran, battle of, 141 

Granada, conquest of, 124 

Granicus, battle of the, 22 

Grant, Ulysses S., siege at Vicksburg, 226; 
commander-in-chief, 226; general-in- 
chief, 230; President, 232; re-elected 
President, 236; retired, 250; death, 250 

Gratian, 61 

Gravelines, battle of, 132 

Great Britain {see England) 

Great Eastern, the, 216 

Greece, Greeks, Mycenean art, 4; Dor- 
ian migration, s ; lyric poetry, 6; connec- 
tion with Egypt, 11; Ionian revolt, 12, 
Greeks in Asia Minor subjected by 
Persians, Pisistratidae expelled, democ- 
racy established at Athens, 13; invasion 
and defeat of Persians, 15; war with 
Boeotians, 17; Peloponnesian War, 17; 
peace of Nicias, 17; invade Persia, 23; 
invaded by Gauls, 29; entered by the 
Catalans, 109; declaration of indepen- 
dence of, 187; independence accom- 
plished, 189; kingdom of, 191; constitu- 
tion, 193; war with Turkey, 277, 351; 
with Bulgaria, 357; annexes Crete, 
359 

Greek Church separated from Armenian, 
66 

Greeley, Horace, 236 

Greely, Lieutenant A. W., 250 



Greenland discovered, 84; tributary to 

Norway, 105 
Greenwich, universal prime meridian, 250; 

time, 337 
Gregory I., Pope, 68; II., 72; III., 72; IV., 

76; V., 84; VII., 90; VIII., 98; IX., 102; 

X., 104; XL, 112; XII., 114; XIII., 137; 

XV., 145; XVI., 191 
Gregory of Nazianzus, 60 
Gregory Thaumaturgus, 56 
Gregory of Tours, 68 
Grevy, Jules, President of France, 24s, 

249 
Grey, Earl, 336 
Grey, Sir Edward, 342, 362 
Grimoald, Duke of Benevento, 71 
Grospan, battle of, 282 
Grossjagerndorf, 173 
Grotius, 150 

Guadaloupe Hidalgo, treaty of, 194 
Guadaloupe settled, 146 
Guam ceded to United States, 280 
Guasimas, Las, battle of, 278 
Guatemala, independent, 187 
Guaymas, battle of, 209 
Guilford Court House, battle of, 176 
Guiteau, 246 

Gunpowder, first use of, no 
Gunpowder Plot, 142 
Gustavus I., Vasa, King of Sweden, 129; 

II., Adolphus, 143, 147; III., 17s; IV., 

179; V., 31S 

H 

Habeas Corpus Act, suspension of, 186, 

194 
Haco IV., King of Norway, 101 
Hadrian I., Pope, 72; II., 78; III., 78; IV., 

96; V., 104 
Hadrian, Emperor, 53 
Hadrian's wall, 53 
Hague, The, arbitration tribunal, 288, 290; 

second peace conference, 312; Palace of 

Peace, 314; Court of Arbitration, 334 
Hague, The treaty of, 157, 165 
Halidon Hill, battle of, n 1 
Halifax founded, 130 
Halleck, General, 224 
Halley, astronomer, 168; comet of, 326 
Hall of Fame, 288 
Hamilcar Barca, 14, 31 
Hamilton, Patrick, 128 
Hancock, John, 174 
Handel, 170 
Hannibal, 32, 33 
Hanover, House of, 164 
Hapsburg, House of, founded, 104, 116; 

accession of Bohemia and Hungary to, 

129 
Harden, Maximilian, 315 
Hardicanute, King, 87; III., 87 
Harold Blue-Tooth, King of Denmark, 83 
Harold Haarfagr, King, 79 
Harold I. (Harefoot), King of England, 87; 

II., 89 
Haroun al Raschid, Caliph, 74, 75, 77 
Harper's Ferry, 218, 222, 224 
Harrison, Benjamin, President of United 

States, 254 
Harrison, William Henry, 184; President 

of United States, 192 



404 



INDEX 



Hart, Sir Robert, 27s 

Hartford Convention, 184 

Harvard College founded, 148 

Hasdrubal, 31, 33 

Hastenbeck, battle of, 172 

Hastings, Warren, 174, 178 

Hatasu (Hatshepset), Queen of Egypt, 3 

Hatshepset (Hatasu), Queen of Egypt, 3 

Havana taken by the English, 172 

Hawaii, American protectorate over, 264; 
revolution in, 265; republic, 269; an- 
nexed to United States, 276 

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 226 

Haydn, musician, 178 

Hayes, R. B., President of United States, 
240 

Haynau, 196, 197 

Hayne, 188 

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 284, 286, 2SS 

Hayti, freedom for negroes, 181 

Hecatompylos, 32 

Hedgley Moor, battle of, 120 

Hegesippus, 54 

Hegira, year of the, 68, 69 

Heidelberg, University of, founded, 112 

Heilbronn, Union of, 147 

Heine, Heinrich, 214 

Heliogabalus, 55 

Heligoland, 258, 364 

Helvetian Republic, 181 

Helvoet Sluys, battle of, 111 

Hengist, 63 

Hennersdorf, battle of, 171 

Henry, Patrick, 174 

Henry IV., King of Castile, 120 

Henry I., King of England, 93 ; II., 96, 97 ; 
III., 101, 103; IV., lis; V., 114, 115; 
VI., 116, 117; VII., 123; VIII., 126, 128 

Henry I., King of France, 86, 88; II., 132; 
III., 136. 138; IV., 138, 140 

Henry I., King of Germany, 80; II., 84, 86; 
III., 86, 88; IV., 88, 90, 91, 92; V., 92, 
94; VI., 98; of Luxemburg, 108 

Henry of Huntingdon, 94 

Henry, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 
287 

Henry of Valois, King of Poland, 137 

Henry I., King of Portugal, 138 

Henry, Prince of Prussia, 290 

Henry the Lion, King of Saxony, 96, 98 

Heptarchy, seven kingdoms united, 77 

Heraclea (Pandosia), battle of, 27 

Heracleonas, 71 

Heraclius, 69, 71 

Hercte, battle of, 31 

Herculaneum, 51 

Hermogenes, 52 

Hermogenianus, 58 

Herod the Great, 44 

Herodian, 54 

Herodotus, 16 

Herzegovina annexed to Austria, 321 

Hesse-Cassel, uprising in, 199 

Hessians hired, 176 

Hexham, battle of, 120 

Hezekiah, King of Judah, 6 

Hicks Pasha, 249 

Hiero of Syracuse, 29 

Hiero, tyrant of Syracuse, IS 

Hieroglyphics deciphered, 186 

Hilarus, Pope, 64 

Hilary of Poitiers, 60 



Hildebrand, 88, 90 

Himera, battle of, 15 

Hincmar, 78 

Hipparchus, 13, 36 

Hippocrates, 18 

Hippolytus, 54 

Hittites, 3 

Hobbes, Thomas, 148 

Hohenfriedberg, battle of, 171 

Hohenlinden, battle of, 181 

Hohenlohe-Schillingfurst, 269, 286 

Hohenstaufen, last of the, 105 

Hohenzollern, House of, 136 

Holbein, Hans, painter, 128 

Holland, beginning of Dutch indepen- 
dence, 138; alliance with France, 146; 
loses Brazil, 153; union of, with Bel- 
gium, 185; separated from Belgium, 189 

Holstein-Gottorp, House of, 171 

Holy Roman Empire, end of, 183 

Home Rule in Ireland, 342, 346, 348, 350, 
352, 356, 358, 360, 362 

Homeric poems, beginning of, 4 

Homildon Hill, battle of, lis 

Hong-Kong ceded to Great Britain, 192 

Honorius I., Pope, 68; II., 94; III., 100; 
IV., 106 

Honorius, Emperor, 61 

Hooker, General Joseph, 224 

Hookworm disease, 326, 328 

Hophra (Apries), King of Egypt, 11 

Horace, 44 

Hormisdas, Pope, 66 

Horsa, 63 

Hortensius, law of, 27 

House of Commons, first speaker of, 113 

Houston, General Sam, 224 

Hroswitha, 82 

Hubertsburg, peace of, 173 

Hudson-Fulton celebration, 326 

Hudson, Hendrick, 142 

Hudson's Bay Company, 232 

Huerta, President of Mexico, 352, 353, 
355, 357, 361, 363 

Hugh the Great, Duke of France, 82; of 
Vermandois, 92 

Hugo, King, 80 

Huguenots, religious liberty granted to, 
134; colonize Florida, 135; destroyed by 
Spaniards, 135; routed at Jarnac, 136; 
end of, 146 

Hull, General, 184 

Humbert I., King of Italy, 243, 251, 287 

Hundred Days in France, 185 

Hundred Years' War, no, in 

Hungary, Hungarians, entered by the 
Magyars, 80, 81 ; invaded by Turks, 129; 
Soliman, master of, 131; declares in- 
dependence, 197 ; constitution restored, 
231 

Hunneric, King of the Vandals, 64 

Huns, the, 61 

Hunyady, John, 119 

Huskisson's free trade system, 186 

Huss, John, 114 

Hussite War, 117 

Huygens, astronomer, 154 

Hyacinthe, Pere, 233 

Hyder Ali, 176, 177 

Hyginus, Pope, 52 

Hyksos, kings of Egypt, 3 

Hypatia of Alexandria, 62 



INDEX 



405 



Hyppolite, President of Hayti, 257 
Hyrcanus, John, I., 38; II., 40, 42 



Iamblichus, 58 

Ibrahim Pasha, 193 

Iceland, 78, 79, 105 

Iconium, battle of, 99 

Idstedt, battle of, 199 

Ignatius, St., 52; patriarch, 78 

Ilipa, battle of, 33 

Illinois admitted, 186 

Image-worship, 76, 77_ 

Impeachment of President Johnson, 232 

Income tax law, 270; amendment, 352 

India, invaded by Alexander, 22; war 
against Scythian invaders, 42; invaded 
by Timur, 115; Mogul Empire at great- 
est splendor, 133; the Mahratta power, 
155; height of Mogul power in, 159; 
Hyder Ali resists English, 174, 175; 
Great Mahratta War, 183; Mahratta 
power overthrown, 187; Sikh War, 192, 
196; Punjaub annexed, 196; Oudh an- 
nexed, 212; Sepoy rebellion, 214, 216; 
Delhi capital, 342 

India Bill, 177 

Indiana admitted, 186 

Indo-China, 273 

Indulf, King of Scotland, 83 

Indulgence, Declaration of, 158 

Ine, King, 71 

Ingogo River, battle of, 247 

Initiative and referendum, 344 

Inkermann, battle of, 211 

Innocent I., Pope, 62; II., 94; III., 98, 
100, 101; IV., 102; V., 104; VI., no; 
VII., 114; VIII., 123; IX., 141; X., 151; 
XL, 157; XII., 161; XIII., 169 

Inoculation, 168, 248 

Inquisition, the, 100, 102, 122, 190 

Institute of France, 180 

Insubres defeated by the Romans, 31 

Insurance, Workingmen"s Accident, 251; 
investigation, 302; National Bill, 338; 
Workingmen's, 339; Bill, 342 

Inter-State Commerce Bill, 252 

Ionian Islands, republic of, 187, given to 
Greece, 227 

Ipsus, battle of, 26 

Iquique bombarded, 245 

Ireland, invaded by the Northmen, 87; 
subdued by Cromwell, 150; Fenian 
outbreaks, 228; troubles in, 246; Home 
Rule in Belfast, 262 

Irenasus, 54 

Irene, Empress, 75, 77 

Irving, Washington, 188 

Isaac I. (Comnenus), Emperor, 89; II., 99 

Isabella II., Queen pf Spain, 191, 193 

Isabella of Castile, 120 

Isauria, 6s 

Isidorus of Seville, 68 

Islamism, 68 

Island No. 10 taken by United States, 224 

Ismail, Khedive of Egypt, 245 

Israel, kingdom of, separation of, from 
Judah, 4; death of Ahab, Jehu seizes 
power, end of, 6 

Issus, battle of, 22 



Italy, and Italians, Roman franchise 
granted to, 40; conquered by Theodoric, 
65; Byzantine power in, 67; conquered 
by Lombards, 67; union with Germany, 
82; invaded by Frederick I. of Ger- 
many, 96; war with Frederick II., 103; 
invaded by Louis IV., 109; papal power 
restored, in; invaded by France, 126, 
181; revolution in, 195; republic pro- 
claimed 197; Austrian power re-estab- 
lished, 197; end of Bourbon rule, 223; 
war with Austria, 231; Triple Alliance, 
249; war in Abyssinia, 275; war with 
Turkey, 341; annexes Tripoli and 
Cyrenaica, 343; declares neutrality, 363 

Ito, Marquis, 279, 327 

Iturbide, Emperor of Mexico, 187 

Ivan III. (the Great), Emperor of Russia, 
121; IV. (the Terrible), 131, 133; VI., 
171 

Ivry, battle of, 138 



Jackson, Andrew, 184; President of United 
States, 18S, 190 

Jackson, "Stonewall," 226 

Jacobites, insurrection of, 164 

Jagello, see Vladislav 

James tl., King of Aragon, 106 

James I., King of England (VI., of Scot- 
land), 142; II., 15S, 160 

James I., King of Scotland, 115; II., 117; 
III., 120; IV., 122, 124; V., 126; VI., 
(I., of England), 134, 142 

Jameson, Dr., 272, 273, 274, 316 

Jameson raid, 272, 273, 276 

Jamestown, Va., settled, 142; exposition, 
312 

Jannsus, Alexander, 38 

Jansenists, the, 148, 152, 154 

Jansenius, Bishop of Ypres, 148 

Japan, first Mikado Jimmu Tenno, 9; 
rise of feudal nobility, 70; war between 
the Taira and Minamoto, 97; the Taira 
exterminated, Minamoto in supreme 
control, 99; the fall of the Minamoto, 
succeeded by the Hojo clan, 101; 
Shogunate seized by the Fujiwara, 103; 
fall of Hojo family, in; feudalism 
perfected, ill; treaty with Portugal, 
130; fall of Ashikaga shoguns, 137; 
invades Corea, 141; treaty with United 
States, 208; treaty with Great Britain, 
210; treaties with the United States, 
Great Britain, Russia, 217; ports opened 
to trade, 219; last of shoguns, 231; 
Mikado assumes sole power, 233; aboli- 
tion of _ feudalism, 237; European 
calendar introduced, 238; constitution, 
257; first parliament, 259; war with 
China, 269, 271; war with Russia, 302; 
alliance with England, 302; annexes 
Corea, 333; declares war on Germany, 
365 

Jarnac, battle of, 136 

Jason, 34 

Jassy, battle of, 145 

Jay's treaty, 180 

Jeannette, the, 244, 246 

Jeddah, bombardment of, 216 



406 



INDEX 



Jefferson, Thomas, Minister to France, 
178; President of United States, 182; 
re-elected, 182; death, 188 

Jeffreys, Judge, 158 

Jehosaphat, King of Judah, 6 

Jehu, King of Israel, 6 

Jena, battle of, 183 

Jeroboam II., King of Israel, 6 

Jerome, 60; of Prague, 114 

Jerusalem, plundered by Shashank, 4; 
taken by Babylonians, 10; final de- 
struction, 10; the second temple, 12; 
walls built by Nehemiah, 16; submits 
to Alexander the Great, 22; Egyptians 
expelled from, 32; taken by Antiochus 
VII., 36; taken by Herod, temple 
reconstructed, 44; rebuilt, 52; taken by 
Persians, 69; by Arabs, 71; captured by 
Turks, 91; taken by the Crusaders, 93; 
taken by Saladin, 99 

Jesuits, the, founded, 130; enter Brazil, 
133; colleges established, 134; banished 
from France, 140; strife with Jansenists, 
152; influential in China, 159; ex- 
pelled from France, 173; suppressed in 
France, 175; expelled from Spain, 175; 
re-established, 184; expelled from Ger- 
many, 237; expelled from Rome, 239; 
expelled from religious houses in France, 
2 47 

Jesus Christ, birth of, 46; baptism, 
crucifixion, 48 

Jews, the, Exodus, Saul, David, Solomon, 
separation of Judah and Israel, Jerusa- 
lem plundered, Asa, Omri, 4; end of 
kingdom of Israel, 6; end of kingdom of 
Judah, 10; edict of Cyrus for return of 
the Jews, 12; first treaty with Romans, 
34; end of independence, 42; banished 
from Italy, 49; their end as a nation, 50; 
their revolt, 52; persecuted in Spain, 70; 
expelled from England, 107; persecuted 
in France, 108; expelled from Spain, 
124; favorable decree in Austria, 218; 
outrages against, in Russia, 247; anti- 
semitic meetings at Berlin, 247; per- 
secution of, in Russia, 249; edicts against 
in Russia, 259; expelled from Moscow, 
261; in Roumania, 290; Kishineff mas- 
sacre, 293; expelled from Kieff, 333; 
Beilsis affair, 359 

Johannesburg, 273, 284 

John, King of Abyssinia, 257 

John of Austria, 137 

John IV., King of Braganza, 149 

John II., King of Castile, 114 

John II., Emperor of Eastern Empire 
(Comnenus), 95; of Brienne, 103; V., 
in, 113; VI., in; VII., 117 

John Lackland, King of England, 99, 101 

John (the Good), King of France, no 

John Albert, King of Poland, 125 

John II., King of Portugal, 122; V., 163; 
VI., 187 

John III., King of Sweden, 137 

John I., Pope, 66; II., 66; III., 66; IV., 70; 
V., 70; VI., 70; VII., 70; VIII., 7S; IX., 
80; X., 80; XL, 82; XII., 82; XIII., 82; 
XIV., 84; XV., 84; XVI., 84; XVIL, 
84; XVIIL, 84; XIX., 86; XXIL, 108, 
no; XXIIL, 114 

John of Damascus, 72 



John of Leyden, 131 

Johnson, Andrew, President of United 
States, 228, 232, 240 

Johnson, Samuel. 176 

Johnston, General A. S., 222 

Johnstown flood, 256 

Jonathan, 36 

Jones, Commodore John Paul, 176, 184, 
302 

Jonson, Ben, 142 

Joseph I., King of Germany, 161, 163; II., 
173. I7S, 177, 179 

Joseph I., King of Hungary, 159 

Josephus, 50 

Josiah, reformation of, in Judah, 8 

Joubert, Piet, General, 284 

Juarez, President of Mexico, 217, 219, 223, 
227, 237 

Judah, kingdom of, separation of, from 
Israel, 4; Jehosaphat, King, 6; Uzziah, 
King, 6; Jeroboam II., 6; Hezekiah, 6; 
reformation of Josiah, 8; invaded by 
Egyptians, 9; conquered by Babylon- 
ians, end of, 10 

Judas Maccabeus, 34, 36 

Judea, dominated by Ptolemies, 26; con- 
quered by Antiochus the Great, 32; 
becomes Roman province, 44; Pontius 
Pilate, procurator, 48; conquest of, 
completed, 50 

Jugurtha, 39 . 

Julianus, Didius, 55 

Julius Africanus, 54 

Julius I., Pope, 58; II., 125; III., 133 

Junius, letters of, 174 

Justin Martyr, 52 

Justin I., 66, 67; II., 67 

Justinian I., 66, 67; II., 70, 71 

Juvenal, 52 

K 

Kairwan occupied by French, 247 

Kalakaua, King of Hawaiian Islands, 255 

Kaleidoscope, invention of, 186 

Kallimachus, 30 

Kandahar relieved by Roberts, 247 

Kane's expedition, 206 

Kansas, invaded by Missourians, 212; 

Topeka constitution, 214; message, 216; 

new free-state convention, 216; bill, the 

English, 216 
Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 208 
Kant, 176 

Kaou-Tsung, Emperor of China, 95 
Kapolna, battle of, 197 
Kars, battle of, 213, 243 
Kassites, 3 

Kearsarge and Alabama, 226 
Keats, poet, 184 
Kempis, Thomas a, 116 
Kentucky, explored, 174; admitted, 178 
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 180 
Keresztes, battle of, 141 
Kertch, battle of, 213 
Khafra (Chefren), King of Egypt, 2 
Khammurabi, Code of, 2 
Khartoum, 251 
Khiva taken by Russia, 239 
Khokand annexed to Russia, 241 
Khorassan, 77 
Khufu (Cheops), King of Egypt, 2 



INDEX 



407 



Kiau-chau, occupied by Germany, 277; 

leased to Germany, 279, 365 
Kimberley, siege of, 282, 284 
Kin-Chow, battle of, 271, 295 
Kinderlen-Waechter, 341 
King Philip's War, 156; William's War, 

158 
King's Mountain, battle of, 176 
Kishineff massacre, 293, 29s 
Kissingen, battle of, 231 
Kitchener, Lord, 274, 278, 280, 284 
Kneller, Godfrey, painter, 162 
Knights of St. John, 108, 109 
Knights Templars founded, 94, 108 
Knox, John, 130 
Knox, Philander, Secretary of State, 326, 

328, 336 
Kobad of Persia, 6s 
Kollin, battle of, 173 
Korea, see Corea 
Korupedion, battle of, 26 
Kosciuszko, 181 
Kossovo, battle of, 115 
Kossuth, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204 
Koszta affair, 206 
Kotzebue assassination, 187 
Krotzka, battle of, 171 
Kriiger, President of Transvaal, 273, 279, 

282, 287 
Kuang Hsu, Emperor of China, 2S1, 

323 
Kublai Khan, Emperor of China, founder 

of the Mongol dynasty, 105 
Kulturkampf, 239 
Kundersdorf, battle of, 173 
Kuroki, General, 297 
Kuropatkin, General, 299, 301 
Kutcfiuk-Kainarji, peace of, 175 
Kwang-chau-wan ceded to France, 27 



Labor: in Belgium, 298, 299; in England, 
190, 258, 278, 308. 344. 346, 348; in 
France, 190, 307, 313. 325. 34*. 345: in 
Germany, 190, 257, 259, 339;. in Italy, 
269; in Russia, 299, 303, 305; in Spain, 
259; in Switzerland, 348; in United 
States, 252, 262, 268, 270, 272, 276, 288, 
290, 292, 294, 298, 300, 302, 304, 306, 
310, 312, 316, 324. 354. 362 

La Bruyere, critic, 160 

Lactantius, 58 

Ladislas I. (the Saint), King of Hungary, 
91; IV., 105; I., King of Poland, 91 

Ladrone Islands bought by Germany, 283 

Ladysmith, siege of, 282, 284 

Lafayette, Marquis de, arrival in Ameri- 
ca, 176; imprisoned at Olmiitz, 179; in 
America, 186; commander of National 
Guard, 189; death, 191, 286 

La Fontaine, 154 

La Hogue, battle of, 160 

Laing's Neck, battle of, 247 

Lake Champlain, battle of, 184 

Lake Erie, battle of, 184 

Lamartine, 188 

Lamoriciere, 229 

Lamsdorff, Count, 285 

Lancaster, House of, 115 

Landshut, battle of, 173 

Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, 90 



Langfanan, battle of, 89 

Langton, Stephen, Archbishop of Canter- 
bury, 101 

Languedoc, canal of, 154 

La Rochefoucauld, 154 

La Rochelle reduced, 146 

Lascaris, Theodore, Emperor, 101 

Lateran Councils, First, Second, 94 

Latin language, 68 

Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, 146, 148 

Lauenburg sold to Prussia, 229 

Laval-Montmorency, Bishop of New 
France, 154 

Law, employers' Liability, 316, 344 

Law, A. Bonar, 342, 352 

Law, John, 169 

Lawrence, Kansas, 210, 212 

Laws, and Law, Publilian, 15; Gregorian 
code of civil, 58; Burgundian, 64; Salic, 
64, 108; Canon, establishment of, 94; 
Alien and Sedition, 180; Corn, 184; 
against freedom of press, 187; anti- 
socialist, 247; education, in England, 
292; Employers'_ Liability, 316 

Lawton, General, 284 

Layamon, 98 

Lay bach, congress of, monarchs at, 187 

League, of the Forest Cantons, 107; of the 
Public Weal, 120; Holy League, 126; 
of Cambray, 127; Catholic, 136, 138, 
146; Catholic and Protestant, 153; of 
Augsburg, 158; of Hanover, 168; the 
Erfurt, 199; National, 264 

Leavenworth, Kansas, founded, 208 

Lechfeld, the battle of, 82 

Lee, General Robert E., 224; surrender of, 
228 

Legion of Honor, 183 

Legnano, battle of, 96 

Leibnitz, philosopher, 160 

Leicester, Earl of, 138 

Leipsic, University of, 114; battle of, 18s 

Lemberg, battle of, 365 

Leo I., Emperor, 65; II., 65; IV., 75; V., 
77; VI., 81 

Leo I., Pope, 62; II., 70; III., 74; IV., 78; 
V., 80; VI., 80; VII., 82; VIII., 82; IX., 
88; X., 127; XL, 143; XII., 187; XIII., 
243. 293 

Leo the Isaurian, 72, 73 

Leontius, 71 

Leopold III., of Austria, 112; IV., 112 

Leopold I., King of Belgium, 191; II. ,229, 
329 

Leopold I., Emperor of Germany, 155, 
157; II., 179 

Leovigild, King, 69 

Lepanto, battle of, 136, 137 

Lepidus, 43 

Le Sage, 164 

Lesco II., King of Poland, 105 

Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 264 

Leszczynski, Stanislas, King of Poland, 
163 

Leuthen, battle of, 173 

Levant Company, the, 138 

Lewis and Clark expedition, 182; exposi- 
tion, 302 

Lexington, battle of, 174 

Lexow investigation, 270 

Leyden University of, 136 

Lhassa, 296 



408 



INDEX 



Liao-Tung peninsula returned to China, 
271 

Liao-Yang, battle of, 297 

Liberal party in United States, 192 

Liberator, the, 190 

Liberius, Pope, 60 

Liege, siege of, 365 

Liegnitz, battle of, 173 

Ligny, battle of, 18s 

Li Hung Chang, 271, 274, 275 

Liliaiokalani, Queen of Hawaii, 263 

Lima surrenders, 247 

Limerick, battle of, 160 

Lincoln, Abraham, elected President, 220; 
re-elected, 228; assassination and death, 
228; centenary, 322 

Lincoln, battle of, 10 1 

Lind, John, 356 

Linevitch, General, 301 

Linnaeus, 168 

Linus, Pope, 50 

Lisbon, great seat of trade, 124; peace of, 
155 

Lithosoria, battle of, 73 

Little Rock taken by United States, 
224 

Livius Andronicus, 30 

Livonia ceded to Sweden, 155 

Livy, 33, 44 

Llewellyn of Wales, 107 

Lloyd-George, David, 318, 324, 338 

Loa, naval battle of, 245 

Lobositz, battle of, 173 

Locke, John, 160 

Lockwood, Lieutenant, 248 

Locomotive, first steam, 182 

Lodi, peace of, 121; battle of, 181 

Lollius, 47 

Lombardy and the Lombards, 67, 69, 73 

London, great plague and fire, 154; treaty 
of, 188; conference, 190, 226, 236; 
treaty of, 355 

Londonderry, siege of, 158 

Longfellow, Henry W., 248 

Long Island, battle of, 176 

Longinus, 56 

Longueville, 152 

Longwy taken by France, 179 

Longjumeau, treaty of, 136 

Long Parliament, 148, 152 

Lopez, Narcisso, 198, 203 

Lorimer, Senator, 336 

Lome, Marquis of, 243 

Lorraine, partitioned, 78; conquest of, by 
France, 169; House of, 171; annexed to 
France, 175; ceded to Germany, 237 

Lorraine, Claude, painter, 148 

Lothair, Emperor of Italy and Lorraine, 
76; II., 78; II., Emperor of Germany, 94 

Loubet, Emile, President of France, 281, 
291 

Louis II. .King of Bavaria, 227, 253 

Louis II., King of France, 78; III., 80; IV., 
82; VI., 94; VII., 94, 96; IX., 104; X., 
108; XL, 116, 120; XII., 124; XIV., 150, 
154, 160; XV., 164, 169; XVI., 17s, 1S1 ; 
XVIIL, 18S 

Louis Napoleon, insurrection attempted 
191; second insurrection, 193; impris- 
oned, 193; escapes, 193; elected presi- 
dent of France, 195; coup d'etat, 201; 
orders confiscation of Orleans property, 



203; in Southern France, 203; entry 
into Paris, 203; proclaimed Emperor 
205 (see Napoleon III.) 
Louis Philippe I., King of France, 189, 195, 

Louis I. (the German). King of Germany, 

76, 78; II., 78; III. (the Child), 80; IV., 

109, no 
Louis I. (the Pious), Emperor, 76 
Louis II., King of Bohemia and Hungary, 

127 
Louis the Great, King of Hungary, in 
Louisburg, taken by the English, 170; 

restored to France, 170; captured by 

Amherst, 172 
Louisiana, settled, 160; purchase, 182; 

admitted, 184; secedes, 222; Purchase 

Exposition, 292 
Lourdes, 237 

Louvain destroyed by the Germans, 365 
Louvain, University of, founded, 116 
Lovatz, battle of, 243 
Lowell, Abbott L., 322 
Lowell, James Russell, 194 
Loyola, Ignatius, 130 
Liibeck, Peace of, 147 
Lublin, Diet of, 137 
Lucan, 51 

Luceria, battle of, 25 
Lu Cheng-Nsieng, Premier, 347 
Lucian, 52 
Lucilius, 38 
Lucius Accius, 38 
Lucius Afranius, 38 
Lucius II., Pope, 94; III., 98 
Lucknow, mutiny at, 214; siege of, 216 
Lucretius, 42 
Lucullus, 40 

Ludwig III., King of Bavaria, 359 
Luis I., King of Portugal, 223, 257 
Luitprand, 82 
Lund, battle of the, 157 
Lundy's Lane, battle of, 184 
Luneville, Peace of, 183; captured, 365 
Luther, Martin, 126, 127, 128 
Lutzen, battle of, 147, 185 
Luxembourg, Marshall, 160 
Luxemburg, made neutral territory, 230; 

invaded by Germany, 365 
Luxemburg, house of, 108, 117 
Luzzara, battle of, 163 
Lycophron, 30 

Lyon, General Nathaniel, 222 
Lyons, General Council of, 102, 104; 

united with France, 108 
Lysander, 19 
Lysimachus, 26, 27 
Lytton, Lord, 188 



M 



Macaulay, 218 

Macbeth, King of Scotland, 87, 89 

Macdonald, Sir John A., 243 

Macedonia, 19, 27, 29, 33, 37, 277 

Maceo, Antonio, 275 

Machiavelli, Niccolo, 124 

MacMahon, Marshal, 235, 237, 239, 241, 

24S 
Macrobius, 62 
Madagascar subject to France, 273 



INDEX 



409 



Madero, Francesco L, President of Mexico, 

335, 337,.343. 353, 355 
Madeira, discovered, 117 
Madison, James, President of United 

States, 182 
Madras, founded, 149; taken by English, 

171 
Maecenas, 44 

Mafeking, siege of, 282; relieved, 284 
" Mafia, " the, 260 
Magdala, capture of, 233 
Magdeburg, sack of, 147 
Magenta, battle of, 219 
Magersfontein, battle of, 284 
Magna Charta signed, 101 
Magnesia, battle of, 34 
Magnus I. (the Good), King of Norway, 

87; II., 105 
Magnus I., King of Sweden, 105; Smek, 

109 
Mahdi, the, 247, 251, 253 
Mahmud of Ghazni, 85 
Mahmud II., Sultan of Turkey, 183 
Mail, first overland, 216 
Maine, battleship, 278 
Maine, settled, 144; part of, joined to 

Massachusetts, 152; bought by Massa- 
chusetts, 156; ravaged by French and 

Indians, 162; admitted, 186 
Mainz, taken by France, 179 
Majuba Hill, battle of, 247 
Makaroff, Admiral, 295 
Malcolm I., King of Scotland, 83; II., S5; 

III., 89, 91, 93 
Maldon, battle of, 85 
Malplaquet, battle of, 164 
Malta, given to Knights of Rhodes, 131; 

besieged by Turks, 135 
Mamelukes, the rulers of Egypt, 103, 107 
Manchuria, 269, 287, 291 
Manchus, invade China, 145 
Mandalay, 252 
Manes, 56 

Manhattan Island settled, 144 
Manila, taken by the English, 172; battle 

of, 278 
Mansfeld, 145 
Mantinea, battle of, 21, 33 
Manuel Comnenus, Emperor, 95; II., 115 
Manuel II., King of Portugal, 317, 319, 

335 
Manumission of slaves, Law against, 220 
Manzikert, battle of, 91 
Marat assassinated, 181 
Marathon, battle of, 15 
Marozia, 80 

Marbles, Arundelian, 144 
Marcel, Etienne, leader of Paris, 112 
Marcellinus, Pope, 58 
Marcellus II., Pope, 133 
Marchand, Major, 281, 283 
Marcian, 62 

Marcionites, rise of the, 52 
Marconi, Wiliiam, 292 
Marco Polo, 104, 105 
Marcomanni,. 53 
Mardonius, 15 
Marengo, battle of, 181 
Margaret, maid of Norway, 107; Queen 

of Norway, 113 
Margaret of Anjou, Queen of Henry VI., 

of England, 119 



Margaret of Parma, Regent of the Nether- 
lands, 134 
Maria, Queen of Portugal, 177; II., 209 
Maria Christina, Regent of Spain, 209 
Maria da Gloria, Queen of Portugal, 189 
Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria, 171 
Maria Theresa of Spain, Queen of France, 

154 
Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, 175 
Marie Christina, Queen of Spain, 245; 

Regent of Spain, 253 
Marietta, Ohio, settled, 178 
Marignano, battle of, 126 
Marius, 39 

Marlborough, Duke of, 162 
Marne, battle of the, 365 
Marsaglia, battle of, 161 
Marseilles (Massalia) founded, 9 
Marshall Islands, annexed by Germany, 

253 
Marsilius of Padua, 108 
Marston Moor, battle of, 150 
Martinique settled, 146 
Mary, Queen of England, 132; II., 160; 

(wife of George V.j, 338 
Mary, Queen of Scots, 130, 134, 136, 

138 
Maryland, settled, 146; a royal province, 

160 
Matabeles, the, 274 
Matanzas, bombardment of, 278 
Mather, Cotton, 162 

Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, 121 
Martial, 50 
Martin I., Pope, 70; II., 78; III., 82; IV., 

106; V., 116 
Martin of Tours, 60 
Masaniello, 151 
Mason and Dixon's line, 154 
Mason and Slidell incident, 222 
Massachusetts, adds Maine, 152; buys 

Maine, 156; deprived of Charter, 158 
Massalia (Marseilles) founded, 9 
Massinissa, King of Numidia, 35, 37 
Mather, Increase, 158 
Matilda, daughter of Henry I., of England, 

95 
Mattathias, the Hasmonean, 34 
Matteo Visconti, master of Milan, 107, 

109 _ 
Matthias, Emperor of Germany, 143 
Mauretania, 49 
Maurice, the Cappadocian, 69; elector of 

Saxony, 133 
Maximilian of Austria, Emperor of 

Mexico, 227, 231 
Maximilian II., King of Bavaria, 195 
Maximilian I., Emperor of Germany, 123, 

125, 127; II., 135, 137 
Maximinus, 57 
Maypu, battle of, 187 
Mazarin, Cardinal, 150, 152, 154 
Mazeppa, revolt of, 163 
Mazet, investigation, 282 
McCarthy, Justin, 272 
McClellan, General George B., 222, 224 
McKenna, Reginald, 342 
McKinley, William, President of United 

States, 274, 280, 284, 286, 288 
McNamara brothers, 342 
Meade, General, 226 
Medical School, first in America, 172 



4io 



INDEX 



Medici, Catherine de. Queen of France, 
133 

Medici, the, 121, 123, 129, 131, 137 

Medina, Duke of, 159 

Megabyzus, 16, 17 

Mehemet Ali, ruler of Egypt, 193 

Melanchthon, 126 

Melazzo, battle of, 221 

Melikoff, General, 247 

Mellen, Chas. S., 362 

Menander, 25 

Menelek, King of Abyssinia, 273 

Menes, King of Egypt, 2 

Menephthah, Pharaoh of the Exodus, 5 

Mencius, 22 

Menelaus, 34 

Menkaura (Mycerinus), King of Egypt, 2 

Mentana, battle of, 233 

Mercedes, Queen of Spain, 253 

Mercia, kingdom of, 69 

Merovingian Line, end of, 73 

Merrimac, the, 224 

Merseburg, battle of, 82 

Merv, annexed to Russia, 251 

Mery-sur-Seine, 63 

Messana, battle of, 29 

Messenian wars, first, 7; second, 9; third, 
IS 

Messina, revolt of, 157; bombarded, 195 

Metaurus, the, battle of, 33 

Metellus, General, 31 

Metellus Numidicus, 39, 41 

Methuen, Lord, 282 

Methuen treaty, 162 

Metternich, 195, 218 

Metz, a French possession, 132; ceded to 
France, 150; surrender of, 235 

Mexico, conquest of, 128; declares its in- 
dependence, 185; defeated by Texans, 
190; war with France, 191; war with 
United States, 192, 194; revolution in, 
207; new constitution, 215; intervention 
in, proposed by England, France, and 
Spain, 223; crown offered to Maximil- 
ian, 227; Republicans defeat Imperial- 
ists, 229; fall and execution of Maximil- 
ian, 231; railways, 315; revolution 
335, 337; Madero, President, 343; 
revolution, 351, 353; mediation, 360 

Michael I., Emperor, 77; II., 77; III., 77; 
IV., 87; V., 87; VI., 89; VII., 91 

Michael, Emperor of Nicffia, 105 

Michael Angelo, 124 

Michel, Louise, 249 

Micipsa, King of Numidia, 39 

Miecislas II., King of Poland, 87, 97 

Miguel, Dom, King of Portugal, 189 

Mikado, the, 233 

Milan, King of Servia, 249, 257 

Milan, acquired by Spain, 130 

Miles, General, 278 

Mill, John Stuart, 194 

Miltiades, General, 15 

Miltiades, Pope, 58 

Milton, John, 150, 152 

Miluna Pass, battle of, 277 

Minden, battle of, 173 

Minimum Wage Bill, 344 

Minnesota State government organized, 
216 

Minorca captured by the English, 162 

Mint, United States, established, 178 



Minto, Earl of, 302 
Mirabeau, death of, 179 
Miraflores, battle of, 247 
Mississippi River discovered, 131; ascen- 
ded by Farragut, 224 
Mississippi, admitted, 186; secedes, 222 
Missolonghi, 187, 189 
Missouri, Compromise, 186; admitted, 

186 
Mithridates I., King of Pontus, 20; I., 

King of Parthia, 34; IV., King of 

Pontus, 36; V., King of Pontus, 38 
Mithradatic wars, 40 
Mobile taken by Union forces, 228 
Modder River, battle of the, 282 
Modoc war, 236, 238 
Mohacz, battle of, 159 
Mohammed, 68, 69 
Mohammed I., Sultan of Turkey, 115; 

II., 119; III., 141; IV., 151; V., 325 
Moldavia, part of, acquired by Russia, 

185; united with Wallachia into Rou- 

mania, 223 
Moliere, 154 

Molinos de Rey, battle of, 194 
Monastic Life, beginning of, 56 
Monastir, 351 
Monetary Union, Latin, 251; United 

States National Commission, 342 
Money Trust investigation, 346 
Monitor and Merrimac, 222 
Monk, General, 154 
Monmouth, rebellion of, 158; battle of, 

176 
Monroe Doctrine, 186, 348 
Monroe, James, 186 
Montaigne, essayist, 132 
Montana admitted, 256 
Montanus, 52 

Mont-Cassel, battle of, 156 
Montcontour, battle of, 136 
Montebello, battle of, 219 
Montecuculi, 15s, 157 _ 
Montenegro, war against Turkey, 241: 

becomes a kingdom, 333; declares war 

with Turkey, 351; on Germany and 

Austria, 36s 
Monterey, capture of, 194 
Monte Rotondo, battle of, 233 
Montesquieu, 168 
Montez, Lola, 19s 
Montfort, Simon de, 105 
Mont Pel6e disaster, 291 
Montreal founded, 148 
Moody and Sankey, 238, 240, 284 
Moorish power, end of, in Spain, 124 
Moors, the, expelled from Tuscany, 143 
More, Sir Thomas, 126, 130 
Morea, the, conquered by Venice, 159 
Morgan, J. P., 290 
Morgarten, battle of, 108 
Morocco, war with Spain, 219; open door 

in, 301; convention, 307; agreement 

with France and Germany, 323; Agadir 

affair, 339, 341; French protectorate, 

34S 
Morse, S. F. B., 190, 236 
Mortemer, battle of, 88 
Moscow, rises to rank of city, 95; becomes 

paramount in Russia, ill; burnt, 137; 

entered by Napoleon's army, 185; 

burnt, 185 



INDEX 



411 



Moselle, army of the, 365 

Mosquito Coast, 267 

Motley, John Lothrop, 234 

Mount Badon, battle of, 67 

Mt. McKinley ; 346 

Mozart, musician, 178 

Muhlberg, battle of, 133 

Mukden, 297, 299, 301 

Mullah, the mad, 290, 292, 331 

Mummius, 37 

Munich, treaty of, 197 

Murad V., Sultan of Turkey, 241 

Murat, King of Naples, 183 

Muravieff, 28s_ 

Murena, conspiracy of, 45 

Murillo, painter, 154 

Musset, Alfred de, 214 

Mustapha I., Sultan of Turkey, 145; II., 

161; III., 173; IV., 183 
Mutiny Bill, 158 

Mutsuhito, Emperor of Japan, 347 
Mycale, battle of, 15 

Mycerinus (Menkaura), King of Egypt, 2 
Mylffl, battle of, 29 
Mylius affair, 336 
Mysore, kingdom of, 173 

N 

Nabonassar, King of Babylon, 6 

Nabonidus, King of Babylon, 10 

Nabopolassar, King of Babylonia, 8 

Nffifels, battle of, 112 

Naevius, 30 

Nagasaki, insurrection at, 239 

Najera, battle of, 112 

Nansen, 266, 270, 274 

Nanshan, battle of, 295 

Nantes, Edict of, 140 

Napier, mathematician, 142 

Naples, partition of, between France and 
Spain, 125; annexed to Aragon, 125; 
revolt of, 151; union with Sicily, 187 

Napoleon I., Emperor of the French (see 
Bonaparte, Napoleon), crowned, 183; 
at Conference of Erfurt, 183; marries 
Maria Louisa, 185; birth of king of 
Rome, 185; abdicates, 18s; retires to 
Elba, 185; return, 185; Waterloo, 185; 
banished to St. Helena, 185; death, 187; 
entombment in Paris, 193 

Napoleon III., Emperor of France (see 
Louis Napoleon), proclaimed Emperor, 
205; marriage, 207; heir born, 213; 
attempted assassination, 217; New 
Year's speech, 217; war with Italy, 219; 
returns to St. Cloud, 219; concedes 
greater freedom of press, 221, 231; war 
with Mexico, 223; visit to Algeria, 229; 
meets Bismarck, 229; Franco-Prussian 
war, 235; defeated at Sedan, 235; death 
of heir, 24s 

Nares, Captain, 240 

Narses, 67 

Narva, battle of, 163 

Naseby, battle of, 150 

Nashville taken by United States troops, 
222 

Nasir-ed-din, Shah of Persia, 275 

Natal, taken by the British, 193; invaded 
by Zulus, 244 

National debt of United States, 190 



National Guard in France, 189 

National Insurance Bill, 338 

Nationalism, new, 332 

Naucratis founded, 9 

Naval warfare, new code for, 322 

Navarino, battle of, 189 

Navigation Act, 152 

Naxos, battle of, 21 

Nebraska admitted, 230 

Nebuchadrezzar II., King of Babylonia, 8 
10 

Necho II., King of Egypt, 8, 9 

Necker, director of finance, 177 

Nectanebus I., King of Egypt, 21 

Neerwinden, battle of, 160 

Nehavend, battle of, 71 

Nelson, Lord, Admiral, 181, 183 

Nepos, Cornelius, 42; Julius, 65 

Neptune, planet, discovered, 192 

Nero, Emperor, 33, 49 

Nerva, 53 

Nestor, 62 

Nestorius, 62 

Netherlands, received by Philip of Spain, 
134; declared independent, 151; in- 
vaded by France, 154; war with Eng- 
land, 154; transformed into Batavian 
Republic, 181; united, 185 

Neufchatel, 215 

Neustria, 67 

Neville's Cross, battle of, n 1 

New Amsterdam occupied by the Eng- 
lish, 154 

Newbury, battle of, 150 

New England Colonies, Confederation of, 
ISO 

New Hampshire settled, 144 

New Mexico, 332, 344 

New Netherlands ceded to England, 134 

New Orleans, settled, 166; battle of, 184; 
taken by United States, 224 

Newspaper, first American daily, 176 

Newton, Sir Isaac, 154, 158, 160 

New York, Greater, 276, 278 

Ney, Marshal, 207 

Niagara Falls, peace conference at, 363 

Nicanor, 34 

Nicaragua, Walker's invasion, 212, 213, 
215; dispute with England, 270 

Nice, Council at, 58; truce of, 130; 
Congress of, 131; annexed to France, 
221 

Nicephorus, Emperor, 77, 83; III., 91 

Nicholas, King of Montenegro, 333, 341 

Nicholas I., Emperor of Russia, 187, 213; 
II., 271, 275 

Nicholas I., Pope, 78; II., 88; III., 104; 
IV., 106; V., anti-pope, no; Pope, 118 

Nicholson's Neck, battle of, 282 

Nicias, peace of, 17 

Nicomedes III., King of Bithynia, 41 

Nicopolis, battle of, 40; lis; taken, 241 

Nicsic, battle of, 243 

Nieszawa, Statute of, 121 

Niger River, 188 

Nigeria, 278 

Nihilists, the, 247, 253 

Nile, exploration of the, 174 

Nimeguen, peace of, 156 

Nineveh, capital, 6; destroyed, 8 

Nissa, battle of, 119; 161 

Nithard, the Jesuit, 157 



412 



INDEX 



Niu-chwang, 271, 297 

Noailles, Cardinal de, 166 

Nogi, General, 301 

Non-Intercourse Act, 182 

Nordlingen, battle of, 147, 150 

Norfolk taken by United States, 224 

Noricum, 62 

Normans, the, 77, 70 

North, Lord, 174 

Northampton, assize of, 97; battle of, 120 

North Carolina, settled, 152; secedes, 222 

North Dakota admitted, 256 

Northern Powers, war of the, 163 

Northern Securities Company, 292 

Northumberland, Earl of, 132 

Northumbria, kingdom of, 69 

Northwest Passage, discovered, 198; made, 
244 

North-West Territory, 176 

Norway, beginning of founding of the 
monarchy, 77; completed, 79; Chri - 
tianity established in, 87; united with 
Sweden, 183; 1000th anniversary of 
kingdom, 237; separated from Sweden, 
303 , 

Novara, battle of, 197 

Novgorod captured by Ivan III., 123 

Novi, battle of, 181 

Nullification, 190 

Numa, 35 

Nystadt, peace of, 169 



o 



Oceanographic Institute, 336 

O'Connell, Daniel, 192 

Odenatus, 56, 57 

Odessa bombarded, 211 

Odo, Abbot, 80; Count, 80; of Bayeaux, 

9i 
Odoacer, 64 

Oertelsburg, battle of, 365 
Ohio admitted, 182 
Oil discovered in Pennsylvania, 21S 
Oil painting, invention of, 112 
Oklahoma, 256, 308 
Okuma, Premier, 279; Count, 361 
Olaf, King of Sweden, 85 
Olaf II., King of Norway, 87 
Olga, Regent of Russia, 82 
Oliva, peace of, 155 
Olmiitz, conference of, 199; congress at, 

209 
Oltenitza, battle of, 209 
Olybrius, 65 
Olympiad, first, 7 
Olympic games, 274 
Olympiodorus, 62 
Olynthus, battle of, 23 
Omar, 69 
Omdurman, 280 
Omri, King of Israel, 4 
O'Neil's rebellion, 134- 
"Open door" in China, 287, in Morocco, 

301 
Orange Free State, 277, 284 
Ordono III., King of Leon, 83 
Oregon Treaty, 194 
Orellana, explorer, 131 
Orleans, city, 116; House of, 189 
Orosius, 62 



Orsini family, the, no 

Oscar I., King of Sweden, 219; II., 237, 

3IS 
Osman Digna, 251, 261 
Ostend, Company, 169; Manifesto, 210; 

captured by Germans, 365 
Ostrogoths, 67 
Ostrolenka, battle of, 191 
Oswego taken by the French, 172 
Othman, Emir of the Turks, 107, 109; II., 

145; III., 173 
Otho, Emperor of Rome, 51; bishop of 

Freising, 94 
Otho I. (the Great), Emperor of Germany, 

82; IV., 98, 100 
Otho I., King of Greece, 191, 193, 225 
Otterbourne (Chevy Chase), battle of, 113 
Otto I., King of Bavaria, 253 
Ottokar II., King of Bohemia, 105 
Ouchy, treaty of, 351 
Oudenarde, battle of, 162 
Ourique, battle of, 94 
Ovid, 48, 49 

Oxford, the Provisions of, 103 
Oxford University established, 96 
Oxygen discovered, 174 



Paardeberg, battle of, 284 

Pacuvius, 36 

Padua, University of, 102 

Pagasa?, battle of, 23 

Paine, Tom, 178 

Palatinate, the, ravaged by Turenne, 156; 
desolated by the French, 159 

Palermo taken by Garibaldi, 221 

Palestine, 5, 6, 32 

Palestrina, musician, 132 

Palma, T. E., first President of Cuba, 291 

Palmerston, Lord, 192, 201, 226 

Palmyra, 52 

Palo Alto, battle of, 192 

Panama, Congress, 18S; railroad, 212; 
canal, 246, 292, 298, 304; treaty be- 
tween Colombia and United States, 250; 
French Company, 255; frauds, 265; 
Hay-Pauncefote treaty, 284; treaty 
with, 294; republic of, 295; Canal Tolls 
Bill, 346, 348, 362; Gamboa Dike 
destroyed, 356 

Panama-Pacific Exposition, 356 

Pan-American, Conference, 256; Exposi- 
tion, 288; Congress, 309, 332 

Pandosia (Heraclea), battle of, 27 

Pankhurst, Mrs. Emmeline, 354 

Pannonia, 47, 63 

Panormus, 31 

Pantheon, 44, 68 

Paoli, 173. 1/5 

Papacy, origin, 68; height of power of, 88; 
fiftieth anniversary of episcopate, 241 

Paper, made in China, 34; art of making, 
72 

Paper money, first, in New York, 164 

Papias, martyrdom of, 52 

Papinian, 54, 55 

Pappus, 60 

Parcorus the Parthian, 44 

Pardo, peace of, 168 



INDEX 



413 



Paris, made capital of Clovis, 65; be 
sieged by Northmen, 78; revolt of, 138 
peace of, 172; entrance of allies, 185 
siege of, 19s, 235; Congress at, 215 
capitulation, 237; German troops enter, 
237; insurrection at, 237 

Park, Mungo, 180 

Parker, Alton B., 296 

Parliament, first, in England, 104; first 
united, of Great Britain, 162 

Parnell, Charles Stuart, 246, 254, 258 

Parr, Catherine, 130 

Parthians, 28, 30, 32, 42, 44, 52, 55 

Partition treaty, first, 160 

Pascal, 150, 154 

Paschal I., Pope, 76; II., 92, 94; III., 
anti-pope, 96 

Paschasius Radbertus, 76 

Passarowitz, peace of, 167 

Passau, treaty of, 133 

Patricians, 15 

Patrick, St., 62 

Paul the Apostle, 48, 50 

Paul I., Pope, 72; II., 121; III., 131; IV., 
133; V., 143 

Paul I., Czar of Russia, 181 

Paul of Samosata, 56 

Pausanias, 23, 52 

Pavia, 67; battle of, 129 

Peabody, George, 214, 226 

Peace Conferences, 280, 282, 296, 356; 
palace, 356 

Peace Jubilee in Boston, 236 

Peary, Robert E., 264, 266, 306, 318, 326, 
328, 332 

Peasant Revolt, 129 

Pedro II., King of Portugal, 155; V., 209, 
223 

Pedro II., Emperor of Brazil, 191 

Peel, Sir Robert, 190 

Pelagius, 62; I., Pope, 66; II., Pope, 68; 
King of Asturias, 73 

Pelopidas, 21 

Peloponnesian War, 17, 19 

Pelusium, battle of, 21 

Penda of Mercia, 69 

Penn, William, 158 

Pensacola seized by Jackson, 186 

Pentaur, poet, 3 

Pepin the Younger, 71; the Short, 72, 73 

Percys, the, rebellion of, 115 

Pergamus, 26, 39 

Periander, tyrant of Corinth, 9, 11 

Pericles, 15, 17 

Periodical, first American, 162 

Perry, Oliver Hazard, 184, 206, 216 

Perseus, King of Macedonia, 35 

Persian Empire, founded, 12; conquers 
Thrace, 12; Ionian revolt, 12; conquers 
Egypt, 13; invasion of Greece, defeat, 
14; conquest of the Persian Empire, 22; 
invaded by Alexander, 23; conquered 
by Parthia, 34; new kingdom, 55; re- 
volution in, 315, 327; constitution, 325; 
dismisses Shuster, 343 

Persius, 50 

Pertinax, 55 

Perugia sacked, 219 

Perugino, painter, 118 

Pescadores ceded to Japan, 271 

Pestalozzi, educator, 180 

Peter, the Hermit, 92; the Lombard, 94; 



of Aragon, 107; the Cruel of Castile, 

112 
Peter Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 

173 
Peter I. (the Great), Czar of Russia, 159, 

163, 169; II., 169; III., 173 
Peter, King of Servia, 293 
Peterloo Massacre, 186 
Petersburg occupied by Union forces, 228 
Peterwardein, 165 
Petrarch, 112 

Petrograd (see St. Petersburg), 365 
Petronius Maximus, 63 
Phaedrus, 48 
Pharnabazus, 21 
Pharnaces, King of Pontus, I., 34, 42; II., 

42 
Pharos at Alexandria, 26 
Pharsalia, 43 
Pharsalos, battle of, 277 
Phidias, 16 
Philadelphia, founded, 15S; taken by the 

English, 176 
Philetasrus, 26 
Philip I., King of France, 88, 90; II., 98; 

III., 104; IV., 106; V., 108; VI., no 
Philip of Macedon, 20; II., 21; V., 33 
Philip II., King of Spain, 132; III., 140; 

IV., 145; V., 163, 169 
Philip (the Arabian), 57; of Suabia, 98, 

100 
Philippines, occupied by Spain, 134; 

insurrection in, 275; rising in, 279; 

ceded to United States, 280 
Philo, 48 

Philopcemen, 33, 3S 
Philosophy, Greek schools of, 18 
Phipps, Sir William, 160 
Phocas, 69 
Phcebidas, 21 
Phoenicians, Phoenicia, manufactures, 4; 

found Cadiz, 5; found Carthage, 7 
Phonograph, 240 
Phosphorus discovered, 156 
Phraates I., King of Parthia, 34 
Picts, the, 61 
Pierce, Franklin, President of United 

States, 206 
Pilgrims, the, 144 
Pilnitz, Conference of, 179 
Pinchot, Gifford, 328 
Pinkie, battle of, 132 
Pisagua captured, 245 
Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, n, 13 
Pitt, William, the Elder, 172; the Younger, 

176, 177, 182 
Pius I., Pope, 52; II., 121; III., 125; IV., 

135; V., I3S;VL, 175; VII., 181; VIII., 

189; IX., 193, 242, 243; X., 295, 314 
Pizarro, 131 
Plague in London, 154 
Plassey, battle of, 172 
Platea, battle of, 15 
Platinus, 56 
Plato, 18 

Piatt Amendment, 288 
Plautius, 49 
Plautus, 32 

Plebeians and Patricians, equality be- 
tween, 26 
Plebs, succession of, 15 
Plevna, battle of, 241, 243 



414 



INDEX 



Pliny, the Elder, so; the Younger, 52; 
propraetor, 52 

Plotinus, 56 

Plutarch, 52 

Plymouth founded, 144 

Poincar6, Raymond, President of France, 
34.5. 35 r. 353 

Poitiers, battle of, no 

Poland, the Poles, adopts Christianity, 
82; crown of, becomes elective, 137; 
expelled from Russia, 143; war with 
Russia, 147; defeated by Cossacks, 151; 
defeats the Tartars, 155; invaded by 
Turkey, 157; first partition of, 175; 
second partition, 181; final partition, 
extinction of kingdom, 181; struggle for 
nationality, 189; insurrection crushed, 
191; incorporated with Russia, 191 

Polaris expedition, 236 

Polemon of Pontus, 46 

Polish Succession, War of the, 169 

Polk, James K., President of United 
States, 192 

Pollux, 15 

Polybius, 34 

Polycarp, martyrdom of, 52 

Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, 13 

Polygamy, 248. 258 

Pomerama regained by Brandenburg, 157 

Pompeii, 51 

Pompeiius, Sextus, 45 

Pompey, 41, 42, 43 

Pondicherry, 173, 174 

Poniatowski, Stanislaus, King of Poland, 
173 

Pontianus, Pope, 54 

Pontifex Maximus {see Augustus). 

Pontius, Pilate, 48 

Pontus, 20, 40 

Pony express, 220 

Pope, Alexander, poet, 164, 168 

Popes, the, separation of, from Eastern 
Empire, 76; election of the, transferred 
to College of Cardinals, 8S; seat of, at 
Avignon, 108; lose right of confirming 
election of German Emperor, no 

Popish Plot, 156 

Porphyry, 58 

Port Arthur, 271, 295, 297, 299 

Port Hudson taken, 226 

Porto Rico, 278; ceded to United States, 
280 

Port Royal, colony at, 135 

Port Royal, N. S., reduced, 160 

Portsmouth, treaty of, 302 

Portugal, made a county, 92; becomes a 
kingdom, 94; treaty with Japan, 130; 
under Spain, 138; regains independence, 
149; recovers Brazil, 153; independence 
of, 155; invaded by France, 183; con- 
stitutional monarchy restored, 191; 
revolution in, 335 ; offers aid to England, 
365 

Posidonius, 40 

Post, penny, in London, 158; penny post- 
age in England, 192; convention be- 
tween United States and Great Britain, 
194; International Congress, 238; 
reduced, 250; between United States 
and Great Britain, 320; first aerial 
service, 340; parcel post in United 
States, 352 



Potash supplies, 325 

Potchefstroom occupied by the Boers, 247 

Powder, smokeless, 260 

Powers, Caleb, 286 

Poynings' Law, 124 

Prade, President of Peru, 245 

Pragmatic Sanction, 104; of Bourges, 116, 

165 
Prague, peace of, 147; taken by Swedes, 

151; battle of, 171; treaty of, 231 
Praguerie, the, 116 
Praxiteles, 20 

Prayer Book, the first, in England, 132 
Presburg, peace of, 183 
Prescott, William H., 218 
Press, the freedom of, laws against, 187; 

in Spain, 209 
Prestlava, battle of, 83 
Preston, battle of, 164 
Pretoria, 284 
Princeton, College, founded, 170; battle 

of, 176; University, 274 
Printing, by marble blocks first, 82; from 

movable type, 116; printing-press, first, 

in United States, 148 
Proclus, 62 
Procopius, 66 

Progressive party, 346, 348 
Prohibition in Kansas, 246 
Propertius, 44 

Protectorate, British East Africa, 272 
Protestants, first so-called, 131; persecu- 
tion of, 132; secure religious liberty, 133; 

secure toleration, 140; Protestant Union, 

143; first in Spain, 232 
Prudentius, 60 

Prusias II., King of Bithynia, 36 
Prussia, duchy of, 137; ceded to Frederick 

William, 153; East, independence of, 

155; a kingdom, 163; defeated by 

French, 183; war with Denmark, 195; 

war with Austria, 231; Franco-Prussian 

War, 23s, 237; invaded by Russia, 365 
Psammetichus I., King of Egypt, 9; III., 

13 
Ptolemies, I., 24, 27; II., 27, 29; III., 31; 

IV., 31; V., 33; VI., 35, 37; VII., 37; 

VIII., 38, 39; IX., 41; X., 41; XL, 41 
Ptolemy, astronomer, 52 
Pulcheria, 63 
Pultowa, battle of, 165 
Pultusk, battle of, 163 
Punic War, first, 29, 31; second, 33 
Puritans, the, 134 
Pyramid, Great, 2 
Pyrenees, peace of the, 154 
Pyrrho, 26 
Pyrrhus, 27, 29 
Pythagoras, 12 



Q 



Quay, Senator, 280, 284 
Quebec, founded, 142; taken by the Eng- 
lish, 146, 160, 172 
Queen Anne's War, 162, 164 
Queretaro, 231 
Quintilian, so 
Quintus Hortensius, 40 
Quitman, General, 198 



INDEX 



415 



Rabanus, Maurus, 78 

Rabelais, 130 

Racine, 154 

Radagaisus, 63 

Radetsky, 197, 201, 207, 216 

Radium, discovery of, 280 

Radstadt, peace of, 164 

Ragotsky, 163 

Railways, first in America, 188; between 
St. Petersburg, and Moscow, 200; Erie, 
opened, 200; first, in Norway, 206; first, 
in Brazil, 208; the Suez, 217; Boulogne 
to Calais, 231; complete from Atlantic 
to Pacific, 232; Union Pacific, 232; 
Calcutta to Bombay, 234; Northern 
Pacific, 248; Equatorial, 258; Trans- 
Siberian, 261; Jaffa to Jerusalem, 264; 
first in Siam, 264; from Cape town to 
Buluwayo, 276; Cairo and Khartum, 
284; in_ Mexico, 315 

Rain, artificial, 260 

Rakoczy, 151 

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 138, 144 

Rameses II., King of Egypt, 3 

Ramillies, battle of, 162 

Ramiro II., King of Leon, 83; I., King of 
Aragon, 87; II., 94 

Raphael, 124 

Raphia, battle of, 32 

Ratisbon, Diet of, 147, 15s; truce of, 158 

Ravenna, 67; battle of, 126 

Raymond of Toulouse, 92 

Reciprocity, with Canada, 238, 336, 338; 
with Newfoundland, 290 

Reconstruction Act, 230 

Reddersburg, battle of, 284 

Redmond, John, 338 

Reed, Thomas B., 282 

Reformation, the, 127 

Reform Bill, 190 

Regillus, battle of, 15 

Regulus, 29 

Reichstag, first, 237 

Reign of Terror, end of, 181 

Religious Conformity, Act for, 140 

Rembrandt, painter, 148 

Renaissance, the, 118 

Repeal Agitation, 192 

Republic, the Dutch, 139; Orange River, 
210 

Resaca de la Palma, 192 

Retz, Cardinal de, ISO 

Revolution, in America, 174, 176; in 
Belgium, 189; in Brazil, 191; in Eng- 
land, 148, 150, 158; in France, 179, 181; 
in Germany, 195; in Greece, 187; in 
Poland, 189; in Sicily, 195; in Spain, 233; 
Three Days' 189, 195, 201; in Vienna, 
195 

Rhaetians, 47 

Rhazes, 80 

Rhegium, fall of, 29 

Rheims, 116 

Rheinfeld, battle of, 149 

Rhine, passage of, Hoche and Moreau, 181 

Rhode Island settled, 148 

Rhodes, Cecil, 272, 274, 281, 290; scholar- 
ships, 290 

Rhodes, colossus of, 26 

Ribault at Port Royal, 135 



Richard I. (Cceur de Lion), King of 
England, 98, 99; II., 113; ill., 122 

Richard, Duke of York, protector, 120 

Richelieu, Cardinal, 144 

Richmond, Va., occupied by United 
States forces, 228 

Riel'sinsurrection, 250 

Rienzi, last of the Tribunes, no 

Riga, battle of, 163 

Roanoke Island taken, 222 

Robert II., King of Scotland, 113; III., 
US 

Robert of Paris, 80; the Devil, Duke of 
Normandy, 86; Duke of Apulia, 88; of 
Flanders, 92; of Normandy, 92, 93; 
Emperor, 1 03 ; the Wise, King of Naples, 
109 

Roberts, Lord, 245, 284, 286, 302 

Robespierre, death of, 181 

Rochambeau, 177 

Rochefort, 233, 23S 

Rochelle, peace of, 136 

Rockefeller, John D., 292, 302, 310, 326 

Rocroi, battle of, 150 

Roderic, King, 71 

Roentgen rays, 272 

Rogations, Licinian, 21 

Roger, King of Sicily, 94, 95; the Norman, 
91 

Roister Doister, Ralph, 132 

Roland; Song of, 75 

Rollo, 80 

Roman Empire: Numantine War, 37; 
Caius Gracchus, tribune, 39; Cyrene, a 
Roman province, Syria and Bithynia, 
Social War, Civil War, 41; first Trium- 
virate, Cassar defeats Germans, invades 
Britain, conquers Gaul, master of Italy, 
crushes Pompey, 43; trade with India, 
manufactures of silk and linen, 44; 
second Triumvirate, Octavius, 45; 
Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, 
Mauretania, and Thrace added to 
Empire, 49; Galba, Otho, Vitellius, 
Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, 51; Nerva, 
Trojan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, 
Marcus Aurelius, 53; Commodus, 
Didius Julianus, Septimius Severus, 
Caracalla and Geta, Macrinus, Helio- 
gabalus, Alexander Severus, 55; Maxi- 
minus, Gordian I. and II., Philip, 
Decius Gallus, ^Emilianus, Valerian, 
Gallienus, Claudius II., Aurelian, 57; 
Tacitus, Probus, Florianus, Carus, 
Carinus, Numerianus, Diocletian, Car- 
ausius, Maximian, Constantine the 
Great, Constantinople capital, 59; 
Constantius, Constans and Constan- 
tine, Julian, _ Jovian, Valentinian and 
Valens, division into Eastern and 
Western Empires, 61; end of the West- 
ern Empire, 65 

Romanoff family founded, 143 

Romanoff, Michael, Czar of Russia, 143 

Romanus, Emperor, I., 81, 83; II., 83; III., 
87; IV., 91 

Rome, _ foundation of (legendary), 7; 
Servius_ Tullius, n; establishment of 
Republic, 12; Tarquins expelled, first 
Consulate, 13; Tarquinian War, 13; 
Publilian Laws, 15; taken and burnt by 
Gauls under Brennus, 19; Italy sub- 



416 



INDEX 



Rome — Continued 

jugated, 29; Sicily and Sardinia Roman 
provinces, 31; allied with ./Etolians, 
joined by Achasans and Spartans for 
defeat of Macedonians, Romans de- 
feated by Hannibal, 33; final victory 
over Carthage, 33; war with Mace- 
donia, 35 ; conquest of Carthage and 
Corinth, defeat of Lusitanians, 37; 
sacked by Genseric, 63; sacked by the 
Goths, under Alaric, 63; taken by Ger- 
mans, 80; sacked by Normans, 90; 
taken by Frederick Barbarossa, 96; 
sacked by Ladislas, 115; capital of Italy, 
237 

Romulus Augustulus, 65 

Roncesvalles, 75 

Roosevelt, Theodore, 284, 288, 290, 292, 
294, 296, 298, 308, 310, 312, 314, 322, 
"331. 333. 344. 346. 348, 350 

Root, Elihu, Senator, 322 

Rosbecq, battle of, 112 

Rosebery, Lord, 272, 290 

Roses, Wars of the, 120 

Roskilde, peace of, 155 

Rossbach, battle of, 172 

Rouen, 77 

Roumania, formed from Moldavia and 
Wallachia, 223; invaded by Russia, 241 ; 
declares independence, 241; declared a 
kingdom, 247 

Roumelia, eastern, annexed to Bulgaria, 
251 

Rousseau, J. J., 172 

Royal Society at London founded, 154 

Rozhestvenski, Admiral, 299 

Rubens, Peter Paul, painter, 144 

Rubicon, the, 43 
"Rudolph, Crown Prince of Austria, 257 

Rudolph, King of France, 80 

Rudolph, King of Germany, 90; I., 
founder of House of Hapsburg, 104, 106; 
II., 137 . 

Rump Parliament, 150, 154 

Runnymede, 101 

Rupert, Emperor of Germany, 114 

Ruskin, John, 200 

Russell, Lord John, 190 

Russia, Rurik, first grand prince of, 79; 
invaded by Mongols, 103; expulsion of 
Poles, 143; war with Poland, 147; war 
with Turkey, 157, 159, 165, 175, 209, 
241 ; alliance with Austria, 169; war with 
Sweden, 171; outrages against Jews, 
247; war with Japan, 295; religious 
freedom. 301; reforms, 309; treaty with 
United States, 342; mobilization, 363; 
war with Germany, 365; with Austria, 
365; invades Prussia, 365 

Russo-Japanese Treaty, 305 

Rutschuk, battle of, 211 

Ruysdael, painter, 156 

Ruyter, Admiral de, 153, 157 

Ryehouse Plot, 158 

Ryswick, treaty of, 160 



Sabinian, Pope, 68 
Sadowa, battle of, 231 
Safety lamp invented, 184 
Sage, Mrs. Russell, 312 



Saghalien, 239, 303 

Saguntum, battle of, 33 

Said Pasha, 347 

St. Albans, battles of, 120 

St. Andrews, University of, 114 

St. Augustine founded, 135 

St. Bartholomew, battle of, 136 

St. Denis, battle of, 134 

St. Gotthard, battle of, 155 

St. John of Jerusalem, Knights of, 92 

St. Paul's Cathedral, 156 

St. Peter, Cathedral of, begun, 126 

St. Petersburg (now Petrograd), founded, 
162; treaty of, 349; name changed, 365 

St. Quentin, battle of, 132; taken by 
Germany, 365 

Saints, first canonization of, 84 

Saladin, 97, 99 

Salamanca, University of, 102; battle of, 
184 _ 

Salamis, in Greece, battle of, 15; in Cy- 
prus, 16 

Salem settled, 146 

Salic Law, 108 

Salisbury, Lord, 250, 274 

Sallentines, conquest of, 29 

Sallust, 42, 43 

Salmon Falls, N. H., destroyed by the 
French, 160 

Salonika, 351 

Salvation Array, the, 274 

Salvator Rosa, painter, 154 

Samarcand, 113, 233 

Samaria, taken by Sargon, 6; rebuilt, 44 

Samaritans, 16 

Samnite War, first, 23; second, 25; third, 
27 

Samnites, 25 

Samoan Islands, 251, 283 

Sancho I., King of Leon, 83; III., King of 
Navarre, 85; III., 87; I., King of Portu- 
gal, 99 

Sandwich Islands discovered, 176 

San Francisco disaster, 306 

San Jacinto, battle of, 190 

Sanjar, King of Persia, 95 

San Juan, Island of, 236 

Sankhhara, King of Egypt, 2 

San Pedro, battle of, 229 

San Pedro de Acatama, battle of, 245 

San Stefano, treaty of, 243 

Santa Anna, President of Mexico, 191: 
enters City of Mexico, 193; re-elected 
President, 207; abdicates, 213 

Santiago, battle of, 278 

Santo Domingo, annexed to Spain, 223; 
intervention by United States, 348 

Santos-Dumont, 288 

Sapaudia (see Savoy) 

Sapienza, battle of, 125 

Sapor, King of Persia, 57 

Saracens, 73, 77, 79, 81 

Saragossa, battle of, 94 

Saratoga, battle of, 176 

Sardica, battle of, 65 

Sardinia, seized by Rome, 31; subdued by 
Rome, 35 ; captured by the English, 162 

Sardis, 12; battle of, 28 

Sargon I., King of Akkad, 2 

Sarto, Cardinal Giuseppe (see Pius X., 
Pope) 

Saskatchewan, province of, created, 299 



INDEX 



417 



Saul, King of the Jews, 4 

Savannah, founded, 168; taken by the 
English, 176; occupied by Sherman, 228 

Savoy, Duke of, 159 

Savoy, entered by the Burgundians, 63; 
annexed to France, 221 

Saxe, Marshal, 171 

Saxons, the, 68, 60, 74, 76, 149, 173 

Say brook, Connecticut, founded, 148; 
platform, 162 

Scanderbeg, insurrection of, 119 

Schamyl, 219 

Scheldt, River, 177 

Schenectady, N. Y., destroyed by the 
French, 160 

Schiller,_ 218 

Schleswig-Holstein, revolt of, 19s; war 
with Denmark, 199; yields to Germanic 
Confederation, 199; disputed with 
Denmark, 227 

Schley, Admiral, 288 

Scinde, captured by the British, 192; 
annexed to British Empire, 193 

Scipio, Africanus, 33, 35; Asiaticus, 34; 
Nasica, 36; Publius, 33 

Scotland, and Scots, invade Britain, 61; 
defeat the Picts, 79; rebellion against 
England, 107; subdued by England, 107; 
invaded by Edward II., 109; uprising 
under Bruce, 109; independence of, 
in; Catholicism abolished by Parlia- 
ment, 134; first Bishops' War, 148; 
Episcopacy established, 154; treaty of 
union with England, 162 

Scott, Captain R. F., 352 

Scott, Sir Walter, 184 

Scott, General Winfield, 230 

Scripture, Canon of, 52 

Sealing industry, 276 

Search, Right of, 177 

Sebastian, King of Portugal, 132 

Sebastopol, siege of, 211, 213 

Sebcastopolis, battle of, 171 

Secession, immediate cause of, 220 

Sejanus, 49 

Seleucidas, era of, 24, 40 

Seleucus, 26; II., 30; IV., 34; V., 40 

Selim I., Sultan of Turkey, 127; II., 135; 
III., 179 

Sellasia, battle of, 33 

Selma, Alabama, occupied by Union 
forces, 228 

Seminole wars, 186, 190, 192 

Sempach, battle of, 112, 113 

Seneca, 48, 51 

Seneffe, battle of, 156 

Sennacherib, 6 

Sepoy Rebellion, 214, 216 

Serfs, emancipation of, 222 

Sergius I., Pope, 70; II., 78; III., 80; IV., 

o 8 4 . 
Sertonus, 41 

Servia, and Servians, defeated by the 
Turks, 115; subjected to the Turks, 119; 
war with Turkey, 187, 225, 241; treaty 
with Bulgaria, 253; constitution sus- 
pended, 293; trouble with Austria, 321; 
declare war on Turkey, 351; war with 
Bulgaria, 357; ultimatum from Austria, 
363; war with Austria, 363; invades 
Bosnia, 365 

Servius Tullius, King of Rome, 11 
27 



"Seven Governors" episode, 344 

Seven Years' War, 172, 173 

Severinus, Pope, 70 

Severus, Septimius, Emperor, 55; Alex- 
ander, Emperor, 55, 57 

Sevigne, Madame de, 154 

Seville, treaty of, 168 

Seward, Wm. H., 228 

Seymour, Jane, 130 

Sfax taken by French, 247 

Shackleton, Lieutenant, 324 

Shafter, General, 278 

Sha-ho, battle of the, 297 

Shakespeare, William, 134, 142 

Shalmaneser I., King of Assyria, 3; II., 6; 
IV., 6 

Shamashshumukin, King of Babylonia, 8 

Shashank I., King of Egypt, 4 

Shays's Rebellion, 178 

Shelley, poet, 184 

Sheridan, General, 248, 254 

Sheriffmuir, battle of, 164 

Sherman, General William T., 226, 228, 
230, 260 

Shimonoseki, bombarded, 227; treaty of, 
271 

Shipka Pass, assault on, 243 

Shirpur, battle of, 24s 

Shogun, the first of Japan, 99 

Shrewsbury, battle of, 115 

Shun-te, Emperor of China, ill 

Shuster, W. Morgan, 339, 341, 343 

Shutargardan, battle of, 24s 

Sicily, Pyrrhus invades, 29; first Roman 
province, 31; Saracens invade, 77; 
Union with Naples, 187; declares in- 
dependence, 195; revolution in, 221; 
evacuated by Naples, 221 

Siculus, 42 

Sidney, Lord Algernon, 158 

Sidney, Sir Philip, 138 

Sidonius Apollinaris, 62 

Sigismund, Emperor of Germany, 116 

Sigismund, King of Hungary, 114, 115 

Sigismund I. (the Great), King of Poland, 
127; II., 133; HI-, 139 

Sigismund III., King of Sweden, 141 

Sigurd, the Jerusalemite, King of Norway, 
95 

Sikh War, the, 192 

Silesian wars, 171 

Silistria, battle of, 175; siege of, 211 

Silverius, Pope, 66 

Simancas, battle of, 83 

Simplicius, Pope, 64 

Sinope, founded, 7; conquered by Pontus, 
34; plundered by Cossacks, 143; battle 
of, 209 

Sinsheim, battle of, 156 

Sisinnius, Pope, 70 

Sitting Bull, 246, 258 

Six Acts, the, 186 

Sixtus, Pope, I., 52; III., 62; IV., 121; V., 
139 

Slavery, negro, introduced into Virginia, 
144; importation of slaves into United 
States abolished, 182; abolished by 
Congress of Vienna, 186; abolished in 
British Colonies, 190; trade abolished 
in District of Columbia, 196; emancipa- 
tion in Venezuela, 209; trade suppressed 
between United States and England, 



4i8 



INDEX 



Slavery — Continued 

222; slavery abolished in District of 
Columbia, 224; emancipation proclama- 
tion, 224; abolished in United States, 
228; Emancipation Law in Brazil, 236; 
Spain prepares to free slaves in Porto 
Rico and Cuba, 236; abolished in Porto 
Rico, 238; suppressed by Zanzibar, 239; 
treaty between England and Germany, 
244 ;_ abolished in Cuba, 24.6, 252; 
abolition in Brazil, 256; abolition in 
Zanzibar, 276 

Slavs, 60; defeated by Otho, 82 

Slocum disaster, 296 

Smalkaldic League, the, 13 1 

Smalkalds, the, 133 

Smith, Adam, 176 

Smith, General Kirby, 228 

Smithsonian Institution, 190 

Smolensk, siege of, 147; taken by the 
Russians, 153 

Sobieski, Marshal John, 155, 157, 159, 
161 

Social Wars, 33, 41 

Socialists in Germany, 269, 345 

Socrates, 16 

Soissons, battle of, 65, 80; conquest of, 
169 

Solebay, naval victory of, 154 

Solemn League and Covenant, 150 

Solferino, battle of, 219 

Soliman (the Magnificent), Sultan of 
Ottoman Empire, 129, 131, 135 

Solomon, King of the Jews, 4 

Solon, 10, 11 

Solyman II., Sultan of Turkey, 159 

Somaliland, 290 

Sophia captured, 243 

Sophia, St., Church of, 66 

Sophocles, 14 

Sorbonne, at Paris, founded, 102 

Soter, Pope, 52 

South America, revolt of the Spanish 
colonies, 1S5 

South Carolina secedes, 220 

South Pole discovered, 344 

South Sea, first reached, 127; scheme, 166, 
168 

Southern Rights Association, 200; Con- 
vention, 202 

Southey, poet, 188 

Sozomen, 62 

Spa-Fields riots, 186 

Spain, conquest, by Rome, 47; invaded by 
Franks, 57; subjected to Rome, 59; 
entered by the Vandals, 63; by the 
Visigoths, 65; Catholicism established 
in, 68; conquered by the Arabs, 70; 
union of Castile and Aragon 122; sub- 
dues Oran, Algiers, Tripoli, 126; ac- 
quires Milan, 130; acquires Portugal, 
138; loses all Italian possessions, 163; 
cedes Florida to United States, 186; con- 
stitution of 1812 adopted, 191; war with 
Morocco, 219; revolution in, 233; 
Carlist troubles, 237; declared a re- 
public, 239; end of rule in Cuba, 281 

Spanish Succession, War of the, 162 

Sparta, Spartans, Lycurgan legislation, 4; 
First Messenian War, 7; overthrow the 
Argives, 13; Peloponnesian War, 17; 
peace of Nicias, 17 ; war with Persia, 18 ; 



war with Thebes, 19; besieged by 
Pyrrhus, 29 

Spartacus, 41 

Spartianus, 58 

Specie payments resumed, 244 

Spencer, Herbert, 224 

Spenser, Edmund, 138 

Spinning-wheel, invented, 130; frame, 
jenny, 174 

Spinola, 145 

Spion Kop, battle of, 284 

Spires, Diet of, 131; taken by France, 179 

Spoils System, 188 

Spurius Cassius, IS 

Spurius Mffilius, 17 

Stael, Madame de, 184 

Stamp Act, 172; Congress, 172; repealed, 
174 

Standard, battle of the, 95 

Stanislas, Bishop of Cracow, 91 

Stanley Committee, 338, 348 

Stanley, Henry M., 240, 249, 255, 258 

Star Chamber, 122, 148 

Star Route frauds, 248 

States-General, last assembly before the 
Revolution, 144 

States Rights, 188 

Statius, 52 

Statius Cfficillius, 34 

Statute, of Mortmain, 105; of Westmin- 
ster, 105, 107; of Quia Emptores, 107; 
of Provisors, III; of Praemunire, 114, 
115 

Steamboat, first, 182; transatlantic, first, 
186 _ 

Steenkirk, battle of, 160 

Stefansson, explorer, 348 

Stephen II., Pope; III., 72; V., 76, 78; 
VI., 80; VII., 80; VIII., 82; IX., 88 

Stephen of Blois, 92, 95 

Stephen, St., King of Hungary, 84; V., 105 

Stephenson, Senator, 344 

Stethoscope, invention of, 186 

Stettin, peace of, 137 

Stillwater, battle of, 176 

Stimson, Henry L., 338 

Stirling, battle of, 107 

Stockholm, Diet of, 159 

Stoessel, General, 299, 317 

Stoics, 30 

Stolypin, 341 

Stony Point recovered, 176 

Stormberg, battle of, 284 

Stowe, Mrs. H. B., 206 

Strabo, 44 

Strafford, impeachment of, 14S 

Strassburg, seized by France, 158; capi- 
tulation of, 235 

Stuart, the House of, 113 

Stuyvesant, Peter, 150 

Subway, New York City, 296 

Sudan, war in the, 251 

Suetonius, 51 

Suez Canal, 238, 254, 255 

Suffrage Male, Fifteenth Amendment, 232; 
in Belgium, 267; in Russia, 305; in 
Germany, 317 

Suffrage, Woman, Conventions, 196, 254; 
in Wyoming, 232; in Kansas, 252; in 
Colorado, 266; in Utah and Idaho, 274; 
in Washington, 334; in California, 
Arizona, Kansas, Oregon, 350; in 



INDEX 



419 



Suffrage — Continued 

Alaska and Illinois, 356; in Norway, 
289, 313; in England, 306, 310, 312, 
334. 338, 344. 350, 352, 354; in Finland, 
313; in Hungary, 355; in France, 359; 
in United States, 360 

Suidas, 82 

Suleiman Pasha, 243 

Sulla, 40, 41 

Sulzer, William, 356 

Sumner, Charles, 212 

Sun, Temple of the, 52 

Sunday Schools established in England, 
176^ 

Sun-dial, first, 26 

Sun Yat Sen, 345 

Surat, sack of, 155 

Surrey, Earl of, 132 

Susiana conquered by Parthia, 34 

Sussex, kingdom of, 65 

Sverker I., King of Sweden, 05 

Sweden, and the Swedes, Christianity in, 
76; invaded by Denmark, 129; Luther- 
amsm established, 131; predominant in 
North, 14s; defeat the Saxons, 149; 
invade Brandenburg, 157; an absolute 
monarchy, 161; war with Russia, 171; 
united with Norway, 185; separated 
from Norway, 303 

Swedenborg, 170 

Swift, Dean, 168 

Switzerland, declared independent, 151; 
revised constitution of, 239 

Sylvester I., Pope, 58; II., 84; III., 88 

Symmachus, orator, 60; Pope, 64 

Synod of Dort, the, 145 

Syracuse, founded, 7; democracy in, 15; 
besieged by Athenians, 19; taken by 
Marcellus, 33; taken by Arabs, 79 

Syria, 31, 34, 44, 192 

Szelankemen, battle of, 161 

Szigeth, battle of, 135 



Tabriz taken by Russia, 189 

Tacfarinas, 49 

Tachos, King of Egypt, 21 

Tacitus, 52 

Tacna captured, 247 

Taft, William H., President of United 
States, 318, 320, 324, 326, 328, 334, 
336, 346 

Taharka, King of Egypt, 9 

Taherites, the, dynasty of, 77 

Tahiti annexed to France, 247 

Talavera, battle of, 182 

Talleyrand, 191 

Tampico, occupation of, 194; incident 
with United States, 360, 361 

Tancred, 92 

Taney, Chief Justice, 214 

Tang-Shao-yi, Premier, 345, 347 

Tannenberg, battle of, 115 

Tarapaca, battle of, 245 

Tarentum, 27, 29 

Tariff, high protective (Tariff of Abomi- 
nations), 188; the Compromise, 190; 
bill establishing ad valorem duties, 194; 
new, 234; McKinley Bill, 258; Wilson 
Bill, 268; Dingley Bill, 276; Payne Bill, 
324, 326; agreement between United 



States and Germany, 331; Board creat- 
ed, 336; Underwood Bill, 354, 356 

Tarquinius Superbus, King of Rome, 13 

Tarquins, war with, 13 

Tartars defeated by the Poles, 155 

Tasso, poet, 136 

Tatsu Maru, affair, 317 

Tax, Federal Corporation. 336 

Tax, first, on movables (Saladin Tithe), 
99 

Taylor, General Richard, 228 

Taylor, General Zachary, President of 
United States, 196 

Tchernaya, battle of the, 213 

Tecumseh killed, 184 

Tejada, Lerdo de, President of Mexico, 
237 

Telamon, battle of, 31 

Telegraph, 158, 190, 192, 200, 202, 212, 
214, 216, 222, 230, 232, 280, 292, 314 

Telephone, 240 

Telescope, invented, 142; reflecting, 154 

Telesphorus, Pope, 52 

Tell-el-Amarna Letters, 3 

Temesvar, battle of, 197 

Temporal power of the Pope, no 

Tennessee secedes, 222 

Tennyson, Alfred, 198, 264 

Terence, 34 

Tertullian, 54 

Teschen, peace of, 177 

Test Act, 156 

Testament, New, Wickliffe's translation, 
112; Tyndale's translation, 128; re- 
vised, 246 

Testament, Old, Septuagint translation of, 
26; revised, 250 

Testry, battle of, 71 

Teutones, 39 

Tewfik Pasha, Khedive of Egypt, 245 , 
263 

Tewkesbury, battle of, 120 

Texas, independence of, 190; annexed to 
United States, 192; secedes, 222 

Thames, battle of the, 184 

Thapsus, battle of, 43 

Thebes, 19, 21, 41 

Themistocles, 15 

Theocritus, 26 

Theodora, 87, 88 

Theodoret, 62 

Theodoric, 63, 64, 65 

Theodorus, Pope, 70 

Theodosius the Great, 61; II., 63; III., 73 

Theophilus, 54; Emperor, 77 

Thermometers invented, 144 

Thermopylas, battle of, 15, 35 

Thespis, first tragedian, 12 

Thessalonica, 117 

Thessaly, 43 

Theuderic III., King of France, 71; IV., 
73 

Thiers, 227, 237, 239, 241 

Thirty Years' War, 14s 

Thomas of Lancaster, 109 

Thorn, peace of, 121 

Thothmes III., King of Egypt, 3 

Thrace, 49 

Thrasybulus, 19 

Thucydides, 16, 17 

Tiberias, 47, 49; II., 69 

Tiberius Gracchus, 35, 37 



42 o 



INDEX 



Tibet, treaty with England, 296 

Tibullus, 44 

Tichborne trial, 238 

Ticino, the, battle of, 33 

Ticonderoga, 172, 176 

Tien-Tsin, treaty of, 216; taken by Allies, 

287 
Tiglathpileser, King of Assyria, I., 3; II., 

4; III., 6 
Tigranes, King of Armenia, 40 
Tigranocerta, battle of, 40 
Tilden, Samuel J., 240 
Tilly, 14s, 147 
Tilsit, peace of, 183 
Time, standard, in United States, 248 
Timur the Tartar, in, 113, 115 
Tinchebrai, battle of, 93 
Tippecanoe, 184 
Tippoo, Sultan of Mysore, 177 
Tirhaka {see Taharka) 
Tiridates, Si 
Tissaphernes, 19 
Titanic disaster, 346 
Tithe, Saladin, 99 
Tithes, imposition of, 72 
Titian, 124, 132 
Titus, SI. 
Tobacco in England, 138; introduced into 

Virginia, 142 
Tokio made capital, 233 
Tokolyi, revolt under, 157 
Toleration, Edict of, 58 
Tolstoy, Count Leo, 289 
Topeka Constitution, 214 
Torgau, battle of, 173 
Tories, 156 

Torreon, battle of, 361 
Torricelli, 150 
Torstenson, General, 149 
Totila, 67 

Toul ceded to France, 150 
Towton, battle of, 120 
Tragedian, first, 12 
Trajan, 53; pillar of, 52 
Tramways, first, 158 
Transvaal, annexed to England, 240; 

Boers declare independence, 247; allied 

with Orange Free State, 277; part of 

British Empire, 286 
Transylvania, subject to Turkey, 155; 

subdued by Germany, 159 
Trasimene, battle of, 33 
Trebbia, the, battle of, 33 
Trebellius Pollio, 58 
Trebizond, 273 

Trent, Council of, second session, 133 
Trenton, battle of, 176 
Trigonometry, foundation of, 36 
Trinidad taken by the English, 172 
Tripoli, 95; annexed by Italy, 343 
Triumvirate, First, 43 
Trochu, 235 

Troppau, Congress of, 187 
Troubadours, the, 101 
Troyes, treaty of, 116 
Tsin dynasty, China, 28 
Tudor, House of, 122 
Tuileries, storming of, 179 
Tunis, 247. 275 
Tunnels, Mont Cenis, 234; Mt. St. Goth- 

ard, 246; Hudson River, 294; Simplon, 

299 



Turenne, 152, 156, 157 

Turin, treaty of, 221 

Turkey, the Turks, Empire divided, 115; 
subdues the Crrmea, 121; obtains Lem- 
nos and Albania, 123; Georgia and Hur- 
distan added to, 127; Syria and Egypt 
conquered by, 127; invades Germany, 
131; invade Persia, 133; take Tripoli, 
133; invade Hungary, 133; besiege 
Malta, i3S;first trade with England, 
139; war with Persians, 143; invade 
Hungary, 155; war with Russia, 157, 
I59» 165, 175, 209; invades Poland, 
157; war with Germany, 159; recover 
Belgrade, 161; loses Hungary, 167; in 
vasion of Persia, 169; war with Servia, 
187; war with Egypt, 193; war with Ser- 
via, 225; war with Servia, Montenegro, 
and Russia, 241; constitution, 241; Ar- 
menian Massacres, 273, 27s; war with 
Greece, 277; constitution restored, 319; 
indemnity for Bosnia and Herzegovina, 
324; the Young Turks, 323; war with 
Italy, 341 ;_ war with Montenegro, Bul- 
garia, Servia, and Greece, 341 

Turkmantchai, peace of, 189 

Tuscany, Grand Duchy of, 133; Moors 
expelled from, 143; votes for annexation 
to Sardinia, 221 

Tweed Ring, 236 

Tyler, John, President of United States, 
192 

Tyler, Wat, 113 

Tyrants, period of the thirty, 57 

Tyre, 3, 10, 22, 95 

Tyrei, Sir Walter, 93 

Tyrlavos, battle of, 277 



U 



Uganda, British Protectorate, 268 
Ulegh Beg, ruler of Samarcand, 116 
Ulloa, San Juan de, 191 
Ulrica, Eleanora, Queen of Sweden, 167 
Ulster in Ireland colonized, 143; Home 

Rule question in, 342, 346, 348, 356, 358, 

360, 362 
Ulundi, 244 

Uncle Tom's Cabin, 204 
Underwood, Oscar W., 354; Tariff Bill, 

35 6 . , 

United States of America, independence 
proclaimed, 176; adoption of Articles 
of Confederation, 176; independence 
acknowledged by Great Britain, 176; 
Federal Constitution adopted, 178; 
neutrality in regard to France, 180; 
Jay's Treaty, 180; war with France, 180; 
Washington, capital of, 180; Louisiana 
Purchase, 182; Tripolitan War, 182; 
war with Great Britain, 184; Missouri 
Compromise, 186; Mexican War, 192, 
194; Gadsden Purchase, 206; Kansas- 
Nebraska Bill, 208; Alaska Purchase, 
230; Centennial celebration, 240; specie 
payments resumed, 244; treaty with 
China, 246; treaty with Colombia, 250, 
360; war with Spain, 278, 280; Philippine 
War, 280; Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 284; 
Gold standard, 284; abrogation of treaty 
with Russia, 342; trouble in Mexico, 



INDEX 



421 



United States — Continued 

Vera Cruz occupied, mediation by 

A. B.C. Powers, 360 
Upsala, Archbishopric of, 97 
Ur, Kings of, 2 
Urban I., Pope, 54; H-. 90; III., 98; IV., 

104; V., 112; VI., 112; VIII., 14s 
Utica, 33 

Utrecht, Union of, 138; treaty of, 164 
Uzziah, King of Judah, 6 

V 

Vaal River Colony (see Transvaal) 

Vaccination, 180, 332 

Vadimonian Lake, battle of, 25 

Valdemar I., King of Denmark, 97; II., 
101 

Valencia, 92 

Valens, 61 

Valentine, Pope, 76 

Valentinian I., 61; II., 61; III., 63 

Valerianus, 57 

Valerius Flaccus, so 

Val-es-dunes, battle of, 88 

Valmy, cannonade of, 179 

Valparaiso bombarded, 231 

Van Buren, Martin, President of United 
States, 190, 224 

Vandals, the, 63 

Van Dyke, painter, 148 

Van Eyck, Jan, inventor of oil painting, 
112 

Van Tromp, Admiral, 149, 152, 153 

Varna, battle of, 119, 175 

Varro, 42 

Varus, 49 

Vasvar, treaty of, 155 

Vatican Council, 233 

Vaudois, the, 159 

Velasquez, painter, 154 

Velestino, battle of, 277 

Velleius Paterculus, 48 

Venetia, 231 

Venezuela, separated from Colombia, 189; 
civil war in, 219; message, 272; revolu- 
tion, 283; blockade by England, 293 

Venice, and Venetians, origin of, 63; 
Paulucio, first doge, 71; Byzantine 
Empire recognizes independence of, 77; 
great maritime power, 97; treaty with 
Turks, 107; subjugate Padua and 
Verona, 115; Republic ended, 181 

Vera Cruz, surrender of, 194; captured by 
United States, 360 

Vercells, battle of, 39 

Verdun, treaty of, 77; acquired by France, 
132; ceded to France, 150 

Verona, Congress of, 187 

Veronese, Paolo, 134 

Versailles, peace of, 176 

Vervins, peace of, 140 

Vesalius, 130 

Vespasian, so, 51 

Vespucius, Amerigo, 124, 123 

Vesuvius, Mt., 51 

Vicksburg, siege of, 226 

Victor I., Pope, 54; II., 88; III., 90; IV., 
anti-pope, 96 

Victor Emmanuel I., King of Sardinia, 
197; King of Italy, 221, 223, 231, 243; 
III., 287 



Victoria, Queen of England, 190; married, 
192; Empress of India, 240; attempted 
assassination, 246; jubilee celebration, 
254, 276; death, 286 _ 

Victoria-Camperdoivn disaster, 266 

Vienna, insurrection in, 121; taken by 
Hungarians, 123; besieged by the Turks, 
131; siege of, 159; treaty of, 168; peace, 
of, 169, 183; Congress of, 185, 186; 
Conference of, 209; treaty of, 231 

Vigilance Committee, 200 

Vigilius, Pope, 66 

Villafranca, peace of, 219 

Villa, General, 361 

Villa Viciosa, battle of, 155, 164 

Villeroi, 162 

Vimeiro, battle of, 182 

Vinci, Leonardo da, painter, 122 

Vindelicians, 47 

Virgil, 44 

Virginia, Raleigh's colony in, 139; secedes, 
222 

Virginius affair, 238 

Visigoths, the, 61, 62, 67, 71 

Vitalian, rebellion of, 67 

Vitalian, Pope, 70 

Vitellius, Si 

Vitruvius, 42 

Vittoria, battle of, 184 

Viviani Rene, 363 

Vladimir the Great, King of Russia, 85 

Vladislav I., King of Poland, 91; the 
Dwarf, 107; II., 112; III., 117; chosen 
King of Hungary, 117; son of Casimir 
IV., of Poland becomes King of Bo- 
hemia, 121; chosen King of Hungary, 
123; IV., 147 

Vladivostock, 295, 303 

Volapiik invented, 244 

Voltaic battery, 188 

Voltaire, 176 

Von Caprivi, 259, 269 

Vopiscus, 58 

W 

Wace, Robert, poet, 98 

Wagner, Richard, 198, 248 

Wagram, battle of, 183 

Wakefield, battle of, 120 

Waldemar III., King of Denmark, 111 

Waldenses, the, 96, 98 

Waldersee, Count von, 287 

Wales, Prince of, visit to United States, 

220, 224 (see Edward VII., King of 

England) 
Wales subjugated by England, 107 
Walid I., Caliph, 71 
Walker, William, 212, 213, 221 
Wall, Great Chinese, 28, 32 
Wallace betrayed, 109 
Wallachia, revolt of, 141; united with 

Moldavia into Roumania, 223 
Wallenstein, 145, 146, 147 
Wallingford, treaty of, 97 
Walpole, Sir Robert, 168 
Walton, Isaac, 152 
Wamba, King of Visigoths, 71 
Warbeck, Per kin, 124 
Warsaw, taken by the Swedes, 163; 

stormed by Suvoroff, 181; Duchy of, 

183; capitulation, 191 
Warwick, Earl of, 124 



422 



INDEX 



Washington, George, birth, 168; mission 
to the French, 172; _ commander-in- 
chief, 174; first President, 178; re- 
elected, declines a third election, 
commander-in-chief, death, 180 

Washington, city burnt by the British, 
184; treaty of, 236; monument, 250; 
State of, admitted, 256 

"Watchful waiting," 358 

Water-clock, 36 

Waterloo, battle of, 184, 185 

Watts, Isaac, 162 

Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 192 

Webster, Daniel, reply to Hayne, 188; 
reply to Hulsemann, 198; death, 204 

Webster, Noah, 188 

Wehlau, treaty of, 153 

Wei-hai-wei, battle of, 271; leased to 
Great Britain, 278 

Wellesley, Sir Arthur, 181 

Wellington, Duke of, 204 

Wellman, Walter, 334 

Welsh Disestablishment Bill, 338 

Wenceslas III., King of Bohemia, 107; 
IV., Emperor of Germany, 112 

Wesley, Charles, 172 

Wessex, third Saxon kingdom, 67 

Western Empire, end of, 65 

Westminster, peace of, 152 

Westphalia, peace of, 150; kingdom of, 
183 

West Virginia admitted, 224 

Wet, Christian de, 286 

Weyler, General, 273, 277 

Whigs, 156, 158 

Whiskey Insurrection, 180; women's war, 
238 

Whitby, Abbey of, 70 _ 

White, Edward D., Chief Justice, 334 

Whitefield, George, 172, 174 

White Mountain, battle of the, 14s 

White Plains, battle of, 176 

Whitman, Walt., 264 

Whittier, John G., 264 

Wiasma, peace of, 147 

Wickersham, Geo. W., 328 

Wicklifites, the, lis 

Widdin, battle of, 161 

Wight, Isle of, 67 

Wilhelmina, Queen of Holland, 258, 287 

Wilkes agitation, 175 

William, Duke of Normandy, I., King of 
England (the Conqueror), 88, 89; II., 
90; III., 158, 160; IV., 188 

William I., of Orange, the Silent, 139 

William I., Emperor of Germany, 237, 
243; II., 255, 269, 347 

William III., of Holland, Stadtholder, 
156, 157, 158 (see William III., of 
England) 

William II., of the Netherlands, 151; III., 
259 

William IV., of the Netherlands, Stadt- 
holder, 171; V., 171 

William I., King of the United Nether- 
lands, 185; King of Holland, 193; II., 
193 

William I., King of Prussia, 223 

William II., King of Wurttemberg, 261 

William, Prince of Wied, King of Albania, 
359, 363 

William of Poitiers, 92; of Malmesbury, 



94; of Occam, no; Duke of Bavsria, 

F3.8 

William and Mary's College founded, 160 
Wilmington occupied by Union forces, 

228 
Wilson, Woodrow, President of United 

States, 346, 350, 354, 356, 358, 364 
Windischgratz, 195, 197 
Winthrop, John, 146 
Witchcraft superstition, 160 
Witiges, 67 
Witt, Admiral de, 157 
Witte, Count, 307 
Wittenberg, University of, 125 
Wittstock, battle of, 149 
Wolseley, Sir G., 239, 249, 251 
Wolsey, Chancellor and Cardinal, 126, 

130 
W. C. T. U. organized, 258 
Worcester, battle of, 152 
Wordsworth, William, 188 
Workingmen's Insurance Bill, 339 
Worms, Council of, 90; Diet of, 129 
Wren, Christopher, 156 
Wyoming, massacre of, 176 

X 

Xantippus, 29 
Xavier, 130 
Xenophon, 18 

Xerxes, King of Persia, 14; II., 16 
Ximenes, Cardinal, 126 
X-Rays (see Roentgen rays) 
X Y Z papers, 180 

Xystus, Pope (see Pope Sixtus I., and 
Pope Sixtus III.) 



Yale College founded, 162 

Yalu, battle of the, 269 

Yaroslaff the Great, King of Russia, 87 

Yermu, battle of, 69 

Yezid I., 71 

Yorktown, 176, 246 

Yoshihito, Emperor of Japan, 347 

Younghusband, Colonel, 296 

Ypsilanti, Alexander, 187 

Yuan Shih-kai, President of China, 323, 

343, 345, 357 
Yussuf III., King of Granada, 114 



Zabern incident, 359 

Zachary, Pope, 72 

Zallaca, battle of, 90 

Zama, battle of, 33 

Zanzibar, 258 

Zela, battle of, 42 

Zelaya, 327 

Zemstvo, Congress, 303 

Zenger, printer, 168 

Zeno, Emperor, 64 

Zeno, philosopher, 16, 26 

Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, 56 

Zenodotus, 32 

Zenta, battle of, 161 

Zepherinus, Pope, 54 

Zeppelin, Count, 286 

Zimisces, John, Emperor, 83 



INDEX 



423 



Zoe, Empress, 87 

Zola, Emil, 279 

Zollverein, the, 247 

Zosimus, Pope, 62; historian, 62 

Zuloaga, President of Mexico, 217, 219 



Zululand annexed to England, 253 

Zurawno, peace of, 157 

Zurich, battle of, 181; conference at, 219 

Zutphen, battle of, 139 

Zweibrucken, House of, 153 



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